First Author:
The current (September) issue of the Berichte of the German Chemical Society contains a paper by Profs. F. Paneth and K. Peters on "The Transformation of Hydrogen into Helium," in which they describe in outline how they have succeeded in detecting the presence of a very minute amounts of helium, of the order of one hundred millionth of a cubic centimeter, derived from hydrogen which had been absorbed by finely divided palladium at ordinary temperature.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PanethFthepublica.pdf#page=24
First Author:
3. Cold Fusion Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, ed. J.P. Biberian. 2020: Elsevier.
First Author:
4. Abbenseth, R. and H. Wipf, Thermal Expansion and Lattice Anharmonicity of Pd-H and Pd-D Alloys. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1980. 10: p. 353.
First Author: Abbenseth, R.
5. ABC, "Good Morning America". 1994.
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6. Abell, G.C. and A. Attalla, NMR Evidence for Solid-Fluid Transition Near 250 K of 3He Bubbles in Palladium Tritide. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987. 59(9): p. 995.
First Author: Abell, G. C.
7. Abell, G.C., et al., Helium release from aged palladium tritide. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(2): p. 1220.
First Author: Abell, G. C.
8. Aben, P.C. and W.G. Burgers, Surface Structure and Electrochemical Potential of Palladium while Absorbing Hydrogen in Aqueous Solution. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1989. 56: p. 1989.
First Author: Aben, P. C.
9. Aberdam, D., et al., Limits on neutron emission following deuterium absorption into palladium and titanium. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 65(10): p. 1196.
First Author: Aberdam, D.
10. Abriola, D., et al., Examination of nuclear measurement conditions in cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 265: p. 355.
First Author: Abriola, D.
11. AbuTaha, A.F., Cold fusion - engineering perspectives. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 391.
First Author: AbuTaha, A. F.
12. AbuTaha, A.F., Cold fusion - the heat mechanism. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 345.
First Author: AbuTaha, A. F.
13. Abyaneh, M., et al. Concerning the Modeling of Systems in Terms of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): The Special Case of "Cold Fusion". in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Abyaneh, M.
14. Accomazzi, P., Binuclear Atoms: A Model to Explain Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 25: p. 68-75.
First Author: Accomazzi, P.
In this paper we show that the helium-like hydrogen spectra obtained by Randell L. Mills and ultra-dense hydrogen obtained by Holmlid can be interpreted as experimental evidence of Binuclear Atoms. The hydrogen Binuclear Atom, a model proposed 25 years ago, is a metastable configuration in which the two nuclei are held together at a very short distance in an atom-like configuration. This should be a distinctive configuration of the hydrogen molecule where nuclei are characterized by a high kinetic energy, and nuclear motion is coupled with electronic motion. This is a completely different model from the usual Born-Oppenheimer picture of atoms and molecules we are used to, where nuclei oscillate about their equilibrium positions and electronic motion is decoupled from the nuclear one. The identification of helium-like hydrogen spectra and ultra-dense hydrogen as Binuclear Atoms has a strong impact on one of the main objections to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR): the overcoming of the Coulomb barrier thus identifying a sound mechanism for the occurrence of LENR. This work is not conclusive. The only goal of this work is to focus the attention of people interested in LENR mechanism on this subject, and encourage them to take this hypothesis more seriously.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf#page=74
First Author: Ackermann, E.
16. Adachi, G., H. Sakaguchi, and K. Nagao, (3)He and (4)He from D2 absorbed in LaNi5. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1992. 181: p. 469.
First Author: Adachi, G.
17. Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. Experimental Observation And A Possible Way To The Creation Of Anomalous Isotopes And Stable Superheavy Nuclei Via The Electron-Nucleus Collapse. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Adamenko, S.
The problem of supercompression of a solid target to a collapse state is considered. The basic principles of construction and the parameters of an experimental setup ensuring such a supercompression are described. The model and method of creation and evolution of superheavy nuclear clusters with 250<A<500 and A>3000-5000 in the controlled collapse zone and in the volume of a remote accumulating screen are discussed. The evolution of such clusters results in the synthesis of isotopes with 1<A<500 and with anomalous spatial distribution in the volume of a remote screen. These phenomena were interpreted on the basis of the idea of the formation of a self-organizing and self-supporting collapse of the electron-nucleus plasma under the action of a coherent driver up to a state close to the nuclear substance.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdamenkoSexperiment.pdf
First Author: Adamenko, S.
19. Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. Observation And Modeling Of The Ordered Motion Of Hypothetical Magnetically Charged Particles On The Multilayer Surface And The Problem Of Low-Energy Fusion. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Adamenko, S.
20. Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. The possible mechanism of creation of light magnetic monopoles in strong magnetic field of a laboratory system. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Adamenko, S.
In this work the reasons and mechanism of the creation of unknown magneto-charged particles, which were observed in experiments on supercompression of condensed target in Kiev Electrodynamics Laboratory "Proton-21", are discussed. It is shown that these particles are most probably the hypothetical light magnetic monopoles that were introduced by George Lochak as magneto-excited neutrinos. The parameters of these particles (including mass of monopole and both size and binding energy of monopole-antimonopole pair) and the method of their creation are discussed and calculated.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdamenkoSthepossibl.pdf
First Author: Adkisson, W. M.
22. Adler, P.N., R.L. Schulte, and H. Margolin, Deuterium surface segregation in titanium alloys. Metal. Trans., 1990. 21A: p. 2003.
First Author: Adler, P. N.
23. Adzic, R.R., et al. Tritium Measurements and Deuterium Loading in D2O Electrolysis With a Palladium Cathode. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Adzic, R. R.
Measurements have been performed to check on the Fleischmann-Pons (F-P) phenomena. They involved 1) measurements of tritium in the cell solution and the gas above it; and 2) determination of the D/Pd ratio by coulometry. Enhancement of tritium in the D2O solution was found in these two open glass cells, as well as in another four cells with Ni-anodes. The largest enhancement factor found was ~50. The neutron measurements were inconclusive.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdzicRRtritiummea.pdf
First Author: Afanaseyev, V. P.
25. Affatato, S., et al. Measurement of a Very Low Neutron Background Within a Significant Gamma-Ray Environment by Means of a Coincidence Spectrometer with n-g Pulse-Shape Discrimination. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Affatato, S.
26. Afonichev, D. High-Frequency Radiation And Tritium Channel. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Afonichev, D.
In the process of deformation at a temperature T=710°C of titanium alloy samples preliminarily saturated by deuterium a radiation, which is not a neutron flow was detected. Electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies was detected in titanium alloy samples in the process of their saturation by deuterium. The probable mechanism of its occurrence may be a retardation of charged particles in the metallic matrix.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AfonichevDhighfreque.pdf
First Author: Afonichev, D.
In any field of investigations new ideas in combination with newly developed equipment can provide advance results. In view of arising interest to cold nuclear fusion (CNF) [1] and searches for consequences of its occurrence the study of the interaction of hydrogen with metals has coincided with the wide spread of the micro-probe X-ray spectrum analysis. This analysis is performed during measurements of alloying element concentration [1] with resolution of about 1x1 µm2.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AfonichevDascendingd.pdf
First Author: Afonichev, D.
29. Afonichev, D. About products of nucleus reactions during diffusion of deuterium through palladium membrane (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Afonichev, D.
On the basis of the results of our previous experiments on deformation of deuterium saturated titanium alloy samples and saturation of titanium alloys, the mechanism of cold nuclear fusion proceeding via the tritium channel is proposed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AfonichevDaboutprodu.pdf
First Author: Afonichev, D.
We report on the results of experimental observation of interaction of deuterons in a palladium membrane in deuterium gas under the pressure of P=0,07 Mpa. The temperature fluctuation with an amplitude of Delta T= 4 / 5°C was observed. After a 42 hour experiment, a significant increase in the number of of tritium (3T) atoms, N>109, has been revealed, while no traces of 4He have been found.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=54
First Author: Agelao, G.
32. Agnello, M., et al. Search for Neutron Emission in Titanium-Deuterium Systems. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Agnello, M.
33. Agnello, M., et al. Improvement of the TOFUS Apparatus. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Agnello, M.
The TOFUS experiment was started in order to detect 2.45 Me V neutrons emitted from a Ti/D system in the gas phase. Improvements in the electronics of the neutron detector, based on the double scattering technique, and in the performances of a new cell are described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=264
First Author: Agnello, M.
A new set of measurements of neutron emission from gas (D2 and H2) loaded Ti and Pd systems has been carried out in the TOFUS experiment. The temperature and pressure controls of the gas loading apparatus were improved. The results concerning the Ti/D system show the presence of a small 2.5 MeV neutron emission, with a signal having a statistical significance of ~ 5 sigma. The results on the Pd/D system doesn't show a statistically significant signal (less ~ 2 sigma).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=172
First Author: Agostino, R. G.
36. Ahern, B.S., K.H. Johnson, and J. Clark, H. R., Method of Maximizing Anharmonic Oscillations in Deuterated Alloys. 1995: US Patent #5,411,654.
First Author: Ahern, B. S.
37. Ahern, B.S. Energy Localization The key to Understanding Energy in Nanotechnology & Nature (PowerPoint slides). in International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Symposium, ILENRS-12. 2012. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185.
First Author: Ahern, B. S.
Nature assembles ordered structures out of chaos without a temperature gradient or energy input.
Systems generally go from ordered to chaotic.
How does nature go from the chaotic to ordered?
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AhernBSenergyloca.pdf
First Author: Aiello, S.
39. Aina, R. and U. Mastromatteo. Investigation of anomalous densities of high-energy alpha-particles tracks in CR-39 detectors during electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Aina, R.
No meaningful evidence of specific particle emission with E>2.5 MeV during D2O electrolysis (comparable track count), with or without Pd codeposition.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AinaRinvestigat.pdf
First Author: Aizawa, H.
Electrolysis of D2O and H2O solutions is carried out under several DC current patterns using a Ni film cathode. A CR-39 track detector is set in close contact with the cathode to detect an energetic charged particle. An impressive increasing in number of etch pit is occasionally observed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=16
First Author: Akimoto, T.
Examination of the temperature dependency on counting efficiency of a NE213 liquid scintillator showed that the efficiency decreased with the detector temperature. This was explained as a decrease in fluorescence emission of the scintillator with the temperature increase. Therefore, correction is needed for background data in electrolysis experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=310
First Author: Akita, H.
43. Al Katrib, A.K. and D.J. Nagel. Can Water be the Origin of Excess Energy? in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Al Katrib, A. K.
This study was initiated due to the concern of some critics of LENR research that small energy changes in many H2O or D2O molecules in electrochemical cells can explain observed excess heat. More than three hundred LENR papers from 1989 to 2008 that reported excess energy were acquired and reviewed to extract quantitative results and other information. Excess energies and cell volumes were found in 17 papers. These data were used to compute eV per water molecule values. Most experiments showed excess energy outputs that would lead to ratios below the vibrational energy of water molecules at room temperature (0.04 eV/molecule). However, 65% of the papers, which reported both excess energies and cell volumes, indicated values significantly higher. The highest reported value was 42.6 eV/molecule. Eleven ratios are far beyond what is plausible for water to be the source of anomalous heat. Therefore, it is concluded that some unknown rearrangement of water molecules in many LENR experiments is not the source of excess heat.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=109
First Author: Alabin, K.
Results of isotopic and elemental composition analyses of fuel and matter near the active zone of nickel–hydrogen reactors before and after experiment with the integral excess energy up to 790 MJ are presented. No significant changes in the isotopic composition of nickel or lithium were observed. A significant increase in the concentration of impurities of a number of nuclides has been observed not only in fuel but also in structural elements adjacent to the active zones of the reactors.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf#page=37
First Author: Albagli, D.
46. Alber, D., et al., Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 319.
First Author: Alber, D.
47. Alberg, M.A., et al., Upper limits to fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen molecules in palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 41: p. 2544.
First Author: Alberg, M. A.
48. Albers, P., et al., Investigations of palladium catalysts on different carbon supports. J. Catal., 1999. 181: p. 145.
First Author: Albers, P.
49. Albertini, G. and M. Rogante, Beyond Hydrogen Loading. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2020. 30: p. 36-43.
First Author: Albertini, G.
While experimental and technological attention is focused on the operational methods for hydrogen loading in metals and on the observed anomalies with respect to well-established rules, we aim to remark that these methods and these consequences can be seen as a part of a more general problem. In fact, most of the experiments and deductions of material sciences are based on the assumption that space–time is flat and isotropic (Minkowskian). After discarding this assumption, a theory of Deformed Space Time (DST) was developed in the last decades. Following this theory, experimental results were obtained which are not predicted by the Standard Model. The DST-theory concerns the fundamental interactions and in particular the nuclear ones, that can play the main role in the observed anomalies. In order to consider a nuclear reaction as a DST-reaction, four main phenomenological features were deduced: occurrence of an energy threshold; change of atomic weight; absence of gamma radiation; anisotropic emission of nuclear particles in intense beams having a very short life span. From the experimental point of view, rather than looking for fortuitous events that produce the conditions for DST-reactions, more systematic research can be undertaken by following the above reported four general rules. In particular, the occurrence of thresholds can correspond to a latency time, required to reach the energy density necessary to deform space–time. The absence of gamma radiation cannot be considered as a sign that nuclear reactions are not present; in fact, in absence of detected gamma radiation, elements were found which were not present before the reaction. The nuclear emissions, which are anisotropic and impulsive, can be difficult to detect with the traditional methods, thus inducing incertitude on the occurring reactions. Finally, a rapid variation of energy density is an experimental common factor of DST-reactions. Thus, the DST-theory can be the leading theory in the design of the experiment and in the interpretation of its experimental results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzc.pdf#page=41
First Author: Aleksan, R.
51. Alekseev, V.A., et al., Tritium production in the interaction of dense streams of deuterium plama with metal surfaces. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1995. 21: p. 231.
First Author: Alekseev, V. A.
52. Alessandrello, A., et al., Search for cold fusion induced by electrolysis in palladium. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. A103: p. 1617.
First Author: Alessandrello, A.
53. Alexander, K.F., Cold nuclear fusion. Wissensch. Fortschr., 1989. 39: p. 9 (in German).
First Author: Alexander, K. F.
54. Alexandrov, D. Heavy Electrons in Nano-Structure Clusters of Disordered Solids. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Alexandrov, D.
The existence of heavy electrons is found theoretically in nano-structure clusters of disordered solids. The basis of the investigation is the electron band structures of disordered semiconductors previously determined by the author. The existence of electron energy pockets is found for the electrons in the conduction bands of these semiconductors that are nano-confining potential valleys of dimensions in the range of the primitive cell. The electron wave function of the confined electron is determined in when the electron interacts with local electrical field that is external for the energy pocket, and the average velocity of the electron is found. An expression for electron mass of an electron localized in pocket is derived. It is found that this electron mass is greater than the electron mass at rest and the confined electrons are designated heavy electrons. The possibility of interactions of protons with heavy electrons is discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Alexandrovheavyelect.pdf
First Author: Alexandrov, D.
Theoretical outcomes and their connections with the experimental outcomes
i) Increase of the temperature (T) increases the probabilities for both fusion reactions – it is connected with the experimental facts that the concentrations of both 4He and 3He increase with the increase of the temperature;
ii) Increase of the kinetic energies of the interacting nuclei (D and D, and D and H) increases the probability for both fusion reactions – it is connected with the experimental facts that the concentrations of both 4He and 3He increase with the increase of the plasma voltage;
Iii) The released energies of the fusion reactions partially destroy the crystal lattice making that the corresponding regions not to be able to participate in immediate further reactions – it corresponds to the cyclic change of the temperature that was observed experimentally, i.e. time for recovery of the crystal lattice is needed in order fusion reactions to be re-established again;
iv) Any partial destroy of the crystal lattice (mechanical or as result of fusion reaction) brings the corresponding destroyed regions out of order regarding the fusion reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Alexandrovcoldfusion.pdf
First Author: Alguero, M.
57. Alguero, M., et al. An Experimental Method to Measure the Rate of H(D)-Absorption by a Pd Cathode During the Electrolysis of an Aqueous Solution: Advantages and Disadvantages. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Alguero, M.
An experimental set up to measure the rate of BCD) uptake by a Pd cathode during the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte has been built and its behavior is analyzed. The experimental procedure is based on the pressure changes that take place within a closed electrolytic cell during the hydride (deuteride) formation. Calibration of the system has been done by accomplishing electrolysis with two Pl electrodes and the error sources have been studied. A protocol to be used in Pd hydrogenation (deuteration) is defined. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of this experimental m ethod against measurements of the Pd electric resistance variations are briefly discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=246
First Author: Alguero, M.
59. Allard, K., et al., Application of the Electron-Donation Model for Hydrogen Absorption to Palladium-Rich Alloys. Hydrogen-Gold-Palladium. J. Phys. Chem., 1968. 72: p. 136.
First Author: Allard, K.
60. Altaiskii, M.V., et al., Fluctuational enhancement of quantum mechanical and wave barrier penetrability and some physical consequences. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990. 52(1): p. 78 (in Russian).
First Author: Altaiskii, M. V.
61. Amato, I., Cold Fusion Keeps Its Head Just Above Water. Science News, 1989. 13: p. 278.
First Author: Amato, I.
62. Amato, I., Cold Fusion Saga: Trials and Tribulations. Science News, 1990. 137(24): p. 374.
First Author: Amato, I.
63. Amato, I., If Not Cold Fusion, Try Fracto-Fusion? Science News, 1990. 137: p. 87.
First Author: Amato, I.
64. Amato, I., Cold Fusion:Wanted Dead And Alive, in Science News. 1990. p. 14.
First Author: Amato, I.
65. Amato, I., Cluster Fusion: Close But No Cigar. Science, 1992. 256(5054): p. 178.
First Author: Amato, I.
66. Ambadkar, A. and J. Dash, Electrolysis Of D2O With A Palladium Cathode Compared With Electrolysis Of H2O With A Platinum Electrode: Procedure And Experimental Details. 2003, Portland State University: Porland, OR.
First Author: Ambadkar, A.
A description of experimental procedures used by Ambadkar and Dash at the Low Energy Nuclear Laboratory (LENL), Portland State University.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AmbadkarAelectrolys.pdf
First Author: Amini, F.
1. Introduction
One of our hydropower plants (Masjed - E - Soleyman, Iran) has four Francis turbines. Two units on the right side (looking downstream) share a common penstock and a common long tailrace tunnel, and the other two units on the left also share a penstock and tailrace tunnel. Upon commissioning of one unit, the hydraulic transient in the draft tube during load rejection above 75% was excessive. It was apparent that the guide vane closing law that had been adopted would result in water column separation during load rejection at full power. Tests with a slower closing rate showed that the risk of column separation was reduced, but a violent surge developed in the draft tube close to maximum over speed. The energy level and cavity volume that are produced are much more than those of regular TCB (Transient Cavitation Bubbles) experiments, and therefore, we should expect more intense effects than a regular TCB jet produces.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AminiFproduction.pdf
First Author: Amini, F.
The cavitation bubble resonator (CBR) can be used as a new coupling technique. The purpose of this paper is to study coupled SPR-CBR, coupled CBR-Nickel and coupled CBR-Biochemical. It is expected the cavitation bubble resonator assists a pseudo coupling process. The design of nano CBR cell can play a significant role in the sciences of therapeutic drugs and power generation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AminiFthestudyof.pdf
First Author: An, X. W.
70. An, H.K., et al., Analysis of deformed palladium cathodes resulting from heavy water electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1995. 27: p. 408.
First Author: An, H. K.
71. Andermann, G. Theoretical Model for Low Temperature Nuclear Events. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
First Author: Andermann, G.
72. Andermann, G. A New Theoretical Model (Nu-Q) for Rationalizing Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Events Observed in Deuterium Loaded Pd Cathodes. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Andermann, G.
A model is proposed based on di-neutrons. NUt to rationalize most of the high energy and some of the low energy events observed in electrochemically induced . cold fusion'. Using pressure induced electron capture (EC) by deuterons as the triggering mechanism for the creation of NUt this model calls for the absorption of Nu by deuterons. creating a highly unstable isotope Quatrium. Q*, which decays instantly to yield tri tium and neutrons. Because of electron spin considerations the dominant EC mechanism is shown to yield two kinds of Nu. namely, a low lying NUL and a less stable higher lying Nu H. Thus. the Nu-Q* mechanism is shown to yield a doublet in the gamma ray spectrum. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=314
First Author: Anderson, I. S.
74. Anderson, G.C., Clandestine NSF Panel Warms to Cold Fusion. The Scientist, 1989.
First Author: Anderson, G. C.
75. Anderson, R.E., et al. Neutron Measurements in Search of Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Anderson, R. E.
76. Anderson, R.E. and S.E. Jones. Comments on an Experiment at Yale on Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Anderson, R. E.
77. Anderson, D.M. and J. Bockris, Cold Fusion at Texas A&M. Science, 1990. 249: p. 463.
First Author: Anderson, D. M.
78. Anderson, J., et al., Letters and Response about Cold Fusion at Texas A&M. Science, 1990. 249: p. 463-465.
First Author: Anderson, J.
79. Anderson, M., Big Idea: Bring Back the "Cold Fusion" Dream, in Discover Magazine. 2012.
First Author: Anderson, M.
80. Andreani, R., La fusione 'fredda'" ("'Cold' fusion"). Energ. Nucl. (Rome), 1989. 6: p. 8 (in Italian).
First Author: Andreani, R.
81. Andresen, B.D., et al., Potentially explosive organic reaction mechanisms in Pd/D2O electrochemical cells. Chem. Health Safety, 1994. 1: p. 44.
First Author: Andresen, B. D.
82. Andrianov, B.A., Natural Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Reaction. Infinite Energy, 2014(114).
First Author: Andrianov, B. A.
A hypothesis is put forward explaining a superpower flash, a shock wave and instant evaporation of most of the Chelyabinsk meteor by the emergence of conditions for a low energy fusion exothermic reaction between Mg and Si
nuclei contained in olivine and pyroxene, which were found in the meteorite. The possible initiators of that reaction are
considered. They are supposed as common for the known experiments of similar type.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBnaturallow.pdf
First Author: Andrianov, B. A.
In the context of hypotheses about probable realization of low energy nuclear fusion reactions (LENR) there have been
considered common features joining such seemingly alien to one another objects as meteorites, fulgurites and also the
products of volcanic activity on Jupiter’s satellite Io. Common for all of them is the combination of great values
of pressure, temperature and electric current density. The most probable LENR for the Chelyabinsk meteor could be
the reaction between magnesium and silicon nuclei contained in olivine and pyroxene, which were found in the
meteorite. As a result of lightning strike quartz sand turns into fulgurite in which one can find metallic spheroids of troilite, alpha iron and shreibersite. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBprobablepr.pdf
First Author: Andrianov, B. A.
As a continuation of the author’s hypotheses about iron and sulfur formation in Kolyma fulgurite as a result of LENRfusion of two 28/14Si or two 16/8O nuclei, a common origin mechanism for phosphorus, manganese and titanium was retraced in fulgurites and magmatic spheroids. A manganese nucleus is formed at a fusion of 27/13Al and 28/14Si nuclei, and a titanium nucleus at a fusion of two 23/11Na nuclei. The appearance of nickel isotopes was explained in iron meteorites. On the basis of introduced reactions a hypothesis of planetary cores formation was put forward.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBfulgurites.pdf
First Author: Andrianov, B. A.
A hypothesis is put forward explaining the origin of chemical elements in polymetallic nodules on the ocean bottom as a result of bacteria activity initiating low energy nuclear fusion reactions (LENR). As is known, sea water, bottom deposits and suspensions contain Na, Cl, Ca, K, Mg, Li, Al, Si, B, P, F and S. From this set of elements the formation ways are shown not only for iron and manganese, but also for Ti, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Mo, Ga, Ge, Se, Br, Zr, Sr, Y, Nb, In, Sn, Sb, W, Hf, Re, Ag, Pd, Rh, Cd, Sc, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Nd and Sm. The origin of listed elements occurs with the active bacteria participation as a result of heat-generating LENR mainly by electron capture from inner atomic layers without additional external expenditure of energy, any radioactive materials or hard radiation. This allows us to naturally explain the emergence in nodules of stable isotopes of many elements which are really present there.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBprobablemi.pdf
First Author: Angelone, M.
In this paper a very brief review of the main physical laws and basic detection principles for neutrons are addressed. The main issues to be faced when measuring pulsed "neutron emission", as claimed in most experiments, are addressed too.
It is not in the author's intention to investigate whether or not neutrons are actually emitted in CMNS phenomena, however, an "ideal"; experiment that could allow to unambiguous measurement of neutrons from a CMNS type experiment will be outlined.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AngeloneMneutrondet.pdf
First Author: Angelone, M.
The production and detection of neutrons in the so called "cold fusion" phenomena is claimed since the first announcement by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989. In the last twenty years the same claim has
been made by other authors despite they were operating under different experimental conditions. However, most of the scientific community is yet sceptic about the actual emission of neutrons from events that in a more general statement are known as "low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter" (CMNS) and the methods adopted by the various authors are often subjected to several criticisms. Indeed CMNS phenomena are rather complex and relate with several different subjects so synergy among various experts is necessary. Among these subjects, neutron detections requires a particular care and expertise because the measurements are carried out with a very low signal to noise ratio. In this paper a very brief review of the main physical laws and basic detection principles for neutrons are addressed. It is not in the author’s intention to investigate whether or not neutrons are actually emitted in CMNS phenomena, however, some tips that could allow to unambiguous measurement of neutrons from a CMNS type experiment will be addressed too.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=26
First Author: Anghaie, S.
89. Antanasijevic, R.D., et al., Preliminary observations on possible implications of new Bohr orbits (resulting from electromagnetic spin-spin and spin-orbit coupling) in 'cold' quantum mechanical fusion processes appearing in strong 'plasma focus' and 'capillary fusion' experiments. Phys. Lett. A, 1993. 180: p. 25.
First Author: Antanasijevic, R. D.
90. Antanasijevic, R.D., et al. "Cold Fusion" in Terms of New Quantum Chemistry: The Role of Magnetic Interactions in Dense Physica Media. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Antanasijevic, R. D.
Various recently reported "break even" in different types of "cold fusion" experiments have a common physical origin if one assumes that one should add, in dense states, the action of magnetic interactions of oriented nuclear spins to the usual Coulomb forces. In that case one is led to predict a) the existence of new "tight" quantum molecular states (associated to new "tight" Bohr orbits) which correspond to the emission of X--ray lines and excess energy b) the associated apparition of a certain amount of nuclear fusion reactions due to those magnetic interactions and enhanced tunneling by strong electron concentrations. They appear in the form of neutron (or ?) bursts and various types of "ashes" of particular nuclear fusion reactions in electrolysis, glow discharge, capillary devices, resonance sonoluminescence and plasma discharge experiments. They both contribute to observable energy excess in amounts which vary which chosen set-ups.
To explore this assumption two experiments are presented here i.e. 1) discharge experiments in plasma focus and "capillary fusion" devices (i.e. nuclear fusion) of 10^8 neutrons/burst 2) X-ray measurements in deuterium plasma focus which confirm the existence of new Bohr orbits.
New possible experiments to check it are also briefly discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=312
First Author: Antonov, V. E.
92. Antonov, V.E., et al., The Solubility of Hydrogen in the Platinum Metals under High Pressure. Platinum Met. Rev., 1984. 28: p. 158.
First Author: Antonov, V. E.
93. Antonov, A.V., et al., An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion during the electrolysis of heavy water. Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(5): p. 52.
First Author: Antonov, A. V.
94. Antonov, V.E., et al., The Pd-Pt-H System: Phase Transformations at High Pressure and Superconductivity. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1993. 78: p. 137.
First Author: Antonov, V. E.
95. Anufriev, G.S. and B.S. Boltenkov, Helium isotopes and hydrogen in aluminium and other metals. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1991. 56(2): p. 73 (in Russian).
First Author: Anufriev, G. S.
96. Aoki, T., Y. Kurata, and H. Ebihara. Study of Concentrations of Helium and Tritium in Electrolytic Cells with Excess Heat Generations. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Aoki, T.
Concentrations of helium and tritium in gas and liquid phases in calorimetric cells with excess heat generations were measured. Values of factor F (nuclear ash) defined as ratio of amount of heat released by particular nuclear reactions to the excess heat, were calculated to be F(He in gas phase) ~ (4±16) x 10^-3 and F(T in liquid phase) ~ (8±6) x 10^-10, and upper limit of F(T in gas phase) ~ 1 x10^-6. These extremely small values suggested either that (1) the nuclear reactions might occur in deep inside of the Pd cathode, or (2) the major amount of the detected excess heat could not match with the heat expected from the nuclear reactions if the reactions occurred on the surface of Pd cathodes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AokiTstudyofcon.pdf
First Author: Aoki, T.
An experiment on the neutron emission from the single crystals of the sodium tungsten bronze (Na x WO3, x=0.9) was started to check the reproducibility. After applying the cathodic treatment to the crystals in a heating chamber, the neutron emission had been expected in the instants of pressurizing and depressurizing the deuterium gas. However, the weighted mean values of the measured neutron counting rates at these moments were in agreement with those of the background rates.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=306
First Author: Aoki, T.
Nuclear products which were caused by the D + D nuclear fusion reaction were searched in electrolytic cells and in gas phase of Pd + D systems. Measurements of nuclear products were made for gamma-ray, neutron, tritium and helium. To detect neutron, liquid scintillation and 3He counters were used. For gamma-ray measurement, a NaI detector was used. For tritium concentration measurement in gas phase, a gas proportional chamber was fabricated and operated in low background level. The signals of those detectors were fed to Pulse Height Analyzer and recorded as energy spectra which were carefully compared with background spectra. A different type of neutron hunting was also tried in the instants of pressurizing and depressurizing the deuterium gas in crystal. A large size crystal of tungsten bronze was prepared for the experiment.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AokiTsearchforna.pdf
First Author: Aoyama, T.
100. Apak, R., Conformism in chemistry and the results. Kim. Sanayi, 1989. 31: p. 157-8 (in Turkish, Engl. abstr.).
First Author: Apak, R.
101. Apicella, M., et al. Reproducibility of Excess of Power and Evidence of 4He in Palladium Foils Loaded with Deuterium (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
First Author: Apicella, M.
This presentation was given at the March APS meeting in Los Angeles, CA, March 24, 2005. Published by www.newenergytimes.com. Topics covered include: Material Science & Excess of Power Reproducibility, Surface Electronic Excitations with Lasers Trigger, Excess Power Reproducibility, Experimental Results
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApicellaMreproducib.pdf
First Author: Apicella, M.
Recent research activity at ENEA, in the field of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, has been oriented to material science and Laser triggering in order to increase the reproducibility of excess of power production during loading of palladium with deuterium. Isoperibolic calorimetry in gas phase, isoperibolic and flow calorimetry with electrochemical systems have been carried out. Nuclear ashes detection was done by means of high resolution and high sensitivity mass spectrometer. Material science studies allowed to obtain a palladium showing high solubility for hydrogen isotopes and giving deuterium concentration at equilibrium larger than 0.95 (as D/Pd atomic fraction) with a reproducibility larger than 90%. Excess of power production by using the above-mentioned material achieves a reproducibility up to 30% without triggering. Laser irradiation with a proper polarization seems to have a significant role in further increasing of the excess of power production reproducibility. Heat bursts exhibit an integrated energy at least 10 times greater than the sum of all possible chemical reactions within a closed cell. The energy gain calculated at the end of the experiments is observed with deuterium but not with hydrogen. Preliminary measurements give a 4He signal in reasonable agreement with the expected values by assuming a D + D = 4He + heat (24 MeV for event) reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApicellaMsomerecent.pdf
First Author: Apicella, M.
SUMMARY * Mass spectrometry - potentiality of the technique - details on the measurement * Critical aspects and experimental requirements for: - mass spectrometer - measurment apparatus * Experimental set up at ENEA and some results
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApicellaMmassspectr.pdf
First Author: Apicella, M.
The detection of transmutations in Fleischmann and Pons experiments is a critical issue in order to assess the nuclear origin of the excess heat production. A very accurate study in this field has been carried out in ENEA, aimed to investigate the possible occurrence of nuclear transmutation in nickel hydride thin films. The research work, which took several years and involved an international collaboration between many research laboratories, came to the conclusion that the experiments didn’t produce any evidence of transmutation experiments, pointing out the importance of using state of the art instrumentation in performing such a kind of study.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=44
First Author: Apostol, M.
106. Appleby, A.J., et al. Evidence for Excess Heat Generation Rates During Electrolysis of D2O in LiOD Using a Palladium Cathode-A Microcalorimetric Study. in Workshop on Cold Fusion Phenomena. 1989. Santa Fe, NM.
First Author: Appleby, A. J.
107. Appleby, A.J., et al. Anomalous Calorimetric Results During Long-Term Evolution of Deuterium on Palladium from Alkaline Deuteroxide Electrolyte. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Appleby, A. J.
Convincing evidence of anomalous thermal fluxes from palladium cathodes in LiOD solutions is provided. When combined with other evidence for tritium formation, these argue for the existence of solid state nuclear processes in this system. Compared with previous work, effects are only seen at a relatively low level, and they appear to decrease with decreasing electrode surface/volume ratio. They are also observed in a sealed cell with internal gas recombination, which requires no thermodynamic corrections. The effect of lithium ion is seen to be specific, and the effect seems to involve only the palladium surface layers.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApplebyAJanomalousc.pdf
First Author: Arachi, Y.
109. Arapi, A., et al. Experimental observation of the new elements production in the deuterated and/or hydride palladium electrodes, exposed to low energy DC glow discharge. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Arapi, A.
Elemental and isotopic structures of the palladium cathode before and after experiment under DC glow discharge were investigated by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Production of new elements with various atomic masses and impurities increase were surveyed. By analyzing obtained results, it was found that beryllium and nickel for deuterium-palladium system, and lithium, nickel and barium for hydrogen-palladium system, were generated during glow discharge experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArapiAexperiment.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
111. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of an intense cold fusion reaction. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 95.
First Author: Arata, Y.
112. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of intense 'cold' fusion reaction. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1990. 66: p. 1.
First Author: Arata, Y.
113. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Corroborating evidence for 'cold' fusion reaction. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1990. 66(B): p. 110.
First Author: Arata, Y.
114. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. "Cold" Fusion in a Complex Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Arata, Y.
A new cathode was developed, consisting of a nickel ride with a palladium layer applied by plasma spraying, the palladium layer activates the surface functions of the deuteride it cathode. High reproducibility of a "cold" fusion reaction is confirmed by using this cathode.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=180
First Author: Arata, Y.
116. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, 'Cold' fusion caused by a weak 'on-off effect'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1992. 66: p. 33.
First Author: Arata, Y.
117. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, 'Cold' fusion in deuterated complex cathode. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1992. 67((5)): p. 432 (in Japanese).
First Author: Arata, Y.
118. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Excess heat in a double structure deuterated cathode. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1993. 69((8)): p. 963 (in Japanese).
First Author: Arata, Y.
119. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, A new energy generated in DS-cathode with 'Pd-black'. Koon Gakkaishi, 1994. 20(4): p. 148 (in Japanese).
First Author: Arata, Y.
Abstract: It was verified that a new kind of energy is caused by "Spillover-Deuterium" generated in a double structure (DS)-cathode with "Pd-black". Using this cathode, the authors confirmed the sustained production of a significantly abnormal amount of energy over a period of several months that could not be ascribed to chemical reaction energy. The chemical reaction energy of 0.1 [mol] Pd-black used is only 4[kJ], but more than 200[MJ] of excess energy was continuously produced for over 3000 [hr] at an average rate of 50-100 [kJ/hr] using a DS-cathode with a same quantity of Pd-black. Intermittent operation over a period of two years using this structure proved the complete reproducibility of these results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanewenergy.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
121. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Excess Heat and Mechanism in Cold Fusion Reaction. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Arata, Y.
The authors have proposed a new "Model" which can reasonably explain the existence of Cold Fusion Reaction and also verify the generation of tremendous excess energy in the DS-cathode, which is fifty thousand times higher than chemical reaction energy. The new model is named "Latticequake Model". Cold fusion is caused by high energy deuterium similar to "hot" fusion.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=290
First Author: Arata, Y.
123. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Peculiar relation between hot plasma fusion and solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion"). Koon Gakkaishi, 1995. 21: p. 130 (in Japanese).
First Author: Arata, Y.
124. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Cold fusion caused by 'lattice quake'. Koon Gakkaishi, 1995. 21: p. 43 (in Japanese).
First Author: Arata, Y.
125. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Cold fusion reactions driven by 'Latticequake'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1995. 71: p. 98.
First Author: Arata, Y.
126. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Achievement of Solid-State Plasma Fusion ("Cold Fusion"). in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Arata, Y.
In a series of studies, a significantly large amount of helium (^4He/D, = (1-0.2)~10^-2, D2: "fuel" :He: "ash") was clearly detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) as the deuterium nuclear reaction product ("ash") released from the highly deuterated palladium host-solid (Pd-black = 0.04 [mu]: distributed 0.02 - 0.06 [mu) that had produced large amounts of anomalous excess energy (200 - 500 [MJ/cm^3) through long period such as 5000 [hrs], when it was heated in a high vacuum (~10^4 [torr]), high temperature (3000 [deg C]).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=144
First Author: Arata, Y.
128. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Deuterium nuclear reaction process within solid. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1996. 72 Ser. B: p. 179.
First Author: Arata, Y.
129. Arata, Y. and C. Zhang, Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in highly deuterated Pd-black by the new detecting methodology. J. High Temp. Soc., 1997. 23: p. 110 (in Japanese).
First Author: Arata, Y.
130. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Solid-state plasma fusion ('cold fusion'). J. High Temp. Soc., 1997. 23 (special volume): p. 1-56.
First Author: Arata, Y.
131. Arata, Y. and C. Zhang, Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in deuterated Pd-black by the "vi-effect" in a "closed QMS" environment. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: p. 62.
First Author: Arata, Y.
132. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Helium (4He, 3He) within deuterated Pd-black. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: p. 1.
First Author: Arata, Y.
133. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Anomalous difference between reaction energies generated within D2O-cell and H2O-cell. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1998. 37: p. L1274.
First Author: Arata, Y.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Both D2O-cell and H2O-cell are constructed with the same Double Structure Cathode (DS-cathode), and connected in series as a "Double-cell" to examine the energy generation under the same electrolytic current. D2O-cell generates tremendously excess energy during a long. Such as over several thousand hours, but any energy is never generated in H2O-cell when the chemical energy is subtracted in both cells. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanomalousd.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
Both D2O-cell and H2O-cell are constructed with the same Double Structure Cathode (DS-cathode) and connected in series as a "Double-cell" to examine the energy generation under the same electrolytic current. D20-cell generates tremendously excess energy during a long period such as over several thousand hours, but any energy is never generated in H2O-cell when the chemical energy is subtracted in both cells.
Furthermore, "Mixed-cell" blended with D2O and H2O electrolytes (D2O /H2O=2 in weight) also generates an excess energy, but with the considerably different characteristics from D2O-cell.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanomalousda.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
Observations were made of the anomalous production of 4He atoms as well as the anomalous heat release when Pd fine particles are highly deuterated inside an enclosed Pd metal vessel used as a cathode in electrolysis of D2O. A mass analysis of the remnant Pd powders after the 2000-hr heat production revealed substantial production of 4He atoms.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYobservatio.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
Abstract: Observations were made of the abundant production of gaseous 4He inside a double-structure Pd cathode ("DS-cathode") which continuously had released excess heat of about 5~ 10 W over 2,000 hrs in the electrolysis of D2O. These 4He atoms were found from the inner atmosphere within the DS-cathode included the highly deuterated Pd fine powders.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanomalousp.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
138. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Critical condition to induce 'excess energy' within [DS-H2O] cell. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1999. 75 Ser. B: p. 76.
First Author: Arata, Y.
139. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Sono Implantation of Hydrogen and Deuterium from Water into Metallic Fine Powders. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Arata, Y.
140. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Definite Difference amoung [DS-D2O], [DS-H2O] and [Bulk-D2O] Cells in the Deuterization and Deuterium-reaction. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Arata, Y.
141. Arata, Y., Developmental challenge in new energy source. 'Solid state plasma fusion'". Kotai Butsuri, 2000. 35(1): p. 67 [in Japanese].
First Author: Arata, Y.
142. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Picnonuclear fusion generated in "lattice-reactor" of metallic deuterium lattice within metal atom-clusters. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Arata, Y.
143. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Formation of Condensed Metallic Deuterium Lattice and Nuclear Fusion. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 2002. 78(Ser. B): p. 57.
First Author: Arata, Y.
Abstract: It was confirmed that nanometer-sized metal powder (atom clusters or simply clusters) can absorb an extremely large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms more than 300% against the number density of host metal. Within such clusters, the bonding potential widely changes from the center region to peripheral ones, so that the zig-zag atom-chains are always formed dynamically around the average position of atoms and the degree of filling up of the constituent atoms for the fcc type metal reduces to about 0.64 from 0.74 in bulk metal, i.e., vacant space increases to 0.36 from 0.26. As a result, a large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms are instantly dissolved into such host-clusters at room temperature. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYformationo.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
Based on the functioning of Pd black inside a DS-Cathode, which has produced irrefutable evidence for the existence of solid nuclear fusion, new materials were developed to absorb abundant D/H atoms, up to levels as high as 300% of Pd number. These absorbed atoms were solidified densely inside each unit cell of the host lattice as solid-state "Pycnodeuterium" or "Pycnohydrogen." Stimulation energy with Pycnodeuterium easily caused intense solid-state
nuclear fusion, whereas with Pycnohydrogen no reaction occurred. As the result, it was clarified that Pycnodeuterium is by far the best nuclear fuel compared to all other nuclear fuels.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYdevelopmena.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
146. Arata, Y. Development of "DS-Reactor" as the practical reactor of "Cold Fusion" based on the "DS-Cell" with "DS-Cathode". in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Arata, Y.
Lecture slides describing a gas-loaded version of Arata’s double-structured cathode.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYdevelopmenb.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
148. Arata, Y. and Y. Zhang, The Establishment of Solid Nuclear Fusion Reactor. J. High Temp. Soc., 2008. 34(2): p. 85.
First Author: Arata, Y.
149. Arata, Y., Y. Zhang, and X. Wang. Production of Helium and Energy in the "Solid Fusion" (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Arata, Y.
Conclusion:
(1) Either excess energy or helium of the ZrNiPd powder is always about ten times higher than that of the ZrPd powder.
(2) By using the weight 16 [g] of the ZrNiPd powder, the excess power 4 [watt] lasted stably for one hour, only less than one gram palladium was consumed. Its cost is lower than the ZrPd powder. We choose the ZrNiPd powder as a good material for the solid fusion.
(3) The concentration of helium was very successful. These results indicate that the reacted gas of "solid nuclear fusion" can serve as a source of helium production.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYproduction.pdf
First Author: Arata, Y.
In this paper, a new type "Solid Fusion Reactor" has been developed to test the existence of solid state nuclear fusion ("Solid Fusion"): reproducible experiments have been made at room temperature and without external power input. (Both of the energy and helium generation affected by the reactor structure, gas flow rate, powder weight, and cooling condition were studied.) Deuterium gas loading processes of two types of nano material (ZrO2Pd35 and ZrO2Ni30Pd5) were studied respectively in this paper. The results showed the energy produced in ZrNiPd powder is higher than in ZrPd powder. Helium as an important evidence of solid-state fusion was detected by mass analyzer "QMS". As results, "Solid Fusion" has been confirmed by the helium existence.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=116
First Author: Arista, N. R.
152. Armacanqui, M.E. and R.A. Oriani, The Decrease of Lattice Parameter of Thin Films Caused by Cathodic Charging of Hydrogen. Scr. Metall., 1985. 19: p. 525.
First Author: Armacanqui, M. E.
The phenomena that take place when some b.c.c, metals are cathodically charged with hydrogen are being studied by x-ray diffraction, and some preliminary results and a plausible explanation have been reported (i). Briefly, the lattice parmeter calculated from Bragg peaks obtained from diffraction by metal near the surface of the sheet opposite the charging surface increases at a rate that is extremely low in view of the known diffusivity of hydrogen in the metal. In addition, different Bragg reflections lead to different values of lattice parameters and to different time dependencies; also, grain rotation occurs. The suggested mechanism for these phenomena involves large amounts of plastic deformation caused by stress generation caused by hydrogen concentration gradients. We report here an additional phenomenon that occurs in thin metal films sputtered upon a much thicker metal substrata when the latter is cathodically charged with hydrogen. A provisional explanation is offered.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Armacanquithedecreas.pdf
First Author: Armacanqui, M. E.
154. Armacanqui, M.E. and R.A. Oriani, Plastic Deformation in B.C.C. Alloys Induced by Hydrogen Concentration Gradients. Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1987. 91: p. 143.
First Author: Armacanqui, M. E.
Electrolytic charging of hydrogen in to one side of polycrystalline b.c.c. Ti-30Mo plates (where the composition is given in approximate weight per cent) is found to generate dislocations at which the hydrogen atoms are trapped during their diffusion across the metal thickness. The defect generation is a result of stresses arising from the hydrogen concentration gradient at the entry surface. The generation of dislocations occurs on initiating the charging and persists thereafter with emission of dislocations towards the far side of the plate. As a consequence, slip lines and subgrains are formed at the entry and far sides. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Armacanquiplasticdef.pdf
First Author: Armacanqui, M. E.
Hydrogen charging of Ti-3OMo plates (where the composition is in approximate weight per cent) sputtered with thin films of iron, tantalum or titanium results in an increase or decrease in the film lattice parameter, depending on the circumstances. Films thinner than 200 nm show continuous decreases in lattice parameter during charging, whereas relatively thick films show positive changes in the lattice parameter. The decrease in the lattice parameter of the film metal is a consequence of fine-scale plastic deformation caused by the hydrogen charging. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Armacanquilatticeexp.pdf
First Author: Armbraster, M.
157. Armstrong, R.D., Editorial:The Cold Fusion Debate. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1287.
First Author: Armstrong, R. D.
158. Armstrong, R.D., et al., Some aspects of thermal energy generation during the electrolysis of D2O using a palladium cathode. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1319.
First Author: Armstrong, R. D.
159. Armstrong, R.D., et al., A long-term calorimetric study of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cube cathodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 272: p. 293.
First Author: Armstrong, R. D.
160. Arnikar, H.J., 'Cold fusion' - a misnomer. Indian J. Chem. Sci., 1990. 4: p. 65.
First Author: Arnikar, H. J.
161. Arnold, W.R., et al., Cross Sections for the Reactions D-T, D-He ,T-He, He-He below 120 kev. Phys. Rev., 1954. 93: p. 483.
First Author: Arnold, W. R.
162. Arnoult, W. and R.B. McLellan, The Solubility of Carbon in Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium and Rhenium. Scr. Metall., 1972. 6: p. 1013.
First Author: Arnoult, W.
163. ARPA-E. Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Workshop program with links. 2021.
First Author: ARPA-E
The objective of this workshop was to explore compelling R&D opportunities in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) [1], in support of developing metrics for a potential ARPA-E R&D program in LENR. Despite a large body of empirical evidence for LENR that has been reported internationally over the past 30+ years in both published and unpublished materials, as well as multiple books, there still does not exist a widely accepted, on-demand, repeatable LENR experiment nor a sound theoretical basis. This has led to a stalemate where adequate funding is not accessible to establish irrefutable evidence and understanding of LENR, and lack of the latter precludes the field from accessing adequate funding. Building on and leveraging the most promising recent developments in LENR research, ARPA-E envisions a potential two-phase approach toward breaking this stalemate . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ARPAElowenergyn.pdf
First Author: Arzhannikov, A. V.
165. Asami, N. and K. Matsui, Research and development for new hydrogen energy. Mater. Adv. Energy Systems & Fission and Fusion Eng., 1994. 7: p. 119.
First Author: Asami, N.
166. Asami, N., K. Matsui, and F. Hasegawa. Present Status and the Perspective of New Hydrogen Energy Project. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Asami, N.
A research and development project, named as 'New Hydrogen Energy', has started in Japan in November, 1993, to confirm the excess heat generation during electrolysis with Pd-LiOD system as the first priority objective. The project has been supported by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and major industries in Japan, and new laboratory was established in Sapporo.
Present status and the perspectives of the project will be reported together with main technical results. Two types of electrolysis cells, namely, open type cell system from IMRA- Europe, Inc. and the fuel cell type cell systems from IMRA- Japan, Inc. , were installed in NHE Sapporo laboratory and the experiments have started from February 1994 to demonstrate the NHE-phenomena.
Correlationships among maximum attainable DlPd ratio, deuterium absorption and desorption and the characteristics of various palladium sources and treatments have been studied and analysed based on the resultsof the material observations and instrumentational analysis such as O/M , SEM , XRD, AES , SIMS and EPMA.
The laboratory will be reinforced by introducing of mass flow calorimetry systems, and reaction products detection systems towards an interim review scheduled in late 1995.
This R&D program has been conducted under the consignment of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=103
First Author: Asami, N.
Studies on several kinds of palladium cathodes have been conducted using electrochemical cells using LiOD/D20 electrolyte to necessary and sufficient conditions for attaining high deuterium loading. Comparative observations of microstructure and analysis of surface impurities have been carried out on palladium specimens with various pre-electrolysis treatments. Single crystal samples of Pd absorbed deuterium rather slowly, but nevertheless reached comparatively high 0.89 D/Pd loading ratio. Many fine slip band structures were observed on the surface, and several micro-cracks existed in the crystal of post electrolysis specimens. High purity (>99.99%) polycrystalline Pd samples with surface purification treatment such as annealing at 850-1000 C in ultrahigh vacuum, also showed high (0.91 in max.) loading characteristics. Thermal etching effects were observed on the surface of annealed specimens at higher temperatures and high vacuum conditions. Surface microcracks along the grain boundaries as well as blistering of the electrode surface were observed in some cases. Surface impurities analysis showed that Li atoms penetrate into the Pd cathode to a depth of several hundred to a thousand Angstroms from the surface. From these observations and analysis of various processed and treated Pd specimens, the material characteristics of Pd cathode achieving high loading ratio are discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=82
First Author: Asami, N.
169. Asami, N., et al. Material Behaviour of Highly Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Asami, N.
Abstract We have presumed that achieving high reproducibility of the anomalous effect may depend upon reproducible high loading ratios of deuterium in the Palladium. By modification of the working process, heat treatment, surface treatment, and the electrolysis conditions, the deuterium loading up to 0.9~0.96 was achieved with relatively high reproducibility. Detail features of the loading and deloading process were observed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and by in-situ optical micrographs during electrolysis. Crystal phase and lattice parameter changes were also measured to find any new phase by the in-situ X-ray diffraction system which was newly developed at the NHE-Lab. The phase transition of α-β during the loading and unloading process was well identified, however no new phase was observed up to a loading ratio of about 0.90.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AsamiNmaterialbe.pdf
First Author: Asami, N.
We have pesumed that achieving high reproducibility of the anomalous effect may depend upon reproducible high loading ratios of deuterium in the palladium. By modification of the working procress, heat treatment, surface treatment, and the electrolysis conditioas,the deuterium loading up to 0.9-0.96 was achieved with relatively high reproducibility. Detail features of the loading and deloading process was observed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and by in-situ optical micrographs during electrolysis. Crystal phase and lattice parameter changes we also measured to find any new phase by the in-situ X- ray diffraction systen which was newly developed at the NHE Lab.The phase transition of the a-b duringthe Ioading and unloading process was well identified. However no new phase was observed up to a loading ratio of about 0.90.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=15
First Author: Asami, N.
172. Asami, T., Study on the Phenomenon Reported "Neutron Generation at Room Temperature in a Cylinder Packed with Titanium Shavings and Pressurized Deuterium Gas". J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 5: p. 7-16.
First Author: Asami, T.
This paper describes the analysis and study of the neutron generation experiment performed under pressurized and/or evacuated conditions between room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, using titanium shavings and deuterium gas packed in a cylinder. To clarify the mechanism of this phenomenon, the author has studied the experiment taking into account the characteristics of the phase equilibrium, the metal crystal construction, the theory of chemical bond and the first principle molecular orbital calculation. From the result of this study, it seems that the same phenomenon will happen in a similar experiment performed using another electron deficient metal with a suitable crystal construction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedd.pdf#page=13
First Author: Asami, T.
Following the previous study of the state of deuterium atoms in the titanium crystal (J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 5 ( 2011 ) 7), in this paper, the authors have analyzed the state of the deuterium atom in a tetrahedron cage, using the first principle molecular orbital calculation. In the simulation analysis of the tetrahedron cage, it is indicated that the titanium pair causes the deuterium atom to have ligancy 2 in the cage with two hydrogen atoms. If neutron generation occurs, we can deduce from the past experimental results that it occurs after a small increase of kinetic energy of deuterium atoms. This suggests that the quantity of neutron generated may increase if we can give kinetic energy to the adsorbed deuterium atoms in the titanium crystal by another means other than a temperature rise, at a suitable temperature and pressure. The authors propose a new experimental apparatus which appears to promote and increase the neutron generation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedh.pdf#page=6
First Author: Asami, T.
In this paper, the authors have intended to ascertain the driving force for an adsorbed deuterium atom or a deuteron to collide in titanium crystal. Recent simulation analysis results, related to the predicted cluster or cell models of deuterium atoms adsorbed in titanium crystal, together with the related calculations by Coulomb formula and Yukawa formula were investigated. Coulomb force working between deuteron–deuteron (d–d) particles is compared with the nuclear force working between them. The change of the force to each of them is evaluated in accordance with the distance between them, near the surface of the atomic nucleus. Taking into account the results of previous studies, it seems that nuclear fusion will occur occasionally without adding any specified energy. We think that there is a possibility of a collision of free deuterons through the medium of a negative charge in a deuterium atom in ligancy 2. On the other hand, we think that if a suitable amount of energy, which is far smaller than that of high temperature nuclear fusion, such as the irradiation of the alternative electromagnetic wave, for example, is supplied to adsorbed deuterium atoms and desorbed deuterons in the titanium (Ti) shavings packed in the experimental cylinder under a pressurized or evacuation condition with a suitable temperature rise, then there also will be a higher probability of nuclear fusion being achieved.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedq.pdf#page=29
First Author: Asami, T.
In a previous paper, the Coulomb and nuclear forces between deuteron–deuteron (d–d) particles using the Coulomb formula and the Yukawa formula were calculated and compared. The force of each of them was evaluated in accordance with the distance between them, near the surface of an atomic nucleus. As a result, it was found that there were two regions. One of them is the stronger Coulomb force region and the other is the stronger nuclear force region. At the boundary of these regions, both forces are equal to each other. It appears that if the adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy 2 and the desorbed free deuteron are placed in a suitable magnetic field, both the electron in the adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy 2 and the desorbed free deuteron are influenced by the magnetic lines of force. The author deemed that there might be an aperture of the energy barrier. If there is the aperture of such an energy barrier, there must be a possibility for two deuterium nuclei to collide and produce nuclear fusion without being under tremendous high temperatures. To confirm this possibility, the author has studied and evaluated the behavior of the charged particle and calculated the working force under the homogeneous and stable magnetic field. As an example, under this influence in the magnetic field, the working force, the behavior of a deuteron, a co-existing deuteron and an adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy have been analyzed. However, the working force to the particle, the Lorentz force, is very small compared to the Coulomb force. The motion of the charged particle and the electron orbital plane in an adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy 2 in the magnetic field is the preferable direction. To analyze the possibility of nuclear fusion at room temperature, it is thought that a more advantageous circumstance than that proposed in this paper should be prepared.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf#page=149
First Author: Asaoka, Y.
An experimental device of cold fusion phenomena has been developed. Feature of the device is precise calorimetry and simultaneous measurement of excess heat, neutron and gamma-ray emitted from the electrolysis cell. The deuterium loading ratio of the palladium cathode can be measured simultaneously.
The galvanostatic electrolysis of heavy water with Pd cathode and Pt anode has been carried out in a closed cell with recombination catalyst. For precise excess heat measurement, the flow calorimetry method were adopted. Obtained accuracy of the calorimetry system was ±0.2W at up to 10W of applied power. The electrolysis cell was
set in shielding and neutron emission was detected by an NE-213 liquid scintillation counter and a He-3 proportional detector. Gamma-ray emission was measured with the Ge(Li) semiconductor detector. Electric resistance of the palladium cathode and pressure of the gas phase in the electrolytic cell were measured simultaneously to evaluate the deuterium loading ratio. D/Pd ratio evaluated by each method has reached approximately 0.87.
With these in-situ measurements of heat, neutron and gamma-ray, no remarkable cold fusion phenomena have been observed up to the present time.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=137
First Author: Aspden, H.
178. Assenbaum, H.J., K. Langanke, and C. Rolfs, Effects of Electron Screening on Low-Energy Fusion Cross Sections. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1987. 327: p. 461.
First Author: Assenbaum, H. J.
179. Astakhov, I.I., et al., An attempt to detect neutron and gamma radiations in heavy water electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Electrochim. Acta, 1991. 36(7): p. 1127.
First Author: Astakhov, I. I.
180. Astakhov, I.I., et al., Diffusion of hydrogen isotopes in palladium hydride and deuteride in the presence of lithium. Russ. J. Electrochem., 1994. 30: p. 1379.
First Author: Astakhov, I. I.
181. Attas, E.M., et al., Solar flares and 'cold fusion'. Nature (London), 1990. 344: p. 390.
First Author: Attas, E. M.
182. Augustynski, J., Commentaire: Pourquoi les experiences de 'fusion froide' de deuterium sont-elles si difficiles a reproduire. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 99 (in French).
First Author: Augustynski, J.
183. Augustynski, J., M. Ulmann, and J. Liu, Electrochemical measurements on palladium cathodes in LiOD/D2O solutions related to the 'cold fusion experiments'. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 355.
First Author: Augustynski, J.
184. Ault, M.R., Cold fusion: the story behind the headlines. Radiat. Prot. Manage., 1990. 8((3)): p. 49.
First Author: Ault, M. R.
185. Avino, P., et al. Impurity measurements by instrumental neutron activation analysis on palladium, nickel and copper thin-films (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Avino, P.
AIM OF THE WORK Series of experiments analyzing the materials and substances with the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) for both choosing the purest materials and discarding the others, and checking the blanks, and investigating elements present in electrodes after the test.
Preliminarily, some candidate materials to be used in the experiments were analyzed by INAA; after, electrode blanks and electrolyte solutions were analyzed, and finally, the electrodes used and the electrolyte solutions exhausted as well.
Electrolysis experiments on mono- and multi-layered thin films of Pd and Ni; possibility of observation of new atomic species; some species could be produced by nuclear transmutation in condensed matter.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AvinoPimpurityme.pdf
First Author: Azbel, M. Ya.
187. Azizi, O., et al., Progress towards understanding anomalous heat effect in metal deuterides. Curr. Sci., 2015. 108(4).
First Author: Azizi, O.
188. Azizi, O., et al., Effect of Cathode Pretreatment and Chemical Additives on H/D Absorption into Palladium via Electrochemical Permeation. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 19.
First Author: Azizi, O.
In this study, we applied a variety of palladium pretreatment methods, including nitric acid etching, Aqua regia etching and electrochemical oxidation/reduction to determine the effect of cathode initial condition on hydrogen absorption into palladium during the loading process. The electrochemical behavior of palladium was characterized using electrochemical permeation, electrochemical desorption, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The hydrogen diffusion coefficient in palladium membrane was obtained using the time-lag method. The lattice diffusivity of hydrogen as well as the amounts and distribution of the diffused and trapped hydrogen were analyzed using the desorption rate of hydrogen. We also investigated the effect of pyridine, a permeation promoter on hydrogen absorption in palladium membranes. Electrochemical parameters of double layer capacitance, charge transfer resistance and surface roughness were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for both treated and untreated cathodes. This study shows that the ability to load Pd with hydrogen is only mildly affected by surface pretreatment and the chemical additives, and therefore, we consider the pretreatments a second order effect regarding the ability to load.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=9
First Author: Azumi, K.
190. Azzarone, D., F. Fontana, and D. Garbelli. Hydrogen/Deuterium Loading in Thin Palladium Wires. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Azzarone, D.
191. Babu, K.S.C., et al., On the formation of palladium deuteride and its relationship to suspected cold fusion. Adv. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 8 Hydrogen Energy Prog. VIII, Vol. 2): p. 1051.
First Author: Babu, K. S. C.
192. Bacchi, S., Coletanea de artigos sobre o aparelho de fusao a frio Rossi. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Bacchi, S.
Some articles and papers about the Rossi device translated into Portuguese.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BacchiScoletanead.pdf
First Author: Badurek, G.
194. Bae, Y.K., D.D. Lorents, and S.E. Young, Experimental confirmation of cluster-impact fusion. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1991. 44: p. R4091.
First Author: Bae, Y. K.
195. Bagnulo, L.H. Crack-fusion: a Plausible Explanation of Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bagnulo, L. H.
Possible dynamics are here and hypothesized on "cold fusion" in readily absorb it if metals, such as Palladium or Titanium, or Hydrogen and its isotopes, the absorption at high density level by these metals of mixtures of said isotopes (especially Deuterium and Tritium) and their successive liberation within the internal cracks of the metal mass where pressures exceeding 10^12 atm are expected to be created such that they generate fusion phenomena in accordance with the probable explosive sequence as follows: the formation of molecules, the increase in pressure, the formation of plasma, nuclear fusion.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=282
First Author: Bailan, R.
197. Bailey, D.C., Gammas from Cold Nuclear Fusion. 1989.
First Author: Bailey, D. C.
198. Baird, J.K., Isotope effect in hydrogen atom diffusion in metals. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994. submitted.
First Author: Baird, J. K.
199. Balabanov, N.P., Hypothesis to explain electrochemically induced nuclear fusion. Nauchni Tr., Plovdivski Univ., 1989. 26(4): p. 247 (in Bulgarian).
First Author: Balabanov, N. P.
200. Balbaa, I.S., et al., The Effect of Lattice Distortions on the X-Ray Measurement of Lattice Parameters for PdHx: I. Empirical Relationships. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1987. 17: p. 2041.
First Author: Balbaa, I. S.
201. Baldo, M., R. Pucci, and P.F. Bortignon, Relaxation toward equilibrium in plasmon-enhanced fusion. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 347.
First Author: Baldo, M.
202. Baldo, M. Enhancement of Fusion Rate Induced by the Collective Electron Excitations. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Baldo, M.
After the claimed experimental evidence of deuteron cold fusion reported in the literature, a large amount of theoretical work has been done, either to support the possibility of this unexpected phenomenon, either to present arguments against it. The paper by Legget and Baym appears of fundamental relevance to this respect. In that work a rigorous upper bound is given for the fusion rate of deuterons embedded in a crystal, which is too small to be compatible with the claimed experimental values. The upper bound is expressed mainly in terms of the chemical potential of neutral helium atoms and deuteron molecules with respect to a crystal of Palladium, or in general of the absorbing material. The smallness of this upper bound is a consequence of the small value of the chemical potential of neutral helium atoms. The latter has been taken to be close to zero, according to the experimental evidence. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=202
First Author: Balej, J.
204. Balescu, R., Some like it cool. Phys. Mag, 1989. 11: p. 3 (French).
First Author: Balescu, R.
205. Balian, R., J.P. Blaizot, and P. Bonche, Cold fusion in a dense electron gas. J. Phys. France, 1989. 50: p. 2307.
First Author: Balian, R.
206. Balin, D.V., et al., Experimental Investigation of the Muon Catalyzed d-d Fusion. Phys. Lett. B, 1984. 141(3/4): p. 173.
First Author: Balin, D. V.
207. Balke, B., et al., Limits on neutron emission from 'cold fusion' in metal hydrides. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. C42: p. 30.
First Author: Balke, B.
208. Ball, P., Lessons from cold fusion, 30 years on. Nature, 2019. 569(601).
First Author: Ball, P.
209. Ban, M. Tunnel Resonance Of Electron Wave And Force Of Fluctuation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Ban, M.
210. Banas, J., et al., Geophysical aspects of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nucl. Geophys., 1989. 3: p. 321.
First Author: Banas, J.
211. Baranov, D., et al. Experimental Testing of the Erzion Model by Reacting of Electron Flux on the Target. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Baranov, D.
212. Baranov, D., et al. Investigation of the Erzion-Nuclear Transformation by Ion Beams. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Baranov, D.
213. Baranova, R.V., et al., Crystal Structure of Pd Hydride with Primitive Cubic Lattice. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr., 1980. 25: p. 736.
First Author: Baranova, R. V.
214. Baranowski, B. and R. Wisniewski, The Electrical Resistance of Palladium and Palladium-Gold Alloy (50 wt% Au and Pd) in Gaseous Hydrogen up to 24000 at at 25Ăƒâ€¦ C. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1969. 35: p. 593.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
215. Baranowski, B. and R. Wisniewski, The Electrical Resistance of Palladium and Palladium-Gold Alloy (50 wt% Au and Pd) in Gaseous Hydrogen up to 24000 at at 25Ă‚ C. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1969. 35: p. 593.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
216. Baranowski, B., High Pressure Research on Palladium-Hydrogen Systems. Pt. Met. Rev., 1972. 16-17: p. 10.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
217. Baranowski, B., S. Majchrzak, and T.B. Flanagan, A High-Pressure Investigation of the Rhodium/Palladium/Hydrogen System. J. Phys. Chem., 1973. 77: p. 35.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
218. Baranowski, B., T. Skoskiewicz, and A.W. Szafranski, The Metallic Behavior of Hydrogen in Palladium. Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys., 1975. 1: p. 296.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
219. Baranowski, B. and S. Majorowski, Activation Volume for Hydrogen Diffusion in Palladium Hydride. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 98: p. L27.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
220. Baranowski, B., S.M. Filipek, and W. Raczynski, Investigation of Some Metal-Hydrogen Systems in the High Pressure Region. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 101: p. 115.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
221. Baranowski, B., et al., Search for 'cold fusion' in some Me-D systems at high pressures of gaseous deuterium. J. Less-Common Met., 1990. 158: p. 347.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
222. Baranowski, B., S.M. Filipek, and W. Raczynski, Electrolytic charging of palladium by deuterium at normal and high pressure conditions. Pol. J. Chem., 1994. 68: p. 845.
First Author: Baranowski, B.
223. Barbieri, G., A. Caravella, and E. Drioli. Concentration Polarization in hydrogen permeation through self-supported Pd-based membranes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Barbieri, G.
Concentration polarization present in any membrane separation affects the system performance depending on the membrane permeance, i.e., a higher permeance leads to a higher polarization. Hydrogen transport in Pd-based supported membranes was described by means of a model [1] considering several elementary steps of the permeation process, improving what done by Ward and Dao for self-supported membranes. The model includes the external mass transfer in the multicomponent gaseous phases on both membrane sides, described by the Stefan-Maxwell equations. The transport of the multicomponent mixture in the multilayered porous support was also considered and described by means of the Dusty Gas Model, which takes into account Knudsen, Poiseuille and ordinary diffusion. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BarbieriGconcentrat.pdf
First Author: Bard, A.
225. Barham, O., et al. HIVER Electrochemistry Energy Project Update. in ARPA-E LENR Workshop. 2021. Navsea Warfare Centers.
First Author: Barham, O.
LENR Field Issues & Potential Solutions
• Lack of acceptance of thermal (heat) results
– Many calorimeter designs
– Need academics from top research universities
• Lack of acceptance of nuclear (particle) results
– Additional detection schemes
– Multiple, redundant, detectors
• Lack of acceptance of RF coupling to heat/particles
– Wider listening band
– Rigorous hypotheses / potential causes . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BarhamOhiverelect.pdf
First Author: Barham, O.
227. Barker, W.A., Electrostatic voltage excitation process and apparatus. 1990: US 4,961,880.
First Author: Barker, W. A.
228. Barker, W.A., Method for enhancing alpha decay in radioactive materials. 1991: US 5,076,971.
First Author: Barker, W. A.
229. Barnhart, B., et al., Technology Forecast: Worldwide Research on Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Increasing and Gaining Acceptance. 2009, Defense Intelligence Agency.
First Author: Barnhart, B.
Scientists worldwide have been quietly investigating low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) for the past 20 years. Researchers in this controversial field are now claiming paradigm-shifting results, including generation of large amounts of excess heat, nuclear activity and transmutation of elements. Although no current theory exists to explain all the reported phenomena, some scientists now believe quantum-level nuclear reactions may be occurring. DIA assesses with high con fidence that if LENR can produce nuclear-origin energy at room temperatures, this disruptive technology could revolutionize energy production and storage, since nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per unit mass than do any known chemical fuel.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BarnhartBtechnology.pdf
First Author: Barrowes, S. C.
231. Barrowes, B. New US Army LENR Replication Efforts: HIVER Co-deposition and Gas Loading. in ICCF24 Solid-state Energy Summit. 2022. Mountain View, CA: US Army Corps of Engineers.
First Author: Barrowes, B.
232. Bartalucci, S., V. Vysotskii, and M. Vysotskyy, A Search for Correlated Quantum States in Nuclear Reactions: First Exciting Results From an Experimental Test. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2022. 36: p. 130-136.
First Author: Bartalucci, S.
The first experimental test of the Correlated-Coherent quantum States (CCS) model is described in this paper, showing its poten- tialities in the explanation of anomalous effects in nuclear physics and astrophysics. Some very interesting events, which cannot be ascribed to background, have been observed. The occurrence of nuclear reactions at very low energy is a clear indication of a strong enhancement of Coulomb barrier transmissivity. Some technical issues, which are related to this difficult experiment are discussed, and possible suggestions for the next activity on this topic are also presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=140
First Author: Bartolomeo, C.
234. Barton, J.C. and F.A. Lewis, Interface Impedance and the Apparent Electrical Resistance of Palladium Hydrides in Aqueous Solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1962. 58: p. 103.
First Author: Barton, J. C.
235. Barton, J.C., F.A. Lewis, and I. Woodward, Hysteresis of the Relationships Between Electrical Resistance and Hydrogen Content of Palladium. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963. 59: p. 1201.
First Author: Barton, J. C.
236. Barton, J.C., J.A.S. Green, and F.A. Lewis, Changes of Electrode Potential and Electrical Resistance as a Function of the Hydrogen Content of some Pd+Ni and Pd+Rh alloys. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1965.
First Author: Barton, J. C.
237. Barton, J.C., W.F.N. Leitch, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladized Palladium Electrodes Following Immersion in Oxidizing Solutions. Electrochim. Acta, 1966. 11: p. 1171.
First Author: Barton, J. C.
238. Barts, B.I., D.B. Barts, and A.A. Grinenko, Theory of nuclear reactions with the participation of slow charged particles in solids. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. Originally Oin: Yad. Fiz. 55 [1992] 79., 1992. 55: p. 45.
First Author: Barts, B. I.
239. Barut, A.O., Prediction of new tightly-bound states of H2+ (D2+) and 'cold fusion' experiments. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 15: p. 907.
First Author: Barut, A. O.
240. Barwick, S.W., et al., Search for 0.8 MeV (3)He nuclei emitted from Pd and Ti exposed to high pressure D2. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 273.
First Author: Barwick, S. W.
241. Bashkirov, Y.A., et al., Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water. Pis`ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): p. 51 (in Russian).
First Author: Bashkirov, Yu. A.
242. Bashko, V.A., et al., Study of the nuclear fusion reaction in palladium by the emission of neutrons upon electrolysis". Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1996. 2(56): p. 54.
First Author: Bashko, V. A.
243. Bass, R.W. On Empirical System ID, Possible External Electromagnetic/Electronuclear Stimulation/Actuation and Automatic Feedback Control of Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
This paper reviews some basic results from modern systems theory, which may prove useful to experimenters researching the cold fusion phenomenon from the point of view of attempting to learn how to stimulate, initiate, regulate, control by command at will, and terminate excess enthalpy, rate of tritium production, neutron count, etc.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWonempirica.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
245. Bass, R.W. A Semi-Classical Quantized Theory of Lattice Induced Nuclear Transformations. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
246. Bass, R.W. Is the Coulomb Fusion "Barrier" a Resonantly Transparent Mirror? Refutation of the Conventional Cold Fusion 'QM-Impossibility' "Proof". in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
247. Bass, R.W., Experimental Evidence Favoring Brightsen's Nucleon Cluster Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 59.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
Brightsen’s Nucleon Cluster Model (NCM) predicts that a relatively low-energy photon can stimulate a nuclear transmutation under certain specified conditions. Examination of an experiment by Lin & Bockris demonstrates that the transmutation of mercury-201 to gold-197 induced by a mere exothermic chemical reaction (burning gunpowder) is an actual concrete example of a novel process predicted by the NCM.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWexperiment.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
249. Bass, R.W., Parmenter's Fundamental Breakthrough Contributions. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 45.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
Noting Dr. Parmenter's acknowledgment to me at the end of his seminal paper, Dr. Mallove has asked me for a prefatory critique. Frankly I feel like a kindergarten finger-painting dauber asked to appraise a Rembrandt! In fact, in 1994 I applied seriously for a humble programmer's job at the Univ. of Arizona in hopes that by moving to Tucson I might be able to audit some of Parmenter's courses: I am awed by his mastery of the three-dimensional details, not only of Quantum Mechanics (QM) [which I know only as a 1-D point-particle theory] but of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), Nuclear Physics, and Solid-State Physics. I accepted this assignment only in hopes of nudging people like Dr. Barry Merriman of UCLA and Dr. Jim Peebles of Princeton to consider Parmenter's contributions with the serious care which they manifestly deserve. I'd also hope that in the next issue of IE we receive comments on this milestone theoretical tour de force by all of the dozen other expert theoreticians mentioned below.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWparmenters.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
251. Bass, R.W., Five Frozen Needles CF Protocol. J. New Energy, 2002. 6(2): p. 30.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
The following protocol is designed to be intuitively convincing to a layman who, if told that needles 2, 3 and 4 have been pulsed with constant-voltage DC-electricity for twice, thrice and quadruple the amount of time as needle 1, and then measured to contain twice, thrice and quadruple the amount of He4 as the first needle, will instantly reject any doubt that the electrical pulse was creating He4 from some form of nuclear-chemistry process whose action was directly proportional to the amount of DC electrical energy used. At the same time, the protocol is sufficiently statistically sophisticated in its rigorous application of Experiment Design theory as to satisfy the most skeptical and informed critic.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWfivefrozen.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
The 1993 point-particle, 1-D semi-classical quantum-mechanical theory of resonant transparency of the Coulomb barrier [1], though admittedly crude, has some plausibility as to relevance and adequacy because it predicts quantitatively different results for lattices of protons versus deuterons embedded in host lattices of palladium versus nickel. Specifically it predicts that cold fusion is likely with Ni cathodes and electrolysis with either ordinary or heavy water, whereas it is likely only for heavy-water electrolysis with Pd cathodes. The question of whether or not this 1993 theory has any predictive power regarding the 2003 Letts-Cravens effect is considered and answered as: "partially." That is, the "optimal" range of wavelengths includes that discovered by Letts and Cravens, but because of the possibility of multi-photon reactions it does not uniquely single out their 680 nm as best, which would require a more detailed model (including e.g. cathode temperature) than provided by the simplified 1993 theory.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWoptimallas.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
It is universally accepted, even by nonscientists, that if the measured output from a physical system is double, triple, or quadruple that obtained when the measured stimulus/input is doubled, tripled, or quadrupled then there is a "cause and effect relationship" between the input and output (e.g. total energy input versus excess energy [or nuclear ash] output in a cold fusion experiment). How does one quantify this scientifically, when random process disturbances and random measurement noises preclude perfect linearity? This question is answered under the assumption of Gaussian (or "normal") departures from ideal linearity regarding t hetwo mentioned statistical aspects. This is a generalization of the protocol propose dby Bass [1], which is more realistically flexible in several respects. An arbitrary number
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWgeneralize.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
Cold Fusion: experimental "facts" assumed herein:
* Deuterons in Palladium and Nickel lattices can fuse to create Helium nuclei and heat in the form of lattice vibrations
* Protons in Nickel lattices can fuse to create Deuterium nuclei and heat in the form of lattice vibrations
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWdoconjectu.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
TOPOLOTRON CHALLENGE # 1 * Bass published words "kidney-bean" & "bean-shaped cross-section" on page 1,239 of November, 1971, Bulletin of American Physical Society (APS) . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWuntriedopt.pdf
First Author: Bass, R. W.
257. Bass, R.W., The only conventionally viable Cold Nuclear Fusion theory?, in American Chemical Society. 2010.
First Author: Bass, R. W.
What is meant in this context by "conventionally viable"?
1. Every concept & technique used is found in standard works on Quantum Mechanics and Solid State Physics & Nuclear Physics. 2. A practitioner of accepted scientific usages will find nothing legitimately objectionable. 3. Straightforward calculations actually PREDICT that under appropriate conditions Cold Fusion must occur despite Huizenga’s alleged requirement of '3 miracles' that are required.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWtheonlycon.pdf
First Author: Basteev, A. V.
259. Batalla, E., E.G. Zwartz, and B.A. Judd, In-situ X-ray diffraction of palladium cathodes in electrolytic cells. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 805.
First Author: Batalla, E.
260. Battaglia, A., et al., Neutron emission in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112 A: p. 921.
First Author: Battaglia, A.
261. Bauer, H., Science in the 21st Century: Knowledge Monopolies and Research Cartels. J. Sci. Expl., 2004. 18(4): p. 643Ă¢â‚¬â€Ĺ"660.
First Author: Bauer, H.
262. Baurichter, A., et al., Search for cold fusion in palladium. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1989. 76: p. 1.
First Author: Baurichter, A.
263. Bazhutov, Y., B.A. Khrenov, and G.B. Khristiansen, About one opportunity of second shower spectrum interpretation observed at small depth underground. Isv. Akad. Nauk USSR, ser. phys., 1982. 46(9): p. 2425.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
264. Bazhutov, Y., et al. Interpretation of cold nuclear fusion by means of erzion catalysis. in Fiz. Plazmy Nekotor. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz. M. 1990.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
265. Bazhutov, Y., et al. Study of the possibility of a cold nuclear fusion reaction by electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium electrode. in Teo. Eksp. Issled. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz., Min. Obshch. Mashin. SSSR. 1991.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
266. Bazhutov, Y., et al. Excess Heat Observation During Electrolysis of Cs2CO3 Solution in Light Water. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
267. Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Model of Catalytic Nuclear Transmutation and Its Interpretation of Ball-Lightning and Other Anomalous Geophysical Phenomena. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
The principles that underlie the Erzion Model of catalytic nuclear transmutation are described. The Erzion Model permits the main anomalous features of Cold Fusion to be readily interpreted. Ball-lightning and some other anomalous geophysical phenomena are interpreted in terms of this model. The fundamental and applied problems resolved with Erzion Model are indicated.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=411
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
The possibility of transmutation of twenty six elements which form the main part of radioactive wastes is analysed in terms of the Erzion Model. The final products of the transmutation reactions are examined. It is concluded that practically all of the radio nuclides may be utilized.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=417
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
High statistical (>30) and systematic confidence levels have been reached in recording the nuclear products (tritium, neutron emission, and radiocarbon) that occurred in the Yusmar hydrofacility working fluid as predicted by the Erzion model for catalyzed transmutation of nuclei. The pending extension of the Erzion model research is expected to improve the Yusmar properties relevant to energy.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=402
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
Spin and Parity Preservation Lows were used for erzion-nuclear reaction probability analysis. it was shown for instance on some nuclei that not all erzion-nuclear reactions can run with zero spin and in this case cross-sections of such reactions become rather small . This analysis is able to divide all of them by priority degree. As supposed before it was found that erzion-nuclear reactions on deuterium, protium and tritium have best priority degree what is in best accordance with all Cold Fusion experimental results. Some recommendations on best chemical elements for using in Cold Fusion experiments are done .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=437
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
Neutrons were recorded during 20 hours on the level of 30-100010 background excess and statistical reliability from 3 sigma to 12 sigma after 131 hours of ultrasonic cavitation of some salt water solutions and liquid mixtures. The duration of the neutron generation changed in 0,5 - 8 hour period and the neutron intensity ranged up to 10 n/s, the order more than our predecessors achieved. The event trust was confirmed with the impulse spectrum of the He-3 neutron counter.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=427
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
273. Bazhutov, Y., et al. Calorimetric And Neutron Diagnostics Of Liquids During Laser Irradiation. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
274. Bazhutov, Y. and E. Pletnikov. Search For Erzion Nuclear Catalysis Chains From Cosmic Ray Erzions Stopping In Organic Scintillator. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
275. Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Model Features In Cold Nuclear Transmutation Experiments. in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
I describe the history of Erzion Model from its appearance in Cosmic Rays in 1982 and its development to explain the main features of Cold Fusion Experiments.
Erzion Model can explain in principle many problems in Astrophysics and Geophysics, such as: 1) Dark matter in Universe; 2) Solar neutrino problem; 3) Jupiter energetic unbalance; 4) Tritium & He3 abundance in volcano products; 5) Ball-lightning & forest fire nature amongst others. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=21
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
277. Bazhutov, Y., Erzion model interpretation of the experiments with hydrogen loading of various metals. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2014. 13.
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
The short review of Cold Nuclear Transmutation investigation for 22 years after its discovery is presented. It is shown the main physical results of Rossi-Focardi and our experiment with the hydrogen loading of various metals. It is proposed the Erzion Model of Catalytic Nuclear Transmutation for theoretical explanation of the generation of excess heat, new chemical elements and isotopes, X-ray and neutron bursts radiation in these experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=39
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
The installation permitting to investigate gamma, x-ray and neutron radiations emitted by metals loaded with protium-deuterium mixture at temperature up to 750Ă‚°C and pressure up to 100 bars is created. It was discovered that LaNi5 powder, nickel and beryllium are radiated presumably X-rays and neutrons. Radiation emission occurs in the form of short bursts or series of bursts lasting up to several tens minutes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=29
First Author: Bazhutov, Y.
A series of experiments with light irradiation of saltwater solutions and alkalis in special vessels was performed. The sources of irradiation were: a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, a matrix of LEDs, and a laser. All of them were in the red wavelength. Possible calorimetric diagnostics and nuclear radiation (gamma rays, X-rays, and neutrons) were monitored. Liquid scintillation diagnostics of tritium were used. Gamma-ray radiation detection with an NaI scintillation detector, and X-ray radiation detection with Geiger counters was performed. No such radiation was observed. Excess heat was not detected in any experiment. Neutrons were measured with help of 3He counters placed in a paraffin barrel. Small neutron emissions (up to 100 neutrons) was observed in the form of a series of short bursts (lasting a few milliseconds) during some minutes at the background level. The generation of tritium after LED lamp and matrix of LEDs irradiation of water solutions LiOH and Na2CO3has been demonstrated in some experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=18
First Author: Bearden, T. E.
281. Bearden, T.E., Purported Over-Unity Results by Hewlett Packard. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 98.
First Author: Bearden, T. E.
282. Bearden, T.E., EM Corrections Enabling a Practical Unified Field Theory with Emphasis on Time-Charging Interactions of Longitudinal EM Waves. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 12.
First Author: Bearden, T. E.
283. Beaudette, C.G., Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed. 2002, Concord, NH: Oak Grove Press.
First Author: Beaudette, C. G.
This document contains extracts from the book, and the author’s description of the book: This book tells the history of the strangest event in modern science. In 1989 the University of Utah announced a new experiment by electrochemists Professors Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons that demonstrates table top nuclear fusion at extremely low levels, and substantial anomalous (unexplained, excess) heat energy (power) with no dangerous radiation. This story, written for the college reader without scientific training, presents the abundant replication of excess heat results by many laboratories in several countries. Excess heat research, referred to as cold fusion research, is presently an empirical science known as low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). While the book illustrates much progress, the specific reactions that produce the heat energy still await discovery. . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeaudetteCexcessheat.pdf
First Author: Beaudette, C. G.
During 2004, the Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE/OS) initiated and completed a peer-review of the field in science known as cold-fusion research (CFR). The DOE/OS selected eighteen Reviewers for their expertise in the relevant scientific specialties. Remaining largely anonymous, they studied a collection of papers about the field selected and prepared by several of the scientists who have been active in CFR for the past sixteen y ears. Those scientists also presented selected accomplishments to some of the Reviewers during a one day meeting. The following three questions (paraphrased) were asked of the Reviewers: (1) Is there evidence of low-energy-nuclear-reactions (LENR), (2) do such reactions really occur, and (3) should research efforts be continued?
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeaudetteCresponseto.pdf
First Author: Becker, E. W.
286. Beddingfield, D.H., et al. Characterization of Charged Particle Bursts from Deuterium Loaded Thin Titanium Foils. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Beddingfield, D. H.
Following our recently reported observation of intense bursts of charged particles from deuterium gas load thin Titanium foils, we conducted a relatively exhaustive analysis of the samples involved in this study .in order to better understand the gas loading process, to characterize the elemental and structural properties of the samples, and to ascertain, if possible, any differences between those samples which evinced particle bursts and those which did not. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=114
First Author: Beene, J.
The following critique of Dr. Edmund Storms’ recent observations and theory, "Cold Fusion from a Chemist’s Point of View," can be called un-critical, in the sense that his arguments appear to be fully defensible, at least within a narrow focus. There is little to dispute within what Storms presents -- but the problem, if there is one, goes to the validity of any underlying premise of simplification, which can be called "parsimony" or "Ockham’s razor."
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeeneJcritiqueof.pdf
First Author: Begley, S.
289. Begley, S., E. Jones, and T. Waldorf, A Sun in a Test Tube?, in Newsweek. 1989. p. 58.
First Author: Begley, S.
290. Begley, S., Cold Fusion Isn't Dead, It's Just Withering From Scientific Neglect, in Wall Street Journal. 2003. p. B1.
First Author: Begley, S.
291. Behrisch, R., et al., Search for fusion reactions between deuterium atoms implanted into titanium. Nucl. Fusion, 1989. 29(7): p. 1187.
First Author: Behrisch, R.
292. Behrisch, R., Comment on: H. Gentsch, DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor, Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem. 95, 1283 [1991]. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992. 96: p. 733 (in German).
First Author: Behrisch, R.
293. Beiting, E., Investigation of the nickel-hydrogen anomalous heat effect. 2017, Report No. ATR-2017-01760: The Aerospace Corporation.
First Author: Beiting, E.
Experimental work was undertaken to reproduce a specific observation of the gas-phase Anomalous Heat Effect (AHE)*. This task required the production of a quantity of heat energy by a mass of material so small that the origin of the energy cannot be attributable to a chemical process. The gas-phase form of AHE is difficult to reproduce and hence lacks a measure of credibility. The goal is to enhance its credibility by reproducing results first demonstrated in Japan and later reproduced in the U.S. by a solitary investigator. The technique heated nanometer-sized Ni:Pd particles (20:1 molar ratio) embedded in micron-sized particles of an inert refractory of ZrO2. It was not within the purview of this work to investigate the physical origin of the AHE effect or speculate on its source.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeitingEinvestigat.pdf
First Author: Beiting, E.
Instrumentation developed to measure heat power from a high-temperature reactor for experimental trials lasting several weeks is being applied to gas-phase Ni/H2 LENR. We developed a reactor that can maintain and record temperatures in excess of 1200° C while monitoring pressures exceeding 7 bar. This reactor is inserted into a flowing-fluid calorimeter that allows both temperature rise and flow rate of the cooling fluid to be redundantly measured by different physical principles. A computerized data acquisition system was written to automate the collection of more than 20 physical parameters with simultaneous numerical and dual graphical displays comprising both a strip chart and complete history of key parameters. Initial studies of the absorption of light hydrogen (H2) by nickel are presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=50
First Author: Bellanger, G.
296. Bellanger, G. and J.J. Rameau, Determination of tritium adsorption and diffusion parameters in a palladium-silver alloy by electrochemical impedance analysis. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 94.
First Author: Bellanger, G.
297. Bellini, M., L. Casetti, and M. Rosa-Clot, Nuclear Fusion in Excited Hydrogen Molecules. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1990. 337: p. 207.
First Author: Bellini, M.
298. Belov, A.S., V.E. Kusik, and Y.V. Ryabov, The nuclear fusion for the reactions (2)H(d,n)(3)He,(2)H(d,gamma)(4)He at low deuterons energy and 'cold' nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. A103: p. 1647.
First Author: Belov, A. S.
299. Beltyukov, I.L., et al., Laser-induced cold nuclear fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 compositions. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 234.
First Author: Beltyukov, I. L.
300. Belzner, A., et al., Two fast mixed-conductor systems: deuterium and hydrogen in palladium - thermal measurements and experimental considerations. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 219.
First Author: Belzner, A.
301. Belzner, A., et al., Recent results on mixed conductors containing hydrogen or deuterium. Solid State Ionics, 1990. 40/41: p. 519.
First Author: Belzner, A.
302. Bemporad, E., et al. Integrated Approach for High Resolution Surface Characterisation: Coupling Focused Ion Beam with Micro and Nano Mechanical Tests (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Bemporad, E.
At present, mechanical characterisation of engineered surfaces is gaining more and more interest for the growing industrial application of surface modification and coating techniques, which are usually applied to improve either surface mechanical or functional performances (i.e hardness, load bearing capacity, wear resistance, surface free energy and chemical reactivity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, . . .).
Furthermore, it has to be considered that the development of nanostructured materials and the growing use and application of nano-systems and nano-structures make the use of advanced procedures for nano-scale mechanical characterisation strictly necessary; in other cases, mechanical behaviour can be strongly influenced by microstructural and size effects (grain size, defects, interfaces, porosity,…), so multi-scale characterisation procedures are strongly needed for a determination of the correct correlation function among process parameters, surface properties and in-service performances.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BemporadEintegrated.pdf
First Author: Bemporad, E.
In the present paper, we will give a brief overview about the synergic use of two high resolution techniques with focus on applications on thin coatings: Focused Ion Beam (coupled with electron beam) imaging, milling and deposition technique (briefly called FIB) and Nanoindentation. After a basic description of both techniques (architecture, probe-sample interaction basics and operation modes), we will demonstrate effectiveness of this approach for microstructural investigation on very small samples without any sample preparation or preprocessing by presenting two case studies:
(i) Analysis of residual stresses of engineered surfaces by coupling focused ion beam controlled material removal and nanoindentation testing, and
(ii) Nano-mechanical characterization of sputtered niobium thin films for application in accelerating cavities.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=219
First Author: Benedek, G.
305. Benesh, C.J. and J.P. Vary, Fusion rates of squeezed and screened hydrogenic nuclei. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(2): p. R495.
First Author: Benesh, C. J.
306. Benetskii, B.A., A.V. Klyachko, and A.I. Rozantsev, An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion in a condensed medium. Ratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1989(6): p. 58 (In Russian).
First Author: Benetskii, B. A.
307. Benford, M.S., Biological Nuclear Reactions: Empirical Data Describes Unexplained SHC Phenomenon. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 19.
First Author: Benford, M. S.
308. Bennington, S.M., et al., A search for the emission of x-rays from electrolytically charged palladium-deuterium. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1323.
First Author: Bennington, S. M.
309. Bennington, S.M., et al., In-situ measurements of deuterium uptake into a palladium electrode using time-of-flight neutron diffractometry. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 323.
First Author: Bennington, S. M.
310. Benson, T., A "Micro-fusion" reactor: Nuclear reactions in "the cold" by ultrasonic cavitation. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 33.
First Author: Benson, T.
311. Benson, T. and T.O. Passell. Calorimetry of Energy-Efficient Glow Discharge - Apparatus Design and Calibration. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Benson, T.
Introduction
This work aims to develop a "family" of low-powered calorimetrically-accurate glow discharge units, similar to that reported by Dardik, et al. at ICCF-10, and to use these to test a wide range of cathode materials, electrode coatings, gas types, gas pressures, and power input levels. We will describe the design and calibration of these units.
The strategy is to use a large number of very similar units so that the calorimetric response does not vary significantly for a given power level. The design is metal or sealed glass cylindrical tubes, charged with 0.4 to 50 torr mixtures of deuterium, hydrogen, argon, or helium gases. Units operate from 0.2 watt to >2 watt power input. The units have low mass (<400 grams) to enhance their sensitivity to excess heat, and they are designed to allow visual observation of the discharge, on-line spectroscopic analysis of the gas to follow any changes in composition, and replication of the geometry and thermal mass during numerous changes in electrode composition. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BensonTcalorimetr.pdf
First Author: Benyo, T.
313. Berkem, A.R., Nuclear fusion. Hot fusion - cold fusion. Kim. Sanayi, 1989. 31: p. 7 (in Turkish).
First Author: Berkem, A. R.
314. Berkheimer, G.D. and R.E. Buxbaum., Hydrogen Pumping with Palladium Membranes. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1985. 3: p. 413.
First Author: Berkheimer, G. D.
315. Berlinguette, C.P., et al., Revisiting the cold case of cold fusion. Nature, 2019. 570.
First Author: Berlinguette, C. P.
316. Berlouis, L.E.A., et al., The decomposition of electrochemically loaded palladium hydride: a thermal analysis study. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 207.
First Author: Berlouis, L. E. A.
317. Bernabei, R., et al., Neutron monitoring during evolution of deuteride precipitation in Nb, Ta and Ti. Solid State Commun., 1990. 76: p. 815.
First Author: Bernabei, R.
318. Bernardini, M., et al. Anomalous Effects Induced by D2O Electrolysis of Titanium. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bernardini, M.
This investigation emphasizes the heat output (~1 W) measured at open circuit after the electrolysis of 0.6 M K2CO3 in D2O on titanium. This thermal phenomenon decayed slowly over the course of several days. "Post-mortem" γ-spectroscopy analysis of the Ti samples cathodized in D2O evidenced transient γ-emissions which cannot be attributed to impurities of the electrolytic system.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Bernardinianomalouse.pdf
First Author: Bernstein, L. A.
Modern science considers properties of radioactive decay as intrinsic characteristics of each isotope that cannot be affected by changes in the surroundings. Here, we present an approach for stimulation of nuclear transmutation reactions leading to accelerated destruction of radioactive isotopes that allows expedited disposal of radioactive materials.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedj.pdf#page=13
First Author: Berrondo, M.
321. Bertalot, L., et al. Analysis of Tritium and Heat Excess in Electrochemical Cells With Pd Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bertalot, L.
INTRODUCTION
The origin of the excess heat developed during the electrolysis of heavy water in "Cold Fusion" cells is up to now open to question. The necessary presence of deuterium suggests that fusion reactions can be partially or totally responsible for the generation of excess heat.
Experience has shown neutron emission to be sporadic and very weak; on the other hand tritium was found in small but detectable amounts. Moreover if tritium accumulates in the solution it can be comfortably measured postmortem.
Two experimental campaigns were performed:
The first one in Frascati having as main objective the detection of tritium excess. Particular care was exerted to avoid any tritium and hydrogen contamination.
The second one at the Texas A & M University in the framework of a scientific collaboration, having as objective the excess of heat and tritium measurement.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BertalotLanalysisof.pdf
First Author: Bertalot, L.
The production of heat excess (HE) in electrolytic cells with heavy water and palladium cathodes is, in cold fusion, the experiment that has had more confirmations, even though still doubts are cast on its nuclear origin. Furthermore, the correlation of HE with some features of the experiment seemed to be well established, the most convincing of which is the threshold of the D/Pd ratio. What is yet not quite clear is how to obtain a high D/Pd ratio, since this feature seems to depend both on the material and on the procedures adopted for the electrolysis. In this paper we will propose a novel approach to this problem, which permits us to correlate HE with other features of the experiment. In particular, we try to study the transport of matter across the palladium lattice during the electrolysis. A model proposed by two of us (ADN and VV), and presented at this Conference, helps to interpret the experimental results, and gives interesting hints for future research.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=106
First Author: Bertalot, L.
324. Bertalot, L., et al., Study of deuterium charging in palladium by the electrolysis of heavy water: heat excess production. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1993. 15 D: p. 1435.
First Author: Bertalot, L.
325. Bertalot, L., et al. Power Excess Production in Electrolysis Experiments at ENEA Frascati. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Bertalot, L.
Continuing the research activity on heat excess detection during the electrolysis of heavy water with palladium (Pd) cathodes, previously reported at ICCF3 and ICCF4, new experiments have been performed with success. In one of them it was also possible to correlate the power excess production with other parameters of the experiment: its description will be the subject of this communication.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=49
First Author: Bertin, A.
327. Bertin, A., et al., First experimental results at the Gran Sasso Laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 209.
First Author: Bertin, A.
328. Bertin, A., et al., Negative result of an experiment aimed at verifying the hypothesis that cold and hot nuclear fusion occurs in Ti/(D-T) and ZrNbV/(D-T) systems. Phys. At. Nucl., 1996. 59: p. 744.
First Author: Bertin, A.
329. Bertin, A., et al., Absence of tritium yield in metal-deuterium systems". Phys. At. Nucl., 1996. 59: p. 934 (orig. Yad. Fiz. 59 [1996] 976).
First Author: Bertin, A.
330. Bertolotti, M., et al. Nondestructive Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Palladium-Hydrogen Compounds by Photothermal Techniques. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Bertolotti, M.
In recent years the photothermal techniques have been successfully applied to investigate the thermal properties of solid samples subjected to a surface treatment [ 1 ] . In many cases the treatment causes a microstructural change and, consequently, a change of the surface thermal properties. In the pal1adium-hydrogen compounds the loading process generates both a high hydrogen concentration and a high concentration gradient at the surface which creates a stress field [2] . Such a situation could inhibit the heat conduction and diffusion because of the production of defects and dislocations [3]. In this sense the thermal diffusivity may be correlated to the hydrogen concentration providing a supplementary information about the quality of the loading processes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=22
First Author: Bertulani, C. A.
332. Besenbacher, F., et al., Search for cold fusion in plasma-charged Pd-D and Ti-D systems. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 315.
First Author: Besenbacher, F.
333. Besenbacher, F., et al., Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals: deuterium trapped at lattice defects in palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 257.
First Author: Besenbacher, F.
334. Betteridge, W. and J. Hope, The separation of hydrogen from gas mixtures:a process of absorption and desorption by palladium. Pt. Met. Rev., 1974. 18-19: p. 50.
First Author: Betteridge, W.
335. Beuhler, R.J., G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, Cluster-Impact Fusion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 63: p. 1292.
First Author: Beuhler, R. J.
336. Beuhler, R.J., et al., Deuteron-Deuteron Fusion by Impact of Heavy-Water Clusters on Deuterated Surfaces. J. Phys. Chem., 1991. 94: p. 7665.
First Author: Beuhler, R. J.
337. Beuhler, R.J., G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, Cluster-impact Fusion [Erratum]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992. 88: p. 2108.
First Author: Beuhler, R. J.
338. Bhadkamkar, A. and H. Fox, Electron Charge Cluster Sparking in Aqueous Solutions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 62.
First Author: Bhadkamkar, A.
339. Bharadwaj, S.R., et al., The Palladium-Platinum Phase Diagram. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 169: p. 167.
First Author: Bharadwaj, S. R.
340. Bhattacharjee, J.K., L. Satpathy, and Y.R. Waghmare, A possible mechanism of cold fusion. Pramana, 1989. 32: p. L841.
First Author: Bhattacharjee, J. K.
341. Biberian, J.P. Excess Heat Measurement in AlLaO3 Doped with Deuterium. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
We show evidence that solid state electrolytes can be used successfully in "cold fusion" experiments. We describe in this work that LaAI03 single crystals loaded with deuterium produce excess heat up to 10 times the amount of electrical power applied. No significant amount of neutrons has been detected.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=65
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
We have measured excess heat in solid state electrolytes, namely Lao.9sA103, in deuterium gas atmospheres. We have shown that an excess heat of 50 mW is observed at 550°C, with an input power of 2 mW. However, at 620 C, a temperature decrease has been observed. Those results have been obtained with ceramics, and attempts to do the same with single crystals have fai1ed so far. We believe that both positive and negative tempterature changes cannot be explained by a chemical reaction within the crystal.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPelectrolys.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
1 - Introduction
La neuvieme conference internationale sur la fusion froide ICCF9 s'est tenue a Pekin en Chine, du 20 au 24 mai. Une centaine de personnes de 15 nationalites differentes y ont participe. Elle etait organisee par le Professeur Xing Z. Li, de l'Universite de Tsinghua. Ce fut l'occasion de prendre connaissance des derniers developpements sur le sujet. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPrapportsur.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
ABSTRACT A palladium foil cathode, 50 mm in diameter, 100 µm thick is placed between two anodic palladium foils of same dimensions. A proton conductor layer (poly-ethyleneoxide) (PEO) and phosphoric acid) is deposited between the cathode and the two anodes. The system is placed in a chamber filled with deuterium gas, at a temperature of 75°C. At first, deuterium fills the two anodes up to D/Pd = 0.48 measured by pressure decrease. Then a voltage is applied between cathode and anodes, and the cathode gets loaded by D+ electrochemical migration through the solid state electrolyte. Correspondingly, the pressure decreases. Loadings of up to 0.73 have been obtained. When voltages are reversed, the cathode deloads, and the pressure in the chamber increases. This method is well suited to measure over-potentials and absolute loadings. The input power is very low, since the production of D+ ions entering the cathode is close to 100% whereas in liquid electrolyte cells, a small fraction of the ions produced is absorbed by the cathode. Therefore excess heat measurement is easily detected.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPdeuteriumg.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
The discovery of "Cold Fusion" has been announced officially by a press conference on March 23rd 1989 at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The shock wave produced by the Pons and Fleischmann announcement is probably unique in history, due to the fact that emails and fax machines helped propagate the good and the bad news altogether at light speed. Hundreds laboratories around the world immediately tried to replicate the experiment. However, details of it were not well known and doing electrochemistry and calorimetry altogether is a difficult art and takes time to master. Therefore most nuclear scientists tried to detect the assumed accompanying radiations produced by the well known reaction D+D producing either He-3 and a neutron or tritium and a proton with equal probability.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcondensedm.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
347. Biberian, J.P. and G. Lonchampt. Excess heat observed during electrolysis of deuterated phosphoric acid with palladium electrodes and a solid state electrolyte in deuterium gas (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
348. Biberian, J.P. and N. Armanet. Excess Heat Production During Diffusion Of Deuterium Through Palladium Tubes. in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Abstract: We have developed a mass flow calorimeter enabling us to measure accurately excess heat production during deuterium diffusion through the walls of palladium tubes. The experiment consists usually of a palladium tube 10 cm long, 2mm outer diameter with 200 μm thick walls, and closed at one end. Deuterium gas is introduced in the tube at various pressures, and temperatures and diffuses out through the walls of the tube. The tube, heated by a resistor, is positioned inside a reactor cell which is a small vacuum chamber. The reactor cell is positioned inside a second vacuum chamber. The outer walls of the vacuum chamber are water cooled. Thermal energy is determined by measuring inlet and outlet temperatures and water mass flow. The energy yield of this calorimeter is 95-98 % depending on input power.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPexcessheatd.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Following the work by several researchers we have undertaken experiments with deuterium gas flowing through the walls of a palladium tube. Tubes were heated at various temperatures and either filled with palladium powder or palladium compounds or empty. Our mass flow calorimeter enables us to accurately measure excess heat production. We usually used palladium tubes 10 cm long, 2 mm outer diameter with 200 µm thick walls, and closed at one end. Deuterium gas is introduced in the tube at various pressures, and temperatures and diffuses out through the walls of the tube. Thermal energy is determined by measuring inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water and its mass flow. The energy yield of this calorimeter is 95-98% depending on input power. Our best result so far is an excess heat of 3 W with an input power of 47 W using an oxidized palladium tube filled with palladium powder. In addition to these results we describe an experiment where temperature oscillations have been measured, indicating the importance of temperature in excess heat production.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPexcessheatc.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Seventeen years after the announcement by Professors Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann of the discovery of cold fusion in March 1989, the scientific community does not acknowledge this field as a genuine scientific research theme. However, the scientific demonstration of cold fusion was made long ago by showing the evidence of excess heat production in electrolytic cells and other devices. Also, nuclear ashes have been observed, mainly the formation of helium-4 along with the production of excess heat. What makes this field difficult to accept is the lack of the usual particle emission observed in nuclear science or high-energy physics. In some instances low-level neutron production, X-ray emission and transmutation of elements have been measured. At this point there is no satisfactory theory explaining the unique characteristics of condensed matter nuclear science. Many models have been proposed, several of them using textbook physics.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcondensedma.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
353. Biberian, J.P. and N. Armanet, An update on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (cold fusion). Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie, 2008. 33(1).
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
ABSTRACT. The discovery of Cold Fusion was announced on March 23, 1989 at a press conference at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The two discoverers: Stan Pons and Martin Fleischmann described their electrochemical device that produces more heat than the electric energy used to run it. Since then lot of progress has been made, and it is more and more obvious that this phenomenon now named Condensed Matter Nuclear Science is a genuine scientific research field with many important potential applications. It is the purpose of this paper to present an update of the worldwide research.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPanupdateon.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
355. Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 2. 2009.
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondenseda.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
While running an electrochemical cell designed to measure excess heat with a hollow palladium cathode and a platinum wire anode in heavy water, an explosion occurred. The Dewar that contained the experiment shattered. It is unlikely that the explosion was due to a deuterium oxygen recombination explosive reaction, since the cell was open, the amount of deuterium and oxygen gas was very limited in the cell and any pressure created by recombination should have escaped through the unsealed open end of the cell. It is very likely that under some not yet understood conditions, chain reactions occur in highly loaded palladium samples giving rise to an explosion. Several experimentalists before have already observed this same phenomenon.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPunexplaine.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedb.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedd.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensede.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
In this review paper, it is shown that in biological systems, chemical elements can be transmuted into other elements. These facts have been established since the early 19th century, but they have been ignored by established science ever since. The purpose of this work is to show how during the past two centuries, a number of experimentalists have questioned the mass conservation law established by Antoine Lavoisier [1] for chemical reactions. They have proved experimentally in plants, bacteria and other living organisms, some elements are transmuted into other elements.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf#page=16
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedh.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
The paper, "Cold Fusion from a Chemist’s Point of View," is divided in two parts. In the first part, Storms explains the difference between hot fusion and cold fusion. The mechanisms of hot fusion and cold fusion cannot be the same. For example, in fractofusion the mechanism is identical to hot fusion (it is not LENR), and the reaction products are the same as those of hot fusion. Cold fusion operates under a different mechanism. Storms assumes that hot fusion operates under the basic laws of thermodynamics which explain the data observed. On the other hand, cold fusion operates under the laws of statistics. This is the explanation of the different behaviors between hot and cold fusion. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcommentsre.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the ICCF 16 Conference, February 6–11, 2011, Chennai, India
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedi.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedj.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedk.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the ICCF 17 Conference, August 12–17, 2012, Daejeon, Korea
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
This paper is a review of the work I have performed on the subject of Cold Fusion alone or in cooperation with other scientists. It covers a number of fields like solid-state electrolytes, electrolysis, gas diffusion. The experiments described below are the one having given positive results. However, many other attempts have failed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcoldfusiona.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
The mechanism of the Fleischmann-Pons effect is not yet fully understood. It appears that in many occasions an oxide layer, or an insulating one covers the surface of the active material. In this paper we list a number of experiments displaying such a situation, and suggest possible role of these layers.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPpossiblero.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedm.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the ICCF18 Conference, July 21–27, 2013, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
We have performed a plasma electrolysis experiment for the first time at a pressure of 5 x 10^5 Pa in a specially designed calorimeter. The cathode was a 2 mm tungsten rod, and the anode was a stainless-steel foil. The electrolyte was 0.6 mol K2CO3 in light water. In one instance, we observed excess heat of 20 W for 90 min.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=197
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
I met John Bockris only once, in 2003, during the ICCF 10 conference in Boston. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedo.pdf#page=5
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedo.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedp.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedq.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
380. Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 19. 2016.
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the ICCF 19 Conference, April 13–17, 2015, Padua, Italy
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondenseds.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Georges Lonchampt was one of the few French researchers who, from day one, worked on Cold Fusion. He started performing his own experiments, and later worked with Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons. He successfully reproduced the two scientists’ original experiment, and was the only one able to successfully replicate the boil-off experiment.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf#page=6
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedu.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedv.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion.
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Sendai, Japan, October 02–07, 2016
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the
Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals, Asti, Italy, June 5–9, 2017
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedza.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
For nearly 20 years, with many collaborators, I have studied biological transmutations, measuring the contents of seeds, bacteria, embryo cells and algae, before and after their growth. I have measured variations in their mineral composition indicating that it is very likely that transmutations occur in living systems.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedza.pdf#page=27
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
This paper demonstrates that during cold fusion experiments by electrolysis of heavy water with palladium cathodes, there is production of silver. By Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, it is shown that silver detected is not due to contamination, but probably to transmutation of palladium by absorption of a deuterium nucleus, because only the 107Ag-isotope is present, and not 109Ag, as in natural silver. Another important result of this study is the determination of the depth at which the reaction occurs: 1.3 microm below the cathode surface.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=220
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzc.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzd.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedze.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the ICCF 22 Conference, September 8–13, 2019, Assisi, Italy.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzg.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzh.pdf
First Author: Biberian, J. P.
Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion
Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Virtual Conference from Xiamen, China June 9–11, 2021
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf
First Author: Bigeleisen, J.
402. Bihl, V., O. Reifenschweiler, and G. van de Ligt, Experimente Zur Darstellung Von Temperaturfesten Metall-Tritium Systemen. 1965, Philips Corporation.
First Author: Bihl, V.
This paper is from the Philips Corporation Repository hosted by TU Delft Library:
http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:7d20843d-41d4-424b-a52a-a5f312168d94/tn2014-00268.pdf
The paper is in German. It includes a Summary in English:
The following experiments deal with the preparation of titanium-tritium and zirkonium-tritium systems, which are stable against heating. It could be shown that such systems suitable as priming agent in gas discharge tubes can be prepared by heating the fine dispersed metals in a tritium atmosphere.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BihlVexperiment.pdf
First Author: Birgul, O.
404. Biris, A., et al., Solubility of Deuterium in LaNi5. J. Less-Common Met., 1997. 49: p. 477.
First Author: Biris, A.
405. Birnbaum, H.K., et al., Hydrogen in aluminum. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 260.
First Author: Birnbaum, H. K.
406. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Generating Lots of Heat, Little Light, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: New YorkEditor.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
407. Bishop, J.E., Cold Comfort on Cold Fusion Front, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor. p. 1.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
408. Bishop, J.E., Heat Source in Fusion Find May Be Mystery Reaction and Brigham Young Physicists Reveal Details of Second H-Fusion Discovery and Will New Energy Sources Soon Power U.S.?, in Wall Street Journal. 1989.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
409. Bishop, J.E. and J.M. Schlesinger, Japan's Cold Fusion Effort Produces Startling Claims of Bursts of Neutrons, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor. p. 3.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
410. Bishop, J.E. and K. Wells, Taming H-Bombs? : Utah Scientists Claim Breakthrough in Quest for Fusion Energy, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
411. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion' Chemists Reiterate Claim; Other Scientists Report Similar Results, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B4.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
412. Bishop, J.E., 'Cold Fusion' Gets Cold Shoulder From Many a Year After Findings, in The Wall Street Journal. 1990: NYEditor.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
413. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion' May Keep Earth's Core Molten, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B1.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
414. Bishop, J.E., Future of Hot Fusion is Boiling Down to the Behavior of a Few Helium Atoms, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B1.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
415. Bishop, J.E., Scientist Says `Cold Fusion' Tests May Have Had Some Impure Rods, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
416. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Research Dispels Some Doubts, in The Wall Street Journal. 1990.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
417. Bishop, J.E., Utah Funds for Cold Fusion Run Low Just as Concept Gets Boost From Navy, in Wall Street Journal. 1991: New YorkEditor. p. B4.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
418. Bishop, J.E., 'Cold Fusion' Researcher Asserts Dozens of Tests Can't be 'Ignored", in The Wall Street Journal. 1991: NYEditor. p. 6.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
419. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Verdict May Be Delivered Soon, in Wall Street Journal. 1991: NYEditor.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
420. Bishop, J.E., Predictable Heat Source Reported from `Heavy' Water Electrolysis, in Wall Street Journal. 1992: New YorkEditor. p. B12.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
421. Bishop, J.E. and J.M. Schlesinger, Researcher Claims to Replicate Japanese Experiments in `Cold Fusion', in Wall Street Journal. 1992: New YorkEditor. p. B3.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
422. Bishop, J.E., A Bottle Rekindles Scientific Debate About the Possibility of Cold Fusion, in Wall Street Journal. 1996: New YorkEditor.
First Author: Bishop, J. E.
423. Bittner, M., et al., Method for investigation of fusion reactions in condensed matter. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 120.
First Author: Bittner, M.
424. Bittner, M., et al. Observation of D-D Fusion Neutrons During Degassing of Deuterium Loaded Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bittner, M.
Introduction
Many experiments and charging palladium with deuterium, either electrolytically or by gas absorption, indicate a production of fast neutrons or other products of d-d fusion reactions accompanying the charging process under special, hitherto not fully understood conditions, see e.g. Ref. [1]. These results need further work towards experimental confirmation and understanding of underlying physical processes.
At the Dresden University of Technology after a first experiment confirming a very small neutron production during electrolytic charging the palladium cathodes with deuterium further studies of the phenomenon of nuclear fusion in condensed matter work carried out, which systematically hint at a week neutron production as a typical function of the period of charging.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=196
First Author: Bittner, M.
426. Bittner, M., et al., Indication for the temporary production of deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a massive palladium slab. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 334.
First Author: Bittner, M.
427. Bittner, M., et al., Emission of DD-fusion neutrons from a massive palladium cyclinder during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into the metal". Isotopenpraxis, 1991. 27: p. 274.
First Author: Bittner, M.
428. Bittner, M., et al., Observation of d-d fusion neutrons during degassing of deuterium-loaded palladium. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 346.
First Author: Bittner, M.
429. Bjerklie, D., J.M. Nash, and D.T. Thompson, Fusion Illusion?, in Time. 1989. p. 72.
First Author: Bjerklie, D.
430. Blagus, S., et al., Search for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrodes. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 321.
First Author: Blagus, S.
431. Blagus, S., et al., Evidence for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrode. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 105.
First Author: Blagus, S.
432. Blanchard, R., Fizzion a new process for low energy nuclear transformation and energy production. 1998.
First Author: Blanchard, R.
433. Blaschko, O., P. Fratzl, and R. Klemencic, Model for the Structural Changes at Low Temperatures in PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1981. 24: p. 277.
First Author: Blaschko, O.
434. Blaser, J.P., et al., Experimental investigation of cold fusion phenomena in palladium. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 262.
First Author: Blaser, J. P.
435. Blencoe, J.G., et al., Tests for 'cold fusion' in the Pd-D2 and Ti-D2 systems at 40-380 MPa and -196-27 degC. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 149.
First Author: Blencoe, J. G.
436. Blloshmi, H. Cold Fusion Invention. in 2019 LANR/CF Colloquium at MIT. 2019. Cambridge, MA.
First Author: Blloshmi, H.
In the press conference held 23 April 1989, Dr. Martin Fleischmann said: "What we have done is to open the door of new research area, our indication is that the discovery will be relatively easy to make into a usable technology for generating heat and power, but continued work is needed to further understand the science and secondly, to
determine its value to energy economics."
Drs. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced at the University of Utah "that they had captured the secret of the Sun's energy in a test tube at room temperature."
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BlloshmiHcoldfusion.pdf
First Author: Bochler, S.
438. Bockris, J., J. McBreen, and L. Lewis, The Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics and Hydrogen Entry into a-Iron. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1965. 112: p. 1025.
First Author: Bockris, J.
439. Bockris, J. and A.K.N. Reddy, Modern electrochemistry; an introduction to an interdisciplinary area. 1970, New York: Plenum Press.
First Author: Bockris, J.
440. Bockris, J. and P.K. Subramanyan, The equivalent pressure of molecular hydrogen in cavities within metals in terms of the overpotential developed during the evolution of hydrogen. Electrochim. Acta, 1971. 16: p. 2169.
First Author: Bockris, J.
441. Bockris, J., About the alleged presence of tritium in some palladium electrodes and journalist Gary Taubes article in Science. 1990.
First Author: Bockris, J.
442. Bockris, J., The Answer to the Conundrum at Texas A & M: Accusations of Fraud in an Article Published by "Science. 1990.
First Author: Bockris, J.
443. Bockris, J. and D. Hodko. Is There Evidence for Fusion Under Solid State Confinement. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
First Author: Bockris, J.
444. Bockris, J., et al. Does Tritium Form at Electrodes by Nuclear Reactions? in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Bockris, J.
This paper reports tritium formed in LiOD D2O solutions in which Pd cathodes are used to evolve D2 . Electrolysis was carried out for up to 4˝ months. Excess heat has been observed from 5 electrodes out of 28, tritium in 15 out of 53 but 9 out of 13 if the electrodes are limited to 1 mm diameter. Steady state tritium concentrations were 10^4-10^7 disintegrations min^-1 ml^-1. A weak correlation may exist between heat observed and tritium produced. The rate of production of tritium was c. 10^10 atoms cm^-2 sec-1. The branching ratio of tritium to neutrons was ~ 10^8.
A theoretical dendrite enhanced fusion model is suggested. Growing gas layer breakdown occurs at sufficiently high surface potential dendrite tips and correspondingly fusion reactions occur. The model gives quantitative consistence with experiment, especially the sporadic nature and the observed branching ratio.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJdoestritiu.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
446. Bockris, J., G.H. Lin, and N.J.C. Packham, A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 11.
First Author: Bockris, J.
447. Bockris, J. and D. Hodko, Is there evidence for cold fusion? Chem. & Ind., 1990. 22: p. 688.
First Author: Bockris, J.
448. Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion. in Symp. Hydrogen Storage Materials, Batteries, Electrochemistry 1991. 1991.
First Author: Bockris, J.
449. Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. The Mechanism of Deuterium Evolution on Palladium: Relation to Heat Bursts Provoked By Fluxing Deuterium Across the Interface. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bockris, J.
In spite of the electrochemical approach taken by Fleischmann and Pons, most of the research either too has concentrated upon manifesting nuclear effects (neutron omission, tritium formation) and there has been little investigation of the situation of the surface chemistry of the palladium electrode, a mechanism by which molecular deuterium is formed or that by which adsorbed D diffuses inside the palladium, - and what its fugacity there would be. These factors may have a determinative influence on the triggering of the diffusional effects, influencing not only the D/Pd ratio, but also internal cracking. Information on the relation between the surface characteristics and the fugacity may point to us conditions for the initiation of fusion.
In the present paper an interim report is given on the results of about on and one-half year's work of one sub-group at Texas A&M.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=352
First Author: Bockris, J.
451. Bockris, J., Cold fusion II: The Story Continues. New Scientist, 1991. 19: p. 50.
First Author: Bockris, J.
452. Bockris, J., et al. Tritium and Helium Production in Palladium Electrodes and the Fugacity of Deuterium Therein. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Bockris, J.
An account is given of the massive production of tritium at a Pd electrode. Production continued for ~ 750 hours after which time it was arbitrarily curtailed. Production of T was found to cease every few days but could be resuscitated by increasing the overpotential of the electrode reaction. A logarithmic relation between the rate of tritium production and the overpotential of the electrode reaction was established. The Will-Cedzynska method of examining T contamination in specimens has shown that nothing above the background of T was detected if no D2O had been electrolytically evolved on the Pd specimens concerned.
Helium production was found to accompany that of T. The He was analyzed by thermal expulsion and mass spectroscopy. No He3 was found but He4 was measured in nine specimens out of ten examined. Voids were also detected - 1 micron within the electrode. The excess tritium production on Pd co-deposited with deuterium was found.
Cracking and spreading of cracks is shown. An attempt was made to calculate the amount of hydrogen trapped in cracks and to calculate the standard free energy of trapping.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=233
First Author: Bockris, J.
454. Bockris, J., Were the Seeds of the Decay of the West Sown in 1650? 1994.
First Author: Bockris, J.
455. Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan, Electrochemistry, Tritium, and Transmutation. 1994.
First Author: Bockris, J.
456. Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan. Electrochemistry, Tritium and Transmutation. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Bockris, J.
457. Bockris, J., et al. Triggering of Heat and Sub-Surface Changes in Pd-D Systems. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Bockris, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
More than four years after the first reports of chemically stimulated nuclear reactions, the triggering of heat evolution and the production of associated nuclear debris remains a highly uncertain matter. Both the duration of the switch-on time and, indeed, whether a given electrode will commence to show nuclear activity within 500 hours of the beginning of electrolysis, remain unclear.
In the present study, three methods of triggering anomalous heat are described. The changes in the sub-surface of palladium during the evolution of D2 or H2 are described as a function of potential, temperature and time.
Finally, these results are evaluated against the present theories of heat production in metals.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJtriggering.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
459. Bockris, J., The complex conditions needed to obtain nuclear heat from D-Pd systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 210.
First Author: Bockris, J.
460. Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, Two zones of "Impurities" observed after prolonged electrolysis of deuterium on palladium. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5/6): p. 67.
First Author: Bockris, J.
In experiments carried out recently in which hydrogen was electrolyzed from water in contact with a palladium electrode, the concentration and depth of impurities were measured as a function of electrolysis time. It was found that after 3 weeks, two different sets of impurities could be observed, one set within 50Ĺ of the surface and another set different chemical spaces, about 1μ inside the metal.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJtwozonesof.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
462. Bockris, J., Speculative interpretation of overunity experiments involving water electrolysis. 1998.
First Author: Bockris, J.
463. Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, First experimental establishment of high internal pressure of molecular hydrogen developed in palladium during water electrolysis. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23(12): p. 1079.
First Author: Bockris, J.
464. Bockris, J., Some happenings at Texas A&M University when unexpected new results in research are obtained. 1999.
First Author: Bockris, J.
465. Bockris, J., Early Contributions from Workers at Texas A&M University to (So-called) Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2).
First Author: Bockris, J.
INTRODUCTION: THE SITUATION IN MARCH, 1989
The firm opinion in respect to basic knowledge of the nucleus common among chemists and physicists in March, 1989, was that chemical effects (involving frequencies of ~ 10^14, could not affect the nucleus of atoms with frequencies ~ 10^6 times higher. It was also believed in March, 1989, that high energy neutrons were the path towards atomic fission, as in nuclear reactors; and that collisions of H isotopes at extremely high temperatures similar to those in the sun, constituted the main path towards the fusion of nuclei. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJearlycontr.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
The generally accepted idea is that the paper of Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins of 1989 gave the first evidence that nuclear reactions occur in the cold in a palladium-deuterium (Pd-D) electrolysis system. However, published accounts on elemental change in solids have been around since before the discovery of the nucleus. Thus, the earliest evidence for creation of new elements was that reported for reactions in biological systems. In view of the wave of negative opinion against the 1989 and thereafter work, it is interesting to note a U.S. Army report of 1978 which concluded that the evidence for nuclear reactions in biology was strongly positive. Even less well-known is that U.S. government labs in the 1970s experimented with neutron emission arising from the passage of very high currents through wires, conditions under which thermonuclear reactions should not have been occurring.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJistheoccur.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
468. Bockris, J., Accountability and academic freedom: The battle concerning research on cold fusion at Texas A&M University. Accountability Res., 2000. 8: p. 103.
First Author: Bockris, J.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF LOW TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTIONS FROM GROUPS AT TEXAS A&M
Directly after the March 1989 TV announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that they had achieved a nuclear reaction at electrodes in the cold, research began on the phenomenon at Texas A&M. The University was picked by EPRI as a recipient of funds to investigate the field. Thus, it possessed a Thermodynamic Research Center, a Cyclotron group, and three groups in Electrochemistry (Chemistry Department). In addition, there was the Center for Electrochemical Systems and Hydrogen Research in the Texas Engineering Experiment Center, housed in the university. All these groups received funds to explore "cold fusion."
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJaccountabi.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
470. Bockris, J. The History Of The Discovery Of Transmutation At Texas A&M University. in The Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Bockris, J.
Until 1989 I had been a publisher of high temperature physical chemistry, electrochemical and environmental research papers. I was a physical chemist and my contact with nuclear chemistry was only in using it in some tracer techniques. The Fleischmann and Pons announcement of March 1989 was of interest partly because of its radical nature, but also because I had known Martin Fleischmann since his days as a student at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. I had easy access to Fleischmann and I therefore could instruct my co-workers (about 20 at the time) about the technique used in the Fleischmann and Pons work.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJthehistory.pdf
First Author: Bockris, J.
Both hydrogen and deuterium in their electrolysis on palladium gave linear Tafel lines but each had a kink in it at about 0.35 V overpotential (η). At this value damage begins to be seen in the SEM photographs of the interior of the electrodes. Tritium formation became detectable at an overpotential (η) of about 0.4 V. The reaction occurs in two consecutive steps: the first is a Volmer-Tafel reaction which occurs when the overpotential is less than 0.3 V. But as the measured coverage θD approaches unity, the deuterons begin to discharge onto the adsorbed deuterium (Heyrovsky mechanism). The second (consecutive) step leads to the tritium formation via a neutron transfer from the electrode to the Pd-D bond which at this stage (near to full occupancy by D) is relatively weak. The ready availability of neutrons in the surface region of the metal catalyst is rationalized in terms of the high electron concentration associated with the surface and he presence of D arriving from D2O in the solution: e- + D+ = 2 neutrons + a neutrino. The model is applied to two anomalies which have troubled this reaction. One is irreproducibility and also the long time (100 h or more) before any nuclear activity is seen.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf#page=31
First Author: Bockris, J.
Fleischman, Pons and Hawkins [1] have been thought to have published the first invitro (but unknown) nuclear reaction in the cold in March 23, 1989. Bockris and Mallove [2] published in 1999 a survey of earlier nuclear reactions in the cold (later condensed matter nuclear reactions). Included in their list was a publication by two Italian engineers Speri and Zorzi [3] which came out in 1989. Drawn by this latter fact, in 2011, I investigated further the Speri and Zorzi paper which Mallove and I had mentioned with only a publication date. I found the paper in an obscure medium and discovered upon being able to read it that Speri and Zorzi had been awarded an Italian patent in 1978. The patent was awarded for the discovery of the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to form helium. The original work was carried out in 1974.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf#page=37
First Author: Bockris, J.
The typical electrochemical cell consists of four potentials. One of these is spurious: it should be eliminated from the measurement. A method of doing this is described. The major recommendation is that a third or, so called reference electrode, should be involved in all measurements from which structural information is to be taken from the working electrode. This is then attached to the reference electrode and a high resistance volt meter measures the potential of the working electrode with respect to the reference electrode. Alternative reference electrodes are described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedh.pdf#page=15
First Author: Bockris, J.
After receiving a Ph.D. Degree from Imperial College, Fleischmann (F) went to work in the University of Newcastle in the U.K. and spent productive years there (metal deposition, micro-electrodes, and electrochemical extraction from mixtures metals). His reputation grew at a time (1950-1960) when electrochemistry was a popular subject for university research. British Electricity saw their chance to get a star performer down to Southampton University as professor, so they paid for a chair for a person who could attract research support and found that F could fill the job, although it was open to other candidates. Fleischmann occupied the chair for only a few years, less than had been foreseen, and retired from university life some years before it is usual. By this time he already was a Fellow of the Royal Society and also a director of the Max Planck Institute in Berlin. Fleischmann made a colleague of Stanley Pons, head of the Chemistry Department in the University in Utah. Pons (P) was of independent means and could fund research which the two of them might think out together. Fusion means coming together and F saw in electrochemistry a high performance way whereby this might be done. What they found was that the heat evolved in a particular deuterium solution when they passed current through it was larger than it should have been according to known chemical theory. In addition to this they observed some neutrons. They suggested that the extra heat was due to an unknown nuclear reaction. What was unusual about the next step was that F&P got on the McNeil-Lehrer Hour and announced that they had been the first to carry out a nuclear reaction in the cold. After a short time, the nuclear chemists of the world turned against F&P and said that their claims must be all nonsense. The anti-Fleischmann opinion expressed at meetings was so great that they decided that it would be a good thing to escape to some other country. They had a friendship with a very wealthy man, Mr. Toyota, and he had already founded some laboratories in the South of France. He offered F and P laboratory space there and they could move their operation to it free of the negative atmosphere which reigned in America. At first the news which came from the laboratory in France was good. Alas, this was not maintained and after two years they split up and P retired to live in France whilst F retired to Tisbury in the U.K. But F’s creativity would not lie down and he was soon to apply something new, Quantum Electrodynamics. He made a colleagueship with a well-known Italian physicist Preparata. However, fate was not kind to F and he discovered that he was suffering from Parkinson’s disease. This is a slow disease but it’s incurable. However, for a couple of years F continued to attend meetings and make intelligent remarks at them. He died on 3 August 2012. Was F a brilliant theorist who did not have time to realize his true vision or had Jack the Flash, his nickname, flashed too much? The field that could have been his greatest is now called condensed matter nuclear reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedj.pdf#page=6
First Author: Boes, N.
476. Bok, S., et al., Fluorescence-based Temperature Sensor for Anomalous Heat from Loaded Palladium Electrodes with Deuterium or Hydrogen. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 24: p. 25-31.
First Author: Bok, S.
Anomalous heat generation in palladium-based materials has been studied in various active research groups since M. Fleischmann, and S. Pons demonstrated an anomalous heat in 1989. There have been attempts to explain anomalous heat by deuteron–deuteron nuclear fusion in the Pd lattice while the search for radiation was unsuccessful which indicated that the origin of the excess heat is unknown. Despite the unknown origin of the excess heat, Pd system is in the core of the research for energy production. The excess heat has been demonstrated by using calorimeters that are well characterized. However, these measurements are not able to provide detailed information about a localized heat rather than a heat from a large area. A new method is demonstrated to investigate an excess heat from Pd electrode loaded with deuterium or hydrogen. It is capable of measuring a small amount of heat generated in a localized area with a sub-micrometer resolution by fluorescence imaging with temperature sensitive fluorescence dyes. Considering quantum yield, photostability, and thermal stability, rhodamine 6G (R6G) is selected for temperature sensor along with a polymer, Poly MethylSilsesquioxane (PMSSQ). The thermal quenching of fluorescence resulted in a decreased temperature over time with heat generation. We envisioned that this new method of the temperature measurement provided a novel diagnostic tool for localized excess heat which was not detectable by calorimetry due to intrinsic disability.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=37
First Author: Bonazzola, G. C.
478. Bond, R.A. and D.K. Ross, The Use of Monte Carlo Simulations in the Study of a Real Lattice Gas and its Application to the a' Pd-D System. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1982. 12: p. 597.
First Author: Bond, R. A.
479. Boniszewski, T. and G.C. Smith, The influence of hydrogen on the plastic deformation ductility, and fracture of nickel in tension. Acta Metall., 1963. 11: p. 165.
First Author: Boniszewski, T.
480. Borbely, L. and P. Doleschall, Nucleon Exchange Effects at Low Bombarding Energies for Deuteron-Neutron Scattering. Phys. Lett. B, 1992. 283: p. 10.
First Author: Borbely, L.
481. Bosch, H.S., et al., Electrochemical Cold Fusion Trials at IPP Garching. 1989.
First Author: Bosch, H. S.
482. Bosch, H.S., et al., Electrochemical cold fusion trials at IPP Garching. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 165.
First Author: Bosch, H. S.
483. Boscoli, R., Method and machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions. 1998.
First Author: Boscoli, R.
484. Bose, H., et al., Verification Studies in Electrochemically Induced Fusion of Deuterons in Palladium Cathodes, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 8.
First Author: Bose, H.
485. Botta, E., et al., Measurement of 2.5 MeV neutron emission from Ti/D and Pd/D systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1992. 105A: p. 1663.
First Author: Botta, E.
486. Botta, E., et al. Search for 4He Production from Pd/D2 Systems in Gas Phase. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Botta, E.
We describe the performance of an apparatus consisting of a cell containing a Pd sheet loaded with D2 in gas phase coupled to a high resolution Q-mass spectrometer. The loading ratio α = D/Pd is increased by applying a constant electric field along the Pd sheet, α is carefully measured by means of the electric resistance variation and of the thermodynamic parameters. In one experiment a signal corresponding to 4He production was observed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BottaEsearchforh.pdf
First Author: Botta, E.
A Pd sheet gold plated at both ends was loaded with D2 in a Cold Fusion cell operating on the basis of the Coehn effect. The procedure was the same followed in a previous experiment. The gas has been analyzed by means of a high resolution mass spectrometer before the absorption into Pd and after desorption: a significant presence of 4He after desorption has been measured, in agreement with the previous results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BottaEmeasuremena.pdf
First Author: Botta, E.
489. Botter, F., et al., Search for emission of neutrons from a palladium-deuterium system. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 232: p. 536.
First Author: Botter, F.
490. Bottollier-Curtet, H., et al., Search for Isotopic Anomalies in Alchemical Silver Coins from the Germanischen National Museum in Nuremberg. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2007. 1: p. 148-154.
First Author: Bottollier-Curtet, H.
We analyzed six silver coins of supposedly alchemical origin. They were manufactured during the 17th and 18th centuries, and kept in the Germanischen National Museum in Nuremberg in Germany. We did both nondestructive chemical and isotopic analysis. Silver has two stable isotopes, and our measurements indicate that the silver of all the coins have natural isotopic composition. We conclude that the silver contained in these coins is not of artificial origin. This does not prove that alchemists did not succeed in transmuting metals, but we have shown that the silver of these six coins is most likely of natural origin.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=154
First Author: Boucher, G. R.
492. Boudard, A., M. Garcon, and S. Platchkov, What shape has the deuteron? Recherche, 1991. 22(235): p. 1094.
First Author: Boudard, A.
493. Bowen, N.L., A Simple Calculation of the Inter-nucleon Up-to-down Quark Bond and its Implications for Nuclear Binding. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2019. 29: p. 249-259.
First Author: Bowen, N. L.
This paper describes an interesting and potentially significant phenomenon regarding the properties of up and down quarks within the nucleus, and how the possible inter-nucleon bonding of these quarks may affect the bonding energy of the nuclear force. A very simple calculation is used, which involves a bond between two inter-nucleon up and down quarks. This simple calculation does not depend on the type or mechanism for the bond. Furthermore, this simple calculation does not specify the shape or structure for the nucleus. This calculation only examines the energy of all possible up-to-down inter-nucleon bonds that may be formed within a quantum nucleus. A comparison of this total energy is made to the experimental binding energy with excellent results. The potential significance of this finding is discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=258
First Author: Bowen, N. L.
This paper explores how the electromagnetic energies of the quarks within the nucleus affect the behavior of the Nuclear Force. By examining the electromagnetic energies and forces, many questions about nuclear behavior can be answered and many insights into the nucleus can be gained. Previous theoretical models for the nuclear force include only the Coulomb electric force of the protons, but with little or no consideration of the electromagnetic characteristics of the quarks. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve predictions of binding energy better than any previous model, doing so by using only one variable instead of five. This model unifies the nuclear force to the electromagnetic force.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=200
First Author: Bowen, N. L.
This paper is an examination of the updated experimental data, as is currently known in 2020, in support of the shell model and its concepts. The shell model of the nuclear force is considered to be the fundamental and foundational model of the nuclear force -- that force which binds the nucleons together in a nucleus. The shell model was developed in the late 1940s, and it is based on the experimentally known nuclear data at that time, data which supported the concept of nuclear shells. Most textbooks, even the current ones, present this experimental data from the 1940s when discussing the validity of the shell model. However, a large amount of nuclear data has since been collected over the past 70 years, and a re-examination of the experimental data in support of the shell model is long overdue.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=230
First Author: Bowen, N. L.
Recent theoretical calculations about the mass of the partons within protons have raised questions, specifically regarding what comprises the bulk of the mass of the nucleons. As a result of these recent theoretical calculations and the questions they precipitate, there are many new models of the nucleons that claim to have solved the question of the missing nucleon mass. This paper is an examination these recent nucleon models, exploring the accuracy of the science, the mathematics, and the concepts described therein.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=194
First Author: Bowen, N. L.
This paper explores how the electromagnetic energies of the quarks within the atomic nucleus affect the behavior of the Nuclear Force. By examining the electromagnetic energies and forces, many questions about nuclear behavior can be answered, and many insights into the atomic nucleus can be gained. Previous theoretical models for the Nuclear Force include only the Coulomb electric force of the protons, but with little or no consideration of the electromagnetic characteristics of the quarks. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve predictions of binding energy better than any previous model, doing so by using only one parameter instead of the five parameters used in the semi-empirical Weizsäcker formula of the Liquid Drop Model. The Electromagnetic Model unifies the Nuclear Force to the Electromagnetic Force. The Electromagnetic Model of the Nuclear Force includes the calculation of electromagnetics of the quarks, and by doing such, it is shown that the Nuclear Force is significantly influenced by the Electromagnetic Forces of the quarks. This paper, Part II of this series, illustrates the ground state configurations of the atomic nuclei, showing the basic segments of how the protons and neutrons cluster together, and how these segments bond to form larger atomic nuclei. A pattern emerges for the ground state configurations due to the uniformity of the electromagnetic laws. Diagrams are shown for this basic pattern, for both stable and radioactive atomic nuclei. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve not only excellent predictions of binding energy, but the ability to answer many other questions regarding the various behaviors of atomic nuclei.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=147
First Author: Bower, B.
499. Bowker, J. and G.R. Piercy, The use of palladium to obtain reproducible boundary conditions for permeability measurements using galvanostatic charging. Metal. Trans. A, 1985. 16: p. 715.
First Author: Bowker, J.
500. Bowman, M.G., A Proposed Pathway for Cold Fusion Reactions. 1990: Letter.
First Author: Bowman, M. G.
501. Boya, L.J., Possible mechanisms for cold fusion in deuterated palladium. An. Fis., Ser. B, 1990. 86(2): p. 221.
First Author: Boya, L. J.
502. Bracci, L., G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, Nuclear fusion in molecular systems. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1990. 16: p. 83.
First Author: Bracci, L.
503. Bracci, L., G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, A Dynamical Calculation of the Electron Shielding for d-d Fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146(3): p. 128.
First Author: Bracci, L.
504. Braun, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 136(3).
First Author: Braun, T.
505. Braun, T., World Flash on Cold Fusion No. 10. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1991. 154(1): p. 1.
First Author: Braun, T.
506. Breed, B. Can Established Physical Principles Explain Solid-State Fusion? in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Breed, B.
507. Bressani, T., E. Del Giudice, and G. Preparata, First steps toward an understanding of 'cold' nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101: p. 845.
First Author: Bressani, T.
508. Bressani, T., et al. A Study of the Neutron Emission from Ti Loaded With D in Gas Phase by Means of a Time-of-Flight Spectrometer. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bressani, T.
The final results of an experiment carried out in order to detect and measure the energy of the neutrons emitted from Ti metal loaded with D in gas phase are reported. A neutron spectrometer based on the time-of-flight and double scattering technique was used. We observed a 2.5 sigma signal for the emission of 2.45 MeV neutrons, corresponding to 1.3 ± 0.5 neutrons s^-1 g^-1.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=120
First Author: Bressani, T.
510. Bressani, T. and G. Preparata, What Makes a Crystal Stiff Enough for the Mossbauer Effect? Il Nuovo Cimento, Note Brevi, 1992. 14D(3): p. 345-349.
First Author: Bressani, T.
511. Bressani, T. Nuclear Products in Cold Fusion Experiments Comments and remarks after ICCF-6. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Bressani, T.
From the first beginning two major problems have affected the scientific development of the
Cold Fusion and related phenomena. They are:
* the lack of reproducibility of most of the experimental observations (in particular the
Excess Power in given conditions)
* the lack of a substantial amount of nuclear ashes that could validate the hypothesis that
the sometimes observed Excess Power could be the result of nuclear reactions occurring in
the metal lattice. Nuclear origin was inferred in an indirect way. by the observation that
the sometimes measured Excess Powers were at least three orders of magnitude greater
than those produced by any known chemical reaction. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=304
First Author: Bressani, T.
1 Introduction The circumstance that I made the scientific summary on Nuclear Products in Cold Fusion Experiments also after ICCF-6 gives to me the opportunity of combining the comparison of the results from two subsequent conferences and of discussing globally the impressive achievements gained in these last three years. The major achievement at ICCF-6 was, to my opinion, the evidence of the correlation between Excess Heat, when measured, and the production of 4He, observed in quantities of the same order of magnitude of what expected form the hypothesis that the reaction d + d → 4He + (energy) is the main source of energy in Cold Fusion experiments. This conclusion was reached by several experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BressaniTnuclearphy.pdf
First Author: Bressani, T.
One of the more controversial recent issues in Hadronic and Nuclear Physics is the possible existence of the so-called AntiKaonic Nuclear Clusters (AKNC). They are strange (S=-1, -2) nuclear systems composed by nucleons strongly bound to one or two AntiKaons: This topic is connected with the possible existence of exotic nucleon bound states like pp or ppp, with the possibility that a high-density nuclear medium will be created around the AntiKaon, that could be seed for the understanding of the dense nuclear matter in the neutron stars.
In 2002 Akaishi and Yamazaki (1) predicted the appearance of discrete, narrow bound states of Kbar in few-body nuclear systems. The search for such systems started quite soon with nondedicated experiments at Laboratories of KEK (Japan), Frascati (Italy) , CERN (Switzerland), Saclay (France)
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BressaniTexoticnucl.pdf
First Author: Bressani, T.
A short review of the status of the experimental searches and theoretical speculations on the possible existence of the AntiKaonic Nuclear Clusters is given. There are no scientific relationships with the possible Cold Fusion phenomena, but some similarities and differences in the perception and acceptance by other communities of physicists.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=174
First Author: Briand, J. P.
516. Briand, J.P. Is There Any Deuterium in Dr. Jone's Titanium Foils? in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
First Author: Briand, J. P.
517. Briand, J.P. and M. Froment, La fusion 'froide' dix-huit mois apres" (Cold fusion, 18 months later). Recherche, 1990. 21: p. 1282.
First Author: Briand, J. P.
518. Briand, J.P., et al., Cold fusion rates in titanium foils. Phys. Lett., 1990. A145(4): p. 187.
First Author: Briand, J. P.
519. Bridge, M.E., D.R. Lloyd, and J.M.D. Coey, Cold fusion ideas" (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 105.
First Author: Bridge, M. E.
520. Brightsen, R.A. and E. Mallove, Explanation of Cold Fusion Reactions Based on the Nucleon Cluster Model (NCM). 1992.
First Author: Brightsen, R. A.
521. Brightsen, R.A., Application of the Nucleon Cluster Model to Experimental Results. 1995.
First Author: Brightsen, R. A.
522. Brightsen, R.A., The Nucleon Cluster Model and the Periodic Table of Beta-Stable Nuclides. 1995.
First Author: Brightsen, R. A.
523. Brightsen, R.A., Correspondence of the Periodic Table of Beta-Stable Nuclides with the Classical Periodic Table of Elements. 1996.
First Author: Brightsen, R. A.
524. Brightsen, R.A., Correspondence of the nucleon cluster model with the periodic table of elements. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5 & 6): p. 73.
First Author: Brightsen, R. A.
525. Brightson, R., Cluster Theory. 1994: Clustron Sciences Corp.
First Author: Brightson, R.
526. Brillas, E., et al. Product Analysis From D2O Electrolysis With Palladium and Titanium Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Brillas, E.
The possible generation of tritium in the electrolyte and the incorporation of species such as tritium, lithium and platinum to cathodes during the electrolysis of 0.1M LiOD solutions with Pd and Ti cathodes and Pt anodes at low and high current densities have been studied by means of different techniques.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=24
First Author: Brillas, E.
528. Brind, J., letter. Science News, 1990: p. 163.
First Author: Brind, J.
529. Britz, D., Cold fusion: an historical parallel. Centaurus, 1990. 33: p. 368.
First Author: Britz, D.
530. Britz, D., Parameter correlations in cold fusion measurements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 155(6): p. 377.
First Author: Britz, D.
531. Britz, D., Book Review - The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations about Cold Fusion. J. Sci. Expl., 2007. 21: p. 801.
First Author: Britz, D.
532. Britz, D., Cold Nuclear Fusion Bibliography. 2017, Aarhus University.
First Author: Britz, D.
This is a copy of the bibliography Dieter Britz uploaded to his web site at Aarhus University for many years. It is now hosted here:
http://coldfusioncommunity.net/Britz/biblio.html
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BritzDcoldnuclea.pdf
First Author: Broad, W. J.
534. Broad, W.J., Signs of 'Cold' Fusion are Cited Cautiously, in The New York Times. 1989: NYEditor.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
535. Broad, W.J., M.W. Browne, and W.E. Schmidt, A Frenzy Over Fusion in Hundreds of Labs, in New York Times. 1989.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
536. Broad, W.J., Cold Fusion Claimants Review Puzzling Results, in The New York Times. 1990: NYEditor. p. 8.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
537. Broad, W.J., Cold Fusion Still Escapes Usual Checks of Science, in New York Times. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B5 and B9.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
538. Broad, W.J., Scientist Defends Cold Fusion Work, in The New York Times. 1990: NYEditor.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
539. Broad, W.J., Cold-Fusion Claim is Faulted on Ethics as Well as Science, in The New York Times. 1991: NYEditor. p. 1.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
540. Broad, W.J., U.S. Plans to Hire Russian Scientists in Fusion Research, in New York Times. 1992. p. A1-A4.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
541. Broad, W.J., New Class of Lightning Found High Above Clouds, in New York Times. 1995: New YorkEditor. p. 9.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
542. Broad, W.J., A tempest in a test tube, 10 years later, in New York Times. 1999: NYEditor.
First Author: Broad, W. J.
543. Broer, M.M., et al., Search for neutrons from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reactions in electrochemically charged Palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(4): p. R1559.
First Author: Broer, M. M.
544. Brown, N.E. and N. Jarmie, Differential Cross Sections at Low Energies for 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 41(4): p. 1391.
First Author: Brown, N. E.
545. Brown, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography No. 7. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett., 1990. 145: p. 385-388.
First Author: Brown, T.
546. Brown, B. Lithium Fission to Fuse Deuterium? in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Brown, B.
547. Brown, J. Collective dipole oscillations in hydrogenated metals. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
First Author: Brown, J.
548. Brown, J., Enhanced low energy fusion rate in metal deuterides due to vibrational deuteron dipole-dipole interactions and associated resonant tunneling between neighbouring sites, in arXiv.org. 2007.
First Author: Brown, J.
It is observed that interstitial hydrogen nucleii on a metallic lattice are strongly coupled to their near neighbours by the unscreened electromagnetic field mediating transitions between low-lying states. It is shown that the dominant interaction is of dipole-dipole character. By means of numerical calculations based upon published data, it is then shown that in stoichiometric PdD, in which essentially all interstitial sites are occupied by a deuteron, certain specific superpositions of many-site product states exist that are lower in energy than the single-site ground state, suggesting the existence of a new low temperature phase. Finally, the modified behaviour of the two-particle wavefunction at small separations is investigated and prelimary results suggesting a radical narrowing of the effective Coulomb barrier are presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BrownJenhancedlo.pdf
First Author: Brown, J.
It is observed that interstitial hydrogen nucleii on a metallic lattice are strongly coupled to their near neighbours by the unscreened electromagnetic field mediating transitions between low-lying states. It is shown that the dominant interaction is of dipole-dipole character. By means of numerical calculations based upon published data, it is then shown that in stoichiometric PdD, in which essentially all interstitial sites are occupied by a deuteron, certain specific superpositions of many-site product states exist that are lower in energy than the single-site ground state, suggesting the existence of a new low temperature phase. Finally, the modified behaviour of the two-particle wavefunction at small separations is investigated and prelimary results suggesting a radical narrowing of the effective Coulomb barrier are presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondenseda.pdf#page=50
First Author: Browne, M. W.
551. Brudanin, V.B., et al., Does cold nuclear fusion exist? Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 347.
First Author: Brudanin, V. B.
552. Brudanin, V.B., et al., Once more about cold nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 351.
First Author: Brudanin, V. B.
553. Brudanin, V.B., et al., Search for the cold fusion d(d,(4)He) in electrolysis of D2O. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 151(9): p. 543.
First Author: Brudanin, V. B.
554. Bruggeman, A., et al., Studiecentrum Voor Kernenenergie. 1989.
First Author: Bruggeman, A.
555. Bruschi, L., et al., Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system". Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10(4): p. 303.
First Author: Bruschi, L.
556. Bruschi, M., U. Marconi, and A. Zoccoli. The neutron spectrometer of the cold fusion experiment under the Gran Sasso Laboratory. in Hadronic Phys., Winter Course 8th 1993. 1994. World Sci., Singapore.
First Author: Bruschi, M.
557. Bryan, S.R. and J.H. Gibson, Comments on 'Nuclear energy release in metals'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 95.
First Author: Bryan, S. R.
558. Bu, F.S., et al. Loading ratio study in a gas-loading system. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Bu, F. S.
Using the tungsten wire, the deuterium gas is loaded into a palladium wire with the loading ratio higher than 0.75 under the pressure less than 1 atm. at the room temperature. The metallography shows that its grain size is greater than 100 micra. This study facilitates the combination of a gas- loading system with a calorimetric system.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=202
First Author: Buchachenko, A. L.
560. Buchachenko, A.L. and V.V. Chaikovskii, Contraction of electronic shells and a new strategy for cold fusion. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1999. 73: p. 1614.
First Author: Buchachenko, A. L.
561. Bucur, R. and F.A. Lewis, The Establishment of Equilibria in the Isotopic Distribution of Hydrogen and Deuterium Between Palladium and Aqueous Solutions. Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge, 1971. 75: p. 207.
First Author: Bucur, R.
562. Budko, K. and A. Korshunov, Calorimetric Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 23: p. 85-90.
First Author: Budko, K.
It has been claimed that Ni–H systems produce excess heat for long periods of time. We have performed experimental calorimetric investigations of this phenomenon. The experimental setup consisted of a ceramic reactor with nickel powder inside it, a heater, hydrogen loading system and calorimeter. Nickel powders with different grain size were used because of their large surface area. Hydrogen pressure varied from 0.5 to 2.5 atm. Temperature varied from 25 to 800?C. Different methods of input power were used in order to investigate possible effects of high amplitude magnetic pulses. The experimental runs lasted from 4 to 50 h. Experiments did not show any evidence of excess heat within the accuracy of measurement.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedv.pdf#page=90
First Author: Budnikov, A. T.
564. Buehler, D.B., Possible Gamma Bursts From Gas Loaded Ti Chips. 1992.
First Author: Buehler, D. B.
565. Buehler, D.B., et al. Is Reported "Excess Heat" Due to Nuclear Reactions? in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Buehler, D. B.
A portable X-ray detector has been developed to complement "cold fusion" studies. Our reasoning is that any set of nuclear reactions which produce measurable heat must also produce abundant secondary X-rays. However, at the Nagoya meeting and elsewhere, we found that errors and uncertainties in current experiments prevent unambiguous interpretation of claims of excess-heat generation . Hence, this paper also outlines criteria for establishing calorimeter performance for definitive measurements of "excess heat" in cold-fusion experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=247
First Author: Bullock, J. S.
567. Bunch, K.J. and R.W. Grow. Electric Field Distribution of the Palladium Crystal Lattice. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Bunch, K. J.
Palladium has always been a metal of interest for its hydrogen absorption qualities [lJ and, more recently, for its use in cold fusion experiments [2J. An atomic model of the metallic crystal would give a better overall understanding of the palladium-hydrogen system. Unfortunately, a computer simulation of the wave mechanical properties of palladium based on solving the three-dimensional Schrodinger equation is a major undertaking [3, 4J that is probably unnecessary for calculating many useful character istics of palladium. A simpler approach, based on a Thomas-Fermi model [5J for palladium, is proposed by the authors. This semiclassical model averages the effects of all the electrons within an atom to approximate the electric field distribution everywhere. Overlapping these distr ibutions approximates the electric fields within the palladium crystal. This model predicts a crystal that is a bit too stiff, but overall it gives reasonable results; it is also simple to use. It is expected that this model will broaden the understanding of the interaction of hydrogen with palladium.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=262
First Author: Bunch, K. J.
569. Burch, R., On the role of silver atoms in the absorption of hydrogen by palladium-silver alloys. Solid State Commun., 1969. 7: p. 1313.
First Author: Burch, R.
570. Burger, J.P., et al., Electrical Resistivity of Pd-Hx: Residual Resistivity. Solid State Commun., 1975. 17: p. 227.
First Author: Burger, J. P.
571. Burke, L.D. and J.K. Casey, An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium electrodes in acid. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993. 140(5): p. 1284.
First Author: Burke, L. D.
572. Burke, L.D. and J.K. Casey, An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium in base. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993. 140(5): p. 1292.
First Author: Burke, L. D.
573. Burrows, A., Enhancement of cold fusion in metal 'hydrides' by screening of proton and deuteron charges. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. 3405.
First Author: Burrows, A.
574. Busch, M.P., Nucear Fusion Reactor and Method, Patent Disclosure. 1990: US.
First Author: Busch, M. P.
575. Bush, R.T. A Transmission resonance Model for Cold Fusion. in Winter Annual Meeting of Am. Soc. Mechan. Eng. 1989. San Francisco.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
576. Bush, R.T. The TRM (Transmission Resonance Model) for Cold Fusion Fits Calorimetric Data on the Pons-Fleischmann Effect and Suggests Solutions to Nuclear "Anomalies". in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
577. Bush, R.T. Isotopic Mass Shifts in Cathodically-Driven Palladium Via Neutron Transfer Suggested by the Transmission Resonance Model to Explicate Enhanced Fusion Phenomena (Hot and Cold) Within a Deuterared Metrix. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
Abstract: The transmission resonance model previously presented by the author [3] to explicate cold fusion phenomena is now extended to treat the full range of enhanced fusion phenomena, from "hot" to "cold", within a deuterated matrix. Such seemingly disparate effects as low-level neutron emission, tritium production, the Pons-Fleischmann effect ( i.e. ,excess heat production in electrolytic cold fusion) [1],[2], and "cluster-impact" fusion (i.e., hot fusion within a lattice), may share a commonality as enhanced fusion phenomena resulting from the resonant transmission of de Broglie waves within a deuterated matrix . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=232
First Author: Bush, R. T.
579. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, A Cold Fusion Model that Matches Experimental Data. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1990. 3(3): p. 21, 62.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
580. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, 'Cold nuclear fusion': A hypothetical model to probe an elusive phenomenon. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 397.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
581. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. A Calorimetric Study of the Excess Heat Effect in Thin Films of Palladium. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
582. Bush, R.T., Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 313.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
583. Bush, B.F., et al., Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 304: p. 271.
First Author: Bush, B. F.
INTRODUCTION Our interest in the "cold fusion" process [1,2] was piqued by the apparent lack of systematic investigation into the composition of the gaseous products produced during the electrolysis of D2O. A critical issue in determining whether or not the cold fusion process exists is the quality of the evidence concerning the composition of the gaseous products. The low intensity of neutrons has prompted proposals of other fusion processes such as d + d → 4He + γ [3] and p + d → 3He [4,5]. Accordingly, we report the results of experiments designed to detect helium in the effluent gases from electrolysis reactions at palladium cathodes while rigorously excluding possible helium contamination from other sources. The calorimetric electrolysis experiments reported here were performed at China Lake, and the analyses designed to establish the composition of the effluent gases were performed in Austin.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFheliumprod.pdf
First Author: Bush, R. T.
The experimental evidence cited here (Part I) in support of the Bush TRM Model was originally reported by Bush in his paper, "A Light Water Excess Heat Reaction Suggests That 'Cold Fusion' May Be 'Alkali-Hydrogen Fusion.'" Excess heat production in electrolytic light water experiments was experimentally correlated with a shift not only in elemental abundance but also with an isotopic reversal in the case of a light water-based RbzCD3 cell found to produce strontium. Part II reports on more recent work correlating x-ray emissions with excess power for both a heavy water excess heat reaction and a light water excess heat reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=145
First Author: Bush, R. T.
ABSTRACT: Part I presented evidence in support of Bush's TRM Model and, in particular, his hypothesis of "alkali-hydrogen fusion" in a lattice as a prototype for cold fusion with both light and heavy water. In Part II preliminary evidence is presented for x-ray emission accompanying both the heavy and light water excess heat effects in the form of both characteristic x-rays and bremmstrahlung. These studies had the unsatisfactory feature of low signal-to-noise, but the satisfactory features of reasonable statistics and excellent correlation. An interesting feature was that x-ray emission decreased somewhat after a cell was switched off, but then spiked upward to decay exponentially to the background level over a period of days. This emission was apparently associated with the desorption of hydrogen from the cathode. With the cell turned off it was also possible to study xray emission accompanying the thermal desorption of hydrogen by changing the cell temperature and studying x-ray emission as a function of cathode surface temperature. When this effect of x-rays accompanying desorption was factored in, Bush's TRM Model appears to account for the correlation between x-ray emission and excess power.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=149
First Author: Bush, R. T.
587. Bush, R.T., Is It Possible That Anomalies Associated with the Excess Heat Effect Were Observed in the 1950's?: The Transmission Resonance Model (TRM) Answers Affirmatively. 1993.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
588. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Calorimetric Studies for Several Light Water Electrolytic Cells With Nickel Fibrex Cathodes and Electrolytes with Alkali Salts of Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
589. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells With Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
590. Bush, B.F. and M. Miles. Practical Aspects of Heat and Helium Measurements in Deuterated Palladium. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Bush, B. F.
591. Bush, R.T. An Interpretation of the Piantelli Effect Based Upon the LANT Hypothesis and ECFM Model for Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
592. Bush, R.T. Evidence for an electrolytically induced shift in the abundance ratio of Sr-88 and Sr-86. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
593. Bush, R.T., A Unifying Model for Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 431.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
594. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells with Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 334.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
595. Bush, R.T. The Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Reconsidered with Special Emphasis Upon the Production of Tritium and Neutrons. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
The author's ECFM ("Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model") first presented at the ICCF-4 is re-examined with special reference to the production of tritium and neutrons. The model is of some interest in that it is the first model to fit excess power-vs-Ioading fraction data of McKubre et al. (SRI Intemational/EPRI) and, independently, that of Kunimatsu et al. (IMRA). Of special note is that the peak of the theoretical curve of tritium production versus loading fraction, which is related to that for neutrons by a branching ratio scaling factor, is found to be at a fractional DlPd loading of approximately 0.825, whlch is in go.od agreement with the empirical value of 0.83 announced at the ICCF-5 by Iwamura et al.(Mitsuoishi) for both tritlUm and neutrons. It is of interest then that this theoretical ECFM tritium production curve arises essentially from purely statistical mechanical considerations involving the deuteron occupation of the three-dimensional interstitial lattice, rather than arising from the details of a specific nuclear mechanism. The model shows why tritium is ordinarily not observed when excess heat is being observed. For the neutron-to-triton branching ratio a theoretical lower limit (r/R)^12 results (r is the protonic charge radius and R is the deuteronic charge radius.) yielding a value of 2 x 10^-9 in agreement with the empirical value of 2 x 10^-9 for the neutron-to-triton branching ratio.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=142
First Author: Bush, R. T.
A theoretica12 model describes impurity promotion and inhibition of the heavy water1 and light water3,4 excess heat effects of cold fusion based upon the infl uence on the magnetic properties of Pd and Ni, respectively, of al loying with different metal s. For Ni (light water case), promoters, in increasing order of efficiency, are predicted to be Cu, Zn, AI, and S n . Inhibitors, in increasing order of efficiency, are predicted to be Co, Fe, and M n . Ag, Au, and Cu are indicated as promoters in the case of Pd (heavy water case). Empirical evidence impacting the model will be presented in another paper (ref. 5) in these Proceedings.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=146
First Author: Bush, R. T.
598. Bush, R.T., Can the Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Account for Light Water Fusion? J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 63.
First Author: Bush, R. T.
599. Bush, B.F. and J.J. Lagowski. Nuclear products associated with the Pons and Fleischmann effect; helium commensurate to heat generation, calorimetry and radiation. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Bush, B. F.
The nature of the nuclear phenomena associated with the Pons and Reischmann effect remains largely unexplored. The phenomena are reproducible, but the processes lack controllability. The circumstances of the electrolysis experiments do not produce the same nuclear product distribution as that expected during hot plasma D + D fusion experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=223
First Author: Bush, R. T.
601. Bush, B.F., Data for 4He measurement. 1998.
First Author: Bush, B. F.
602. Bush, B.F. and J.J. Lagowski. Methods of Generating Excess Heat with the Pons and Fleischmann Effect: Rigorous and Cost Effective Calorimetry, Nuclear Products Analysis of the Cathode and Helium Analysis. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Bush, B. F.
Abstract: The results from a growing number of laboratories suggest that the Pons and Fleischmann effect (the production of "excess heat" during the electrolysis of D2O at palladium electrodes) is real. More over data from these laboratories indicate that excess heat events are accompanied by 4He production. Excess heat generation appears to depend on a number of factors: the quality — nature — of the cathode, chemical species present in the D2O / LiOD electrolyte, the conditions surrounding the electrolysis process — current density, potential, time, and the previous history of the cathode. Methods for obtaining useful cathodes will be described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFmethodsofg.pdf
First Author: Bush, B. F.
Palladium samples taken from the center section of a 2-mm diameter cylindrical heat-producing cathode and similar material from the original stock palladium rod adjacent to that used for the cathode have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis for trace element impurity differences. The focus was on all elements for which NAA is appropriate and sensitive. Although it is known that electrolysis deposits impurity metals on cathodic surfaces from the electrolyte (lithium deuteroxide in this case), this occurs only at the external surface of the rod. The samples were cut diametrally to minimize the surface relative to the bulk or interior portion of the cathode. Large increases in iron and zinc of a factor of 56 and 12 respectively were observed in the active cathode relative to the virgin material. Smaller but significant increases were observed for chromium, cobalt, and cesium. In addition, the Pd-110/Pd-108 ratios were determined. Preliminarily, it appears that Pd-108 was depleted in the active cathode relative to Pd-110 as compared with that ratio in the virgin material. Possible sources of these changes in addition to the conventional explanations are discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFtraceeleme.pdf
First Author: Bushnell, D.
Outline
* What * Status * Why * Plans
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushnellDlenrandnas.pdf
First Author: Bushnell, D.
Please Note: A section in this document on cold fusion begins on page 13.
Introduction
Space faring, including space exploration, commercialization, and colonization, requires serious levels of power and energy. It is required for in-space and on-body propulsion, habitats and transportation, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), manufacturing, life support, robotics, satellites, sensors, and construction. The current power and energy sources being applied and under development include solar energy, chemical fuels, radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) nuclear batteries, and fission nuclear reactors. There are problems with each of these including reductions in solar intensity farther from the Sun and due to dust, ISRU resource processing requirements, storage, transfer of chemical fuels and the weight, energy density, and safety of the current nuclear approaches [ref. 1]. Alternative energy sources could reduce cost and weight and improve safety, efficiency, and functionality. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushnellDfrontierso.pdf
First Author: Bushuev, V. S.
607. Bushuev, V.S., et al., Experiments in the recording of nuclear emissions by electrolysis of heavy water. Trud. Ord. Lenin. Ord. Oktyab. Revol. Fiz. Inst. im. P.N. Lebedeva, Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1992. 220: p. 89 (in Russian).
First Author: Bushuev, V. S.
608. Bushuev, V.S., et al., Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis. J. Opt. Res., 1996. 4(5): p. 171.
First Author: Bushuev, V. S.
609. Bussard, R.W., Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 231.
First Author: Bussard, R. W.
610. Butler, M.A., et al., High-sensitivity search for neutrons during electrochemical reactions. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 388.
First Author: Butler, M. A.
611. Buxerolle, M. and J. Kurkdjian, An Historical Experiment of Neutron Detection Near an Electrolytic Cell. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 21: p. 7-12.
First Author: Buxerolle, M.
An electrolysis experiment performed in April 1989, with a hollow palladium cathode in heavy water showed neutrons production. The results were sufficiently reliable to exclude any experimental error. Unfortunately a similar experiment has never been attempted since then. The presence of neutrons is the signature of nuclear reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf#page=12
First Author: Bylinsky, G.
613. Byung, J.H., Cold nuclear fusion. Hwahak Kwa Kongop Ui Chinbo, 1990. 30: p. 86 (in Korean).
First Author: Byung, J. H.
614. Cage, K., Memorandum: Cold Fusion Applications. 1989, U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark office: Washington, DC.
First Author: Cage, K.
Although the media attention relating to cold fusion has dimishecl, we are Just now beginning to see a large number of applications relating to this subjects Although we are attempting to identify an of these applications in the pre-examination screening process, there is a possibility that a few applications may slip through without being identified. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CageKmemorandum.pdf
First Author: Cain, B. L.
Investigations to analyze the cathodic loading of hydrogen and deuterium in palladium thin-films, using a Fleischmann-Pons (Fleischmann/1989, Fleischmann/1990) type open cell system, have demonstrated the production of significant thermal power using an electrolyte of concentrated lithium hydroxide in heavy water. Power levels exceeding 200 watts over a 20 hour period have been observed, although this large thermal response was obtained in only 4 out of 16 experiment runs, each using a new Pd cathode and electrolyte solution. In most cases, thermal power began after loading the Pd films followed by temperature cycling of the cell from room temperature to near 60 °C. However one run showed a large thermal output without electrolytic loading of the cathode, indicating the possibility of a catalyzed chemical reaction between the electrolyte, the Pd cathode and Pt anode, and the air cover over the cell. Indeed all power producing runs were accompanied by a precipitated formation oflithium carbonate, indicating a strong coupling of the reaction with CO2 in the air.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=43
First Author: Calaon, A.
An attempt is made to build an LENR theory that does not contradict any basic principle of physics and gives a relatively simple explanation to the plethora of experimental results. A single unconventional assumption is made, namely that nuclei are kept together by a magnetic attraction mechanism, as proposed in the 1980s of the past century by Valerio Dallacasa and Norman Cook. This assumption contradicts a non-proven detail of the standard model, which instead attributes the nuclear force to a residual effect of the strong interaction. The theory is based also on a property of the electron which has been known for long, but has rarely been used: the Zitterbewegung (ZB). This property should allow the magnetic attraction mechanism that binds nucleons together, to manifest also between the electron and any isotope of hydrogen, leading to the formation of three neutral pseudo-particles (the component particles remain separate entities), collectively named here Hydronions (or Hyd). These pseudo-particles can then couple with other nuclei and lead to a fusion reaction "inside" the electron. The Coulomb barrier is not overcome kinetically, but through what could be interpreted as a range extension of the nuclear force itself, realized by the electron when some specific conditions are satisfied. The most important of these necessary conditions is that the electron has to "orbit" the hydrogen nucleus at a frequency of 2.055 x 1016Hz. This frequency corresponds to photons with an energy of about 85 eV or equivalently a wavelength of 14.6 nm in the Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV). So the large quanta of nuclear energy fractionate into EUV photons during the formation of the Hydronions and during the coupling of Hydronions to other nuclei. The formation of Hydronions requires the so called Nuclear Active Environment (NAE), which is what makes LENR so rare and difficult to reproduce. The numbers suggest that the NAE forms when an unshielded atomic core electron orbital that has an "orbital frequency" near to the coupling frequency is stricken by a naked Hydrogen Nucleus (HNu). This theory therefore implies that the NAE is not inside the metal matrix, but in its immediate neighbourhood. The best candidate atoms for a NAE are listed, based on the energy of their ionization energies. The coincidence with the most common LENR materials appears noteworthy. The Electron Mediated Nuclear Reactions (EMNR) theory can explain also very rapid runaway conditions, radio emissions, biological NAE, and the so called "strange radiation".
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=25
First Author: Cali, G. J.
618. Cammarota, G., et al. A flow calorimeter study of the Ni/H system. in Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 1997.
First Author: Cammarota, G
This paper documents the continuing calorimetric study of the nickel natural hydrogen system at Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bologna, Italy. Our previous unpublished work had already verified anomalous increase in temperature of a nickel sample loaded with sub-atmospheric hydrogen first noted by Piantelli and co-workers. To ensure that such temperature anomalies were not the result of changes in heat transmission, it was decided to investigate the system using a flow calorimeter.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CammarotaGaflowcalor.pdf
First Author: Camp, W. J.
620. Campari, E.G., et al. Ni-H Systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Campari, E. G.
621. Campari, E.G., et al. Photon and particle emission, heat production and surface transformation in Ni-H system. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Campari, E. G.
The results obtained in several experiments on Ni-H system are presented here. Photon emission during the preliminary phases of activation and 1H isotope absorption are shown; their correlation with the kind of surfaces (Ni and its alloys) and with neutron and other particle emission in the excitation progress and in large heat production is also presented. Finally the SEM-EDAX analysis of the sample surfaces after same months of heat production is shown; new elements (not present in the initial analysis) appeared. The concentrations of these elements with atomic number between C and Zn, is compared to the unmodified parts of same samples that remained inside the cell, outside of the activated region.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CampariEGphotonandp.pdf
First Author: Campari, E. G.
We present a surface analysis of nickel alloy rods loaded with hydrogen. By comparing these with a blank (unused) metal rod, morphological differences and a different composition of the surface are observed. These surface modifications follow a spatial distribution along the rod. These results are compared with a previous analysis of similar samples.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CampariEGsurfaceana.pdf
First Author: Campari, E. G.
This is an overview of our experimental activity during the last twelve years. We have been studying the Ni-H system at temperatures of about 700 K. Our investigations have revealed several interesting effects:
a) energy production for long time
b) neutron emission
c) gamma-ray emission
d) charged particles emission
e) appearance of elements other than Ni on the surfaces of Ni samples.
These experiments were performed in several laboratories: the greatest part in Siena but also in Bologna, Colleferro and Pavia. A new laboratory in Colle Val d’Elsa (Siena) will become operative in the summer 2004.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CampariEGoverviewof.pdf
First Author: Campbell, R. B.
625. Campbell, C. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon: A Hypothesis. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Campbell, C.
626. Caneve, L. Characterization of Materials by Means of Laser-Based Techniques (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Caneve, L.
Laser-based techniques are more and more used in the field of materials processing and analysis.
In particular, laser spectroscopic techniques as the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) have been applied to investigate the chemical-physical properties and the morphological structure of several kinds of materials.
Some results in different fields of application are reported.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CaneveLcharacteri.pdf
First Author: Caneve, L.
Laser-based techniques are more and more used in the field of materials processing and analysis. In particular, laser spectroscopic techniques as the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) have been applied to investigate the chemical-physical properties and the morphological structure of several kinds of materials. Some results in different fields of application are reported.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=214
First Author: Cannizzaro, F.
629. Cantwell, R. Update on results as Coolescence, LLC (PowerPoint slides). in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
First Author: Cantwell, R.
Update on results at Coolescence, Inc., in calorimetry, glow discharge and gas flow initiated LENR.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRupdateonre.pdf
First Author: Cantwell, R.
The Storms/Scanlan paper1 presented at the 8th international workshop in Catania described two types of radiation produced in a deuterium glow discharge. One type was thought to be mono energetic electrons in the 0.8 MeV range. A second type of emission, obtained when oxygen was added to the D2, was also described by Storms/Scanlan.
We have produced radiation with similar characteristics to this second type of emission. This radiation has been characterized with GM tubes, absorbers, silicon diode detector, and magnetic deflection. We propose that conventional low energy x-rays would produce behavior consistent with our observations.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRpartialrep.pdf
First Author: Cantwell, R.
We have attempted to replicate Pd-D Co-Deposition charged particle results reported by Mosier-Boss et al. CR-39 pits similar to those reported by Mosier-Boss et al. were found using both in-situ CR-39 and Mylar-protected CR-39. However, CR-39 protected by a combination of Mylar and a small air gap did not show any pits. The electrolyte, as its chemistry changes during the electrolysis, is shown to damage the acrylic cell containing the experiment and to damage an aluminum foil separated from the electrolyte by a Mylar film. This damage together with the absence of pits when a small air gap is added to the Mylar protection suggests chemical reactions may be the source of the observed CR-39 pits.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRsearchforc.pdf
First Author: Cantwell, R.
Claytor tritium since early 90’s: High current, high pressure. This work in this pressure/current/voltage regime
Karabut variety of effects since ‘92: Low pressure, lower current. Reference only - this work does not attempt to replicate Karabut.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRsearchfore.pdf
First Author: Capek, V.
634. Caravella, A., G. Barbieri, and E. Drioli. Concentration polarization in Pd-based membranes for hydrogen separation: modeling and simulation. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Caravella, A.
In this study, a new hydrogen permeation model through Pd-based membranes is developed and used to analyze the role of the concentration polarization. According to this new model, the entire hydrogen permeation process is divided into several elementary steps: multicomponent mass transport in the feed and permeate side, adsorption and desorption on/from the membrane surface, absorption and de-absorption into/from the metal lattice, diffusion through the Pd-based bulk and multicomponent mass transport through an asymmetric multilayered porous support. Each of these steps is modeled by means of some equations whose solution provides as result the value of transmembrane flux and the hydrogen partial pressure profile through the membrane. The influence of each step is evaluated as a function of several operating conditions (membrane thickness, temperature, fluid-dynamic conditions, hydrogen partial pressure on feed and permeate side). The effect of the mass transfer in the feed and permeate side is evaluated in terms of concentration polarization effect by defining an opportune coefficient and analyzing its behaviour in different conditions. As results, the investigation shows that the influence of the polarization can be appreciable even for not so thin membranes and provides some "polarization maps", which are diagrams where the polarization level (in terms of CPC) can be directly visualized and simply estimated once knowing the external operating conditions. Hence, these maps can be very useful in order to predict better the membrane performances and, consequently, reduce the uncertainness during the design step of the membrane modules.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=198
First Author: Cardone, F.
We report the results of neutron measurements carried out during the application of ultrasounds to bars of iron and Steel. Like in our previous similar works with cavitated solutions of iron, neutrons were emitted in bursts and the spectrum of this peculiar emission was measured for the first time. A further and very interesting outcome of these experiments was the unexpected appearance of circular, macroscopical and regular damages on the lateral surface of the bars which was not directly in contact with the sonotrode. The superficial elemental micro-analysis on these spots showed some interesting and macroscopic departures of the concentration of chemical elements from that of the undamaged surface, which may suggest that, along with the emission of neutrons, some transmutations occurred as well.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=204
First Author: Cardone, F.
In two previous papers, we described the equipment and the results of an experiment in which nuclear reactions occurred in a mole of mercury, in a condition of Local Lorentz Invariance breakdown. The elemental analyses performed after the experiment showed the presence of elements which were not part of the setup
before the treatment. However, some of the detected elements were not reported in the results as they needed further analysis. In this final paper, all the elements detected in the above-mentioned experiment are presented along with their concentration measured in the analysed samples. Of particular interest is the presence of some rare earth elements among them.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf#page=7
First Author: Carey, J.
638. Carpenter, J.M., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.
First Author: Carpenter, J. M.
639. Carpinteri, A. and G. Lacidogna. Piezonuclear Reactions in Inert Solids: Neutron Emissions from Brittle Fracture (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Carpinteri, A.
Neutron emission measurements by means of helium-3 neutron detectors were performed on solid test specimens during crushing failure.
The materials used were marble and granite, selected in that they present a different behaviour in compression failure (i.e., a different brittleness index) and a different iron content. All the test specimens were of the same size and shape.
Neutron emissions from the granite test specimens were found to be about one order of magnitude larger than the natural background level at the time of failure. These neutron emissions were caused by piezonuclear reactions that occurred in the granite, but did not occur in the marble.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Carpinteripiezonucle.pdf
First Author: Carpinteri, A.
Neutron emission measurements by means of 3He neutron detectors were performed on solid test specimens during crushing failure. The tests were carried out at the Laboratory of Fracture Mechanics of the Politecnico di Torino. The materials used were marble and granite, selected in that they present a different behaviour in compression failure (i.e., a different brittleness index) and a different iron content. All the test specimens were of the same size and shape. Neutron emissions from the granite test specimens were found to be of about one order of magnitude higher than the natural background level at the time of failure. These neutron emissions should be caused by nucleolysis or piezonuclear "fissions" that occurred in the granite, but did not occur in the marble: Fe 2Al14 2 neutrons. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=68
First Author: Carpinteri, A.
Recent experiments conducted on natural rocks subjected to different mechanical loading conditions have shown energy emissions in the form of neutrons and anomalous chemical changes. In the present study, a numerical model is used to simulate the anomalous nuclear products according to the fission interpretation. Specifically, the reactions were simulated by means of a nuclear lattice model assuming that nucleons are ordered in an antiferromagnetic face-centered-cubic (fcc) array. The simulations indicate that small and middle-sized nuclei can be fractured along weakly bound planes of the lattice structure. It is argued that the simulations provide theoretical support for the experimentally-observed reactions and, moreover, that the probabilities calculated for various low-energy fissions can be used to explain the stepwise changes in the element abundances of the Earth’s crust, evolved from basaltic to sialic composition over geological time.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=156
First Author: Carpinteri, A.
Several evidences of anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in condensed matter have been observed in the phenomena of electrolysis, fracture (solids), and cavitation (liquids). Despite the great amount of experimental results coming from the so-called Cold Nuclear Fusion and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions research activities, the comprehension of these phenomena still remains unanswered. On the other hand, as reported by most of the articles devoted to Cold Nuclear Fusion, one of the principal features is the appearance of micro-cracks on the electrode surfaces after the experiments. In the present paper, a mechanical explanation is proposed considering a new kind of nuclear reactions, the piezonuclear fissions, which are a consequence of hydrogen embrittlement of the electrodes during electrolysis. The experimental activity was conducted using a Ni–Fe anode and a Co–Cr cathode immersed in a potassium carbonate solution. Emissions of neutrons and alpha particles were measured during the experiments and the electrode compositions were analyzed both before and after the electrolysis, recognizing the effects of piezonuclear fissions occurring in the host lattices. The symmetrical fission of Ni appears to be the main and most evident feature. Such reaction would produce two Si atoms or two Mg atoms with additional fragments as alpha particles.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=169
First Author: Carson, A. W.
644. Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Proton Transfer Between Pd/H and Pd/Pt/H Electrodes. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 1324.
First Author: Carson, A. W.
645. Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladium/Platinum Alloys. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 363.
First Author: Carson, A. W.
646. Carstens, D.H.W. and W.R. David, Equilibrium Measurements in the Beta Region of Palladium Protide and Palladium Deuteride. 1989: Los Alamos.
First Author: Carstens, D. H. W.
647. Carstens, D.H.W., An Apparatus for Studies of Hydrogen Isotope Exchange over Metals Using Laser-Raman Spectroscopy. 1990: Los Alamos.
First Author: Carstens, D. H. W.
648. Case, M. and R. Boehm. Assessment of thermal energy output from electrochemical cells - a critical review. in HDT (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.) 151 (Heat Transfer Adv. Energy Syst.). 1990.
First Author: Case, M.
649. Case, L.C., The reality of 'cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 478.
First Author: Case, L. C.
650. Case, L.C. Catalytic Fusion of Deuterium into Helium-4. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Case, L. C.
Long empirical study has defined one specific set of experimental conditions under which D2 reproducibly undergoes nuclear fusion under mild laboratory conditions. Gaseous D2 is contacted with a supported metallic catalyst at superatmospheric pressure, and about 130-300° C. The catalyst is a platinum-group metal, at about 1/2% to 1% by weight, on activated carbon. Pd, Pt, Ir and Rh all work, and Ru has not been carefully studied yet. (Pd is preferred). This type of PGM on activated carbon is one of the standard heterogeneous catalysts employed in the chemical industry, but the useful range of PGM content is much narrower than is known to be generally useful. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CaseLCcatalyticf.pdf
First Author: Case, L. C.
652. Castagna, E., et al. Surface plasmons and low-energy nuclear reactions triggering. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Castagna, E.
653. Castagna, E., et al. Metallurgical characterization of Pd electrodes employed in calorimetric experiments under electrochemical deuterium loading. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Castagna, E.
A systematic approach has been followed in the production and characterization of Pd foils to be used in excess heat production experiments. Starting with a metal foil as supplied, palladium samples have been fabricated and characterized in a step by step process, and then subjected to electrolysis deuterium loading. The characterized metallurgical properties include the main grain size, the grain boundary, the material Vickers hardness, and the crystal grain orientation. Electrochemical properties that are recorded include the D/Pd loading ratio and the D/Pd low current loading ratio. A suitable correlation parameter has been defined and correlations have been found between excess heat production and individual properties; i.e. the mean grain size, grain boundary, material hardness, crystal grain orientation, deuterium loading and low-current deuterium loading level.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CastagnaEmetallurgi.pdf
First Author: Castagna, E.
The change of the electronic density of metallic Pd due to the hydride formation and to the build-up of the double layer, rising at the metal-dielectric interface when an electric field is applied, is involved in the variation of the metal dielectric function. A model including also metal surface roughness has been developed to take into account such modifications.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CastagnaEinteractio.pdf
First Author: Castagna, E.
The change of the electronic density of metallic Pd due to the hydride formation and to the build-up of the double layer, rising at the metal-dielectric interface when an electric field is applied, is involved in the variation of the metal dielectric function. A model including also metal surface roughness has been developed to take into account such modifications.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=188
First Author: Castagna, E.
The reproducibility of anomalous excess heat production during electro-chemical deuterium permeation of Pd cathodes has been recently observed1 to be strongly correlated with the palladium surface properties (easy loading at low current, crystal grain distribution, crystallographic orientation, and surface morphology). The understanding of the physical mechanism that is responsible for such observed correlation is very challenging and it is complicated further by the fact that the different features are not, in principle, independent each from the other. In this work, the experimental results concerning the correlation of the excess heat production with the cathode surface properties are reviewed and some possible connections of the observed effects with the deuterium kinetics inside the palladium and the electromagnetic interactions at the metal/electrolyte interface are discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=55
First Author: Castano, C. H.
658. Castano, C.H., et al. Calorimetric Measurements During Pd-Ni Thin Film-cathodes Electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O Solution. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Castano, C. H.
A sensitive open-type calorimeter was used to measure excess heat production during electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O solution with Pt-anode and Pd-Ni thin film cathodes 9000 Ĺ thick, sputtered on Al2O3 substrate. In order to estimate the actual performance and possible measurement errors during electrolysis in the calorimeter used, including heat convection, bubbling and possible H2+O2 recombination, smooth Pt sheets were used as cathodes in special reference runs. It is shown that the Alumina/ Pd-Ni sample that survived during electrolysis achieved excess heat production of 20-25% of the input power (equivalent to 300 ± 30 mW).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CastanoCHcalorimetr.pdf
First Author: Castellan, G. W.
660. Castellano, et al. Nuclear Transmutation in Deutered Pd Films Irradiated by an UV Laser. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Castellano
ABSTRACT Nuclear transmutation results in palladium films loaded with deuterium gas and processed by an excimer laser are reported. Vacuum evaporation was utilised to obtain palladium films on Si wafers. The films were inserted in chambers with deuterium gas at a variable pressure up to 5 bar. During the UV laser processing the maximum irradiating energy density was lower than 50 mJ/cm in order to avoid the ablation of the palladium films. The samples were analysed by a scanning electron microscope and an electron probe microanalyzer. After the experiments, we found that the Pd films was modified. They presented many cracks and bubbles with very sharp edges. In the bubbles the transmutation of elements was observed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Castellanonucleartra.pdf
First Author: Catlett, D. S.
662. Cau, A., Natural nuclear synthesis of superheavy elements (SHE). J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 155.
First Author: Cau, A.
663. CBS, 60 Minutes, Cold Fusion is Hot Again. 2009.
First Author: CBS
664. Cecil, F.E., et al., Measurement and Application of DD-gamma, DT-gamma and D He -gamma Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. 10-11: p. 411.
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
665. Cecil, F.E., D.M. Cole, and F.J. Wilkinson, Measurement and Application of DDg, DTg and D3Heg Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1985. 10/11: p. 411.
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
666. Cecil, F.E., et al. Observation of Charged-Particle Bursts from Deuterium-Loaded Thin-Titanium Foils. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
667. Cecil, F.E., et al., Study of energetic charged particles emitted from thin deuterated palladium foils subject to high current densities. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 195.
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
668. Cecil, F.E. and G.M. Hale. Measurement of D-D and D-6Li Nuclear Reactions at Very Low Energies. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
The nuclear reactions of very low energy deuterons (down to center-of-mass energies of 2 keV) with deuterons and 6Li have been measured. The measured D-D reactions are in good with agreement recent R-matrix calculations. The reaction ratios D(d,p)T/D(d,n)3He and 6Li(d,p)7Li/6Li(d,α)4He in particular were examined for possible evidence of an Oppenheimer-Phillips type enhancement. No significant enhancement was found in either ratio or in the absolute yields of the reactions. The radiative capture reactions D(d,γ)4He and 6Li(d,γ)8Be were likewise measured. The branching ratios of these radiative capture reactions to the nucleonic branches of the reactions appear roughly independent of energy. The role of these reactions in the production of heat in cold-fusion experiments is evaluated.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CecilFEmeasuremenb.pdf
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
670. Cecil, F.E., H. Liu, and C.S. Galovich. Energetic Charged Particles from Deuterium Metal Systems. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Cecil, F. E.
We report on measurements made a number of years ago of energetic charged particles which were emitted from deuterium metal systems subject to non-equilibrium conditions of temperatures and electric currents. These measurements include (i) thin Titanium foils deuterated at moderately high temperatures in a deuterium atmosphere and then monitored as they were cycled from LN2 to room temperatures; (ii) charged particle detection of Ti foils exposed to a deuterium glow discharge; and (iii) observation of charged particles from Ti foils following bombardment with energetic deuterium ions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CecilFEenergeticc.pdf
First Author: Cedzynska, K.
672. Cedzynska, K., et al., Tritium analysis in palladium with an open system analytical procedure. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 108.
First Author: Cedzynska, K.
673. Cedzynska, K. and F.G. Will, Closed-system analysis of tritium in palladium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 156.
First Author: Cedzynska, K.
674. Celani, F., et al., Preliminary Measurements on Electrolytic Cold Fusion at Underground Gran Sasso Laboratory. 1989.
First Author: Celani, F.
675. Celani, F., et al. Measurements in the Grans Sasso Laboratory: Evidence for Nuclear Effects in Electrolysis With Pd/Ti and Different Tests with Deuterium Hight-Temperature Superconductors. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Celani, F.
676. Celani, F., et al., Further measurements on electrolytic cold fusion with D2O and palladium at Gran Sasso Laboratory. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 718.
First Author: Celani, F.
677. Celani, F., et al. Search for Neutron Emission from Deuterided High Temperature Superconductors in a Very Low Background Environment. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Celani, F.
Following the experiments performed with deuterided High Temperature SuperConductors (HTSC) at underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, we have learnt the capacity to absorb Deuterium (D) by these materials and the role played by non-equilibrium conditions to get neutron burst emissions in the framework of Cold Fusion.
So far, some Y1Ba2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) pellets and high pressure D2 gas were enclosed in a stainless steal vessel and a charging-up procedure was performe d. The vessel was put in a thermal neutrons field and some thermal cycles (300-> 77-> 300 K) were performed; moreover, for comparison, background and blank runs were performed. A specific acquisition system, able to detect multiple neutron signals in defmed time-windows ("time correlated events"), was set-up. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=128
First Author: Celani, F.
After Takahashi reported large excess heat with pulsed electrolysis, we built a gas-closed flow calorimeter to perform pulsed current electrolysis. Blank tests using Au plate cathodes were carried out to characterize the system. Four cold-worked Pd sheets were tested, and two of them produced 7.5% and 6% mean excess heat for many weeks. The others Pd sheets did not produce excess heat in most tests, although one of them, after deuterium reloading, produced up to 25% excess heat, but only for few hours. Tritium analysis was carried out and some coincidence between tritium production and excess heat was found.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFmeasuremena.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
680. Celani, F., et al. High Power µs Pulsed Electrolysis for Large Deuterium Loading on Pd Plates. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Celani, F.
An high peak current (up to 100 A) and a very short pulse (1 microsecond) generator was used to perform electrolysis in D2O-LiOD solution using a Pd sheet as a cathode and a Pt net as an anode. This high power pulse (up to 50 KW) can be rated up to 20 KHz.
Very high D/Pd values (up to about 1:1) has been reached with any cold-worked Pd sheets used. A very hard sheet (about 300 Hv) has generated an excess heat of the order of 15% for a long time (some weeks).
Some considerations about the metallurgy of electrodes are performed and an effort is made to correlate the excess heat with metallurgical parameters, over-voltage and surface resistance.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceeding.pdf#page=497
First Author: Celani, F.
682. Celani, F., et al. Numerical Simulation of Deuterium Loading Profile in Palladium and Palladium Alloy Plates From Experimental Data Obtained Using µs Pulsed Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Celani, F.
Various palladium cathodes hav e been studied to determine the i nfluence of metallurgy and surface treatment o n deuterium loading. In this paper we apply a numerical solution to the appropriate differential equation to calculate the time dependent local deuterium concentration i n side the plates. We use experimentally determined deuterium coefficients for the alpha, beta and gamma phases.
We find the highest concentration gradient in the case of oxidized samples.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=212
First Author: Celani, F.
A systematic study about deuterium loading in palladium has been performed. Palladium cold worked plates and palladium alloy plates have been used as comparison. A proper plate surface oxidation has been performed and anomalous absorption rates have been measured. A high peak current (15 A), short width pulse (duration 1 μs) electrolysis technique has been used to test all cathode plates and it is visible that this technique permits to reach very high D/Pd loading values (around 1/1 or even more for palladium). At the beginning of the loading, in close relation with the anomalous absorption rate, a bump of excess heat has been measured in two similar oxidized surface palladium plates. All these tests show that the loading is completely reproducible.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFstudyofdeu.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Abstract In this paper we describe an electrolytic experiment aimed at reaching high deuterium concentration gradients in palladium wires, using the electromigration effect.
We will describe the selection criteria of experimental parameters and we will show results of our loading and c alorimetric measurements. These tests reveal that a high mean value of D/Pd has been reached in a short time and that there is a correlation between an anomalous heat emissio n and an electric resistivity 'transition" of the overloaded palladium.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=73
First Author: Celani, F.
Electrolyses of long and thin Pd (and PdY alloy) wires, in dilute solutions of LiOD-D20 and LiOHH20 at large operating voltages, were made. An innovative kind of geometrical set-up to improve the efficiency of electromigration effect in proton conductors was developed: the usual "single-ended" geometry at the most cathodic point of the wire changed to the "central wire" geometry. The detected excess heat seems to be related to: (HID) isotopic effect, lattice characteristics, geometrical set-up, dynamic variation of concentration inside Pd wire, anode-cathode and inter-cathodic voltages.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=108
First Author: Celani, F.
We performed an ultra-short width high voltage pulse electrolysis using a Pd thin wire cathode; a diluted electrolytic solution of D2P+LiOD was used in a peculiar wire-turned electrodes geometry.
The deuterated Pd loading was evaluated by the D/Pd normalized electric resistance curve (R/Ro). After a long time of electrolysis a very high D/Pd loading (1:1 or more) was reached.
Very low R/Ro (<0.1) Pd wire was measured after switching of electrolysis and this effect lasted for several minutes. The deuterium deloading occurred in several typologies (fast and slow terms) showed as a resistance transition on the Pd wire.
This effect can be related to a peculiar surface structural condition.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFobservatio.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
A high-current (up to 100 A), short-pulse (1-μs duration) electrolysis technique is presented that permits high loading (D/Pd up to 1.2) of deuterium in palladium cathodes. Several different cold-worked palladium plates were used as cathodes, and some underwent surface treatments (oxidation or addition of intermetallic compounds). The surface-treated plates showed atypical deuterium absorption dynamics, and the D/Pd loading ratio exceeded 1. Moreover, during initial loading, these cathodes showed anomalous excess heat (up to 80%) far greater than the absorption enthalpy. The pure palladium surface plates did not show this effect.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFreproducib.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
We describe room-temperature hydrogen and deuterium loading of palladium wires by means of pulsed electrolysis and the electromigration effect. The D/Pd atomic ratio has been measured by means of the dependence of the resistivity upon the D/Pd ratio. Values of the D/Pd ratio up to 0.95 or even higher have been reached in short times. A correlation between an anomalous temperature rise and a resistivity "transition" of the overloaded palladium clearly appears.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFdeuteriumo.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
690. Celani, F., et al. Preliminary Results with "Cincinnati Group Cell" on Thorium "Transmutation" under 50 Hz AC Excitation. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Celani, F.
We give the procedure and the results of experiments performed with a standard "Cincinnati Group Cell", aimed to observe possible "transmutation" of Th in other elements via an AC electrolytic process. Three techniques have been used to avoid bias due to spurious effects: uradiometry, ICPIMS and ICP/optical, looking at difference between initial and final solution and between blank (no Th) and black (with Th) processed solutions. We found deficit of Th after process and new elements produced. The results are still not conclusive on transmutation and we discuss arguments in favour and against the transmutation hypothesis. We clarify the critical points of the measurement techniques, adding some suggestions to improve the reliability of results in future measurements.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=56
First Author: Celani, F.
It will be shown, using long and thin wires of Pd, that the Electromigration is a powerful tool to increase the H(D) loading in Pd only, and only if, some proper experimental set-up and conditions are fulfilled. Some of key interrelated parameters are: wire diameter, effective wire temperature, strong barriers at most and less cathodic side, anode-cathode and intercathodic voltages, current densities, proper impurities on the Pd surface, ageing effects.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFtheeffecto.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
693. Celani, F., et al. The Effect of Gamma-Bet Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in ICCF7, Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Celani, F.
694. Celani, F., A study on the electrochemistry parameters to achieve reproducible high H/Pd and D/Pd vlues in relation to anomalous excess heat: proteobacteria contamination problematics. 1999.
First Author: Celani, F.
695. Celani, F., et al. High Hydrogen Loading into Thin Palladium Wires through Precipitate of Alkaline-Earth Carbonate on the Surface of Cathode: Evidence of New Phases in the Pd-H System and Unexpected Problems Due to Bacteria Contamination in the Heavy-Water. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Celani, F.
A new procedure has been developed at INFN Frascati Laboratory in order to achieve a very high Hydrogen or Deuterium electrolytic loading into a long and thin Palladium wire. This technique consists in the addition of a very small amount of alkaline-earth elements into a very diluted acidic solution. Because of enhancing pH values around the cathode, during the electrolysis, carbonates are able to precipitate onto the cathode’s surface forming a thin layer which strongly increases the Pd loading; a computer simulation has been developed to find out the proper working conditions for the carbonates precipitation. Loading results of Hydrogen were excellent (H/Pd1). The evidence of a new phase in the Pd-H system was inferred from the basis of the variation of the thermal resistivity coefficient of the Pd wire as a function of the H/Pd ratio. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFhighhydrog.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Abstract The insoluble powder recovered at the bottom of our electrolytic cell, after several electrolytic deuterium loading/deloading cycles, was analysed by an ICP-MS analyser. The electrolyte was constituted of a deuterated hydro-alcoholic solution; Sr and Hg salts were added to such a solution at micromolar concentration; the cathode was a long and thin Pd wire. The ICP-MS analyses of the insoluble powder were motivated from the recent results of Y. Iwamura and collaborators at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-Research Center (Yokohama, Japan) showing reproducible "transmutation" of Sr into Mo (isotopic composition different from natural one) and Cs into Pr, when a special multilayer Pd sheet was subjected to a prolonged Deuterium gas flowing. Some of our results look partially in agreement with Y. Iwamura report. Other unexpected elements were also detected with an isotopic distribution close to the natural one. The production of stable isotopes by Selective Channel Photofission, according to the model of A.Takahashi (Osaka University, Japan), can help for nderstanding. Further works, hopefully also from other Laboratories, are needed to clarify these kinds of results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFunexpected.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires. Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because "normal contamination" of deuterated liquids.
Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before.
We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFevidenceof.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Taking in considerations the several effects of new kinds of bacteria living in heavy water (discovered by us in 1999), from the point of view of Deuterium (D) overloading inside Palladium (Pd), it was developed (since June 2001) a new kind of electrolyte based on mixture of alcohol and water (both heavy) with proper addition of Strontium (Sr) and Mercury (Hg) salts in an acidic environment (DCl, D2SO4): all these procedure according to what developed from our group since 1996 for H2O solutions (without H2SO4) and, since 2000, for light water-alcohol (with H2SO4). It was found excess heat (by high accuracy flow calorimeter) and excess Tritium (T) production (by low background T measurement instrumentation) only when the loading ratio was quite high and some movements to D inside Pd was performed.
Efforts will be done to increase the absolute values of such experimental results, in the near future.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFelectrochea.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires. Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because "normal contamination" of deuterated liquids.
Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before.
We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFevidenceofa.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Discussed in this paper is the evolution of work that started by using the M. Fleischmann and S. Pons method and ended by using thin palladium wires electrolyzed in an electrolyte consisting of slightly acidic heavy alcohol-water solution containing thorium (Th) and mercury (Hg) salts at micromolar concentrations. The resulting large and dynamic loading of the Pd wires was studied. The recent use of thorium instead of strontium resulted in thermal anomalies and detection of new elements in larger amounts. The results with Sr are qualitatively in agreement with what was found by Y. Iwamura (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) using multilayers of Pd-CaO-Pd-Sr in flowing deuterium gas. Most results seem to be in agreement with a "multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons" model recently developed by A.Takahashi (Osaka University).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFthermaland.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
702. Celani, F., et al. The Effect of -Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Celani, F.
703. Celani, F. Toward the use of nanoparticles for stable excess heat in Pd-D system: progress report at INFN-LNF. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.
First Author: Celani, F.
Since 2003, we suspected and later get evidence that nanostructures (or fractals) at the surface of Pd make a key role in obtaining anomalous effects in Pd-D system, both of nuclear (like transmutations) and/or thermal origin.
We presented several papers, at JCF, Asti and ICCF Conferences which aim was to explore the role of nanometric Palladium. We developed a (complex) procedure to oxidise-produce fractals/holes at Pd wire surface, during electrolysis. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFtowardtheu.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Large excess heat is measured in a Pd wire coated with nano-particles. A long (65 cm) and thin (50 μm) Pd wire is coated with thin layers of Pd nano-particles, stabilized against self-sintering by the addition of selected chemical elements: the coating is adhered to the wire surface by heating it in air up to about 800°C. The wire is then heated with up to 1 A of direct current in a pressurized D2 gas atmosphere. The D+ deuterons in the Pd lattice are forced to move toward the cathodic end of the wire because of the voltage drop along the wire (the Cöhn effect). Large excess power density (about 400 W/g of Pd), at high temperatures (up to 400-500°C), is then measured using isoperibolic calorimetry. The reference experiment is made, in situ and without opening the cell, using a Pt wire of same dimensions as the Pd wire, to which was applied the same electrical power. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFdeuteronel.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
1) Improved measurements on "Washington type" reactor (P<10bar; max wires temp. 500°C; reactor SS wall temperature <;40°C): main results of ICCF14 confirmed (i.e. anomalous excess power, stable over time, up to 400W/g Pd).
2) Experiments on HP (60bar)-HT (600°C) reactor wall are still in progress: experienced heavy problems coming out because degassing impurities (especially S, P) from SS (304, 316) used in the reactor wall. The scavenger effect of H2 (and D2) on SS makes the impurities problem quite difficult to be overcome. For such reasons we designed and build a new, multilayer (SS/Cu 3N), reactor that is now under the stage of final test.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFtowardsahi.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
There were improved measurements on our reactor presented at ICCF14 (2008): long-thin Pd wires with surfaces nano-coated by multi-layers of several elements, D2 at P<10bar; wires temp. <500°C; SS reactor wall temperature <100°C; longitudinal current density up to 45 kA/cm2 (voltage drop up to 70V); transversal electric field up to 700V/cm. Previous ICCF14 results confirmed: anomalous excess power, stable over time and power cycling, up to 400 W/g of Pd. Made a new experiment with D2-Ar mixture: demonstrated the role of high temperatures (into "nano" Pd-D) to enhance production of anomalous thermal effects. The combined effects of high concentration and mobility of D inside Pd seem the key points to get them: models based on High Temperature BEC Nuclear Fusion (Kim, Premuda) fits several of our experimental results. Experiments on the planned (new) High Pressure (60 bar) High Temperature (>600 °C) reactor wall are still in progress: experienced heavy problems coming out because degassing of impurities (specially S, P) from SS (304, 316) used in the reactor wall. The scavenger effect of H2 (and D2) on SS and other materials makes the impurities problem quite difficult to be overcome: designed and build a new, multiple layer wall (SS/Cu 3N), reactor that is now under the stage of final test.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=126
First Author: Celani, F.
Nell’ambito degli studi volti ad evidenziare eventuali anomalie di tipo termico (e/o nucleare) nei sistemi Metallo-Idrogeno (e/o Deuterio), studi che rientrano nella fenomenologia nota (dal 2002) con la sigla CMNS (Condensed Matter Nuclear Science), č divenuta sempre piů palese l’importanza che ricoprono sistemi nanostrutturati per poter ottenere, in opportune condizioni di temperatura e pressione, fenomeni anomali riconducibili a processi NON di origine chimica e fisica convenzionale.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFsviluppodi.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
In the framework of studies devoted to detect thermal and/or nuclear anomalies during the close interactions of H2 and/or D2 with Hydrogen-absorbing materials (e.g. Pd, Ni, Ti, Th, U, Fe, rare-earths, pure and their alloys), since March 2011, we made several experiments with a specific commercial alloy (ISOTAN 44 from Isabellenhutte, Germany) with nominal composition: Cu55-Ni44-Mn1.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFexperiment.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
We presents some improvements on the reactor presented at ICCF14 (Washington DC, August 2008): use of long-thin Pd wires with nano-coated surfaces by multi-layers of several elements, loading with D2 at pressure <10 bar; wires temperatures >500°C; Stainless Steel (SS) reactor wall temperature <100°C; current density along Pd up to 45 kA/cm2; voltage drop along the Pd wire up to 70 V. Mainly, the Pd wire temperature was increased up to 750°C and was improved the temperature detection of anomalous excess heat, if any, using a SS shielded type-K thermocouple: it was put inside a small Cu tube, used as thermal equalizer, where, at the outer surface, both the "active" Pd wire and the "reference" Pt were twisted. The overall results were in agreement with that obtained in 2008 experiments and they confirm the positive effect of high temperatures in increasing the amount of anomalous energy gain. In both the experiments the fast and simple isoperibolic calorimetry was used. Main gas adopted were: He and He (60%)-Ar(40%) mixture, both for calibration purposes; D2 and D2(60%)-Ar(40%) as potentially active gas.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensede.pdf#page=33
First Author: Celani, F.
Outline and motivations
1) Path of HT anomalies: from Langmuir (W&H2) to nano-Constantan.
2) Proof, by calibration experiments with Pt wires (different diameters, gases, pressures, power), that main results obtained on 2012 with surface-treated Constant wires, were right. Focused on not-dependence of Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE) on pressure variations inside the transparent glass reactor: reconfirmed and reinforced previous calibration data (June 2012) using He.
3) Evidence of unexpected water splitting phenomena, under vacuum, by "nanodiamandoids-coated" Constantan. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFfurtherpro.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
This study shows in detail how even a low cost material, like commercial Cu-Ni-Mn alloy (named Konstantan or ISOTAN 44), as far its surface is properly modified from the point of view of dimensionality, can be used as material able to produce anomalous heat effects due to close interaction with Hydrogen (or Deuterium, but at lower intensity) at high temperature. This work is supported by Enel Engineering and Innovation SpA, Via Andrea Pisano 120, 56122, Pisa (Italy), ORIM SpA, Via Concordia 65, 62100 Macerata (Italy) and Kresenn Ltd, 5a Frascati Way, SL6 4UY, Maidenhead (United Kingdom).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFexperimenta.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
This article is an extension of what presented by our team at 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion, ICCF-17, in Daejon, Korea, in 2012 [1]. It documents the improvements on Constantan-related experiments, started in 2011, in order to study the feasibility of new Nickel based alloys that are able to absorb proper amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and/or Deuterium (D2) and that have, in principle, some possibility to generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100°C. The interest in Ni comes in part because there is the possibility to use also H2 instead of expensive D2. Moreover, cross-comparison of results using H2 instead of D2 can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (atomic, nuclear, super-chemical origin?) due to the use of such isotopes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFimprovedun.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Abstract -- Starting in February 2011, we studied the feasibility of new Nickel based alloys that are able to absorb proper amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and/or Deuterium D2) and that have, in principle, some possibility to generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100°C. The interest in Ni comes in part because there is the possibility to use H2 instead of expensive D2. Reports by F. Piantelli (since 1992), G. Miley (about 1995), M. Patterson, F. Celani (since 2010) and, overall, claims by A. Rossi and (later on) by Defkalion Company, could be further investigated. Moreover, cross-comparison of results using Hydrogen instead of Deuterium can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (nuclear origin?) because use of such isotopes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFcunimnallo.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Abstract -- Starting in February 2011, we studied the feasibility of new Nickel based alloys that are able to absorb proper amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and/or Deuterium D2) and that have, in principle, some possibility to generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100°C. The interest in Ni comes in part because there is the possibility to use H2 instead of expensive D2. Reports by F. Piantelli (since 1992), G. Miley (about 1995), M. Patterson, F. Celani (since 2010) and, overall, claims by A. Rossi and (later on) by Defkalion Company, could be further investigated. Moreover, cross-comparison of results using Hydrogen instead of Deuterium can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (nuclear origin?) because use of such isotopes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFcunimnalloa.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
Since 2011, we introduced into LENR field, the use of a Constantan (Cnst) alloy to absorb/adsorb proper amounts of H2 or D2 and to generate thermal anomalies even at low temperatures (>200?C). We developed a reactor with a core of sub-micrometric layered Cnst wires that produced measurable excess power (almost reproducible). Subsequently, we used fiberglass sheaths as electrical insulation and found out that this material actually improves reactor performance. In the most recent configuration, we studied the effects of adding Fe nanolayers to the Cnst wires and of including several small knots along their extension, actions that resulted in a larger excess power that grew with increasing wire temperature. We detected a new electric effect: the generation of spontaneous voltage between the ends of a floating wire in the reactor. We performed tests to study results in agreement with Inverse Rydberg Matter model by L. Holmlid.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=37
First Author: Celani, F.
This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam’s razor to the Maxwell’s equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple and intuitive concepts, the origin of the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of mass and inertia. The Zitterbewegung model of the electron is also proposed as the best suited theoretical framework to study the structure of Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD), the origin of anomalous heat in metal–hydrogen systems and the possibility of existence of "super-chemical" aggregates at Compton scale.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=44
First Author: Celani, F.
This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung (ZBW) model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam's razor to Maxwell's equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple and intuitive concepts, the origin of the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of mass and inertia. A ZBW model of the electron is also proposed as the best suited theoretical framework to study the structure of Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD), the origin of anomalous heat in metal--hydrogen systems and the possibility of existence of ``super-chemical'' aggregates at Compton scale.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf#page=82
First Author: Celani, F.
In this paper a straightforward application of Occam's razor principle to Maxwell's equation shows that only one entity, the electromagnetic four-potential, is at the origin of a plurality of concepts and entities in physics. The application of the so called ``Lorenz gauge'' in Maxwell's equations \emph {denies the status of real physical entity} to a scalar field that has a gradient in space-time with clear physical meaning: the four-current density field. The mathematical formalism of space-time Clifford algebra is introduced and then used to encode Maxwell's equations starting only from the electromagnetic four-potential. This approach suggests a particular \emph{Zitterbewegung} (ZBW) model for charged elementary particles.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf#page=106
First Author: Celani, F.
At INFN-LNF, starting in 2011, we have investigated the behavior of the Constantan (Cst) alloy (Cu55Ni44Mn1; ISOTAN44) with hydrogen and/or deuterium (H2/D2) absorption and the generation of anomalous excess heat (AHE) at high temperatures (i.e. >200?C). To further improve the intrinsic, excellent catalytic proprieties of Cst in H2 ?2H dissociation, we subjected the surface to repeated cycling of "flash" oxidation (pulsed power up to 20 kVA/g), obtaining sub-micrometric particles of mixed composition (Cst–NiOx–CuOy–CuxNiyOz) and reducing deleterious self-sintering problems with nano-materials at high temperatures. Despite the fact that results with thin, long wires (F = 200 µm, l = 100 cm) were generally positive and excess power (10–20%) was frequently recorded (5–10 W at 50 W input), reproducibility remained unsatisfactory. Later, we realized that iron impurities (up to 1% in the old, pre-1970 batch of Cst) enhanced AHE generation, especially atT > 500?C. Since 2014, we added Fe(NO3)3 solutions both to the Cst sub-micrometric surfaces (during flash oxidation process),and to borosilicate glass sheaths (SIGI-Fabier; micrometric fibers, previously wetted-dried with Sr(NO3)2 solution) where wires were inserted (as electrical insulation). Recently, we adopted the methodology of making several knots along wires (holes 150–200 µm), later coated multiple times with an iron solution. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf#page=15
First Author: Celani, F.
OUTLINE
A) Short resume of key motivations to make knots with Constantan (Cu55Ni44Mn1) wires (long and thin), surface modified down to submicron dimensionality. Wires (initial diameter of 100 and 200 ?m) powered by proper amounts of current, to increases locally the temperature (up to 900°C), with related gradients of Hydrogen (or Deuterium) concentration. Mainly discussed at ICCF21 (Colorado State University; June 3-8 , 2018). . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFeffectsofs.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
In 2011, we introduced the use of constantan alloy in LENR, in the form of long and thin wires as a hydrogen dissociation promoter. We disclosed for the first time the reason for the choice of such material at IWAHLM-12 Workshop (2017), hypothesizing it was the initiator of the reaction in Andrea Rossi’s experiment. We developed a specific treatment to increase the dimensionality of wire surface through the application of high peak power pulses. The wire is inserted in fiberglass . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=61
First Author: Celani, F.
Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE) have been observed in wires of Cu55Ni44Mn1 (Constantan) exposed to H2 and D2 in multiple experiments during the last eight years. Improvements in the magnitude and reproducibility of AHE, and improvements in wire preparation and reactor design were reported by the authors in the present and previous papers. The oxidation of the wires by pulses of electrical current in air creates a rough surface featuring a sub-micrometric texture that proves particularly effective at inducing thermal anomalies when temperature exceeds 400?C. This effect appears also to be increased substantially by deposing segments of the wire with a series of elements (such as Fe, Sr, Mn, K, via thermal decomposition of their nitrates applied from a water solution). Furthermore, an increase of AHE was observed after placing the treated wires inside a sheath made of borosilicate glass (B–Si–Ca; BSC), and even more after impregnating the sheath with the same elements used to coat the wires. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzc.pdf#page=30
First Author: Celani, F.
This paper presents a summary and some deeper details about the experiments presented at the 22nd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF22). It reports on the experimental study of LENR phenomena in Constantan (Cu55Ni44Mn1) from its inception in 2011 to the most recent experiments. Using an empirical approach we identified the effect of surface modification of the Constantan wires with coatings comprised of elements that enhance the absorption behavior, and oxides with low work function for electron emission. We also explored certain geometrical arrangements of the wires such as knots and coils in order to induce local thermal gradients and predictable hot-spots. Moreover, the DC polarization of the wires by a counter-electrode proved to be a versatile approach to induce non-equilibrium conditions that are essential for Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE), especially when a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is produced. From the review of experiments summarized in this article, we obtain indications that the main parameter controlling the AHE is the flux of reactive species through the surface of the loaded material. As a consequence, all other external conditions of the reactor core (voltage–current, temperature, pressure, electric field stimulations, DC and/or AC external fields), can be seen as co-factors that enable a flux of active species through surfaces and in the bulk of the materials. Although most of the tests are in agreement with a possible flux model, some results still lack an interpretation, probably due to limits of the experimental setup.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=52
First Author: Celani, F.
At National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Frascati National Laboratories (INFN-LNF)-Italy, studies about Cold Fusion started on March 26, 1989. We found, since the beginning, that non-equilibrium situations are key-factors to get any "anomalous effect" (thermal/nuclear): mostly, they are forced reactions, not spontaneous.
The present abstract is: A) "updating" of what will be presented by us at ICCF24 (July, 24-28, 2022); B) upgrading about explanation of AHE origin; C) addition of the most recent results (if any).
The document is on the line of efforts to find simple procedures to activate the specific material we developed (since 2011; based on surface-modified Constantan, shape of long-thin wires, Joule heating) that are able to produce measurable values of AHE after proper conditioning. The main origin of AHE seems reconfirmed, in agreement with the initial (some since 1989) results of Researchers in USA, Japan, Italy: the FLUX of Hydrogen (or Deuterium) through specific lattice structures seems to be the main origin of AHE.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFfurtherres.pdf
First Author: Celani, F.
This paper is mostly based on our presentation given at the 23rd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF23) held at Xiamen University (XMU)-PRC on June 9-11, 2021. Upon the suggestion of the Conference Organizers, we added a detailed explanation of our procedures; moreover, we included the latest results and data from our recently published papers. In the framework of LENR-AHE (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction - Anomalous Heat Effects) studies, since 2021, we have been focused on innovative, low-cost materials instead of the usual, precious metal palladium. We found that the Cu-Ni alloy, known as Constantan (also used for J-type thermocouple construction), has the peculiarity of being able to easily dissociate H2 (or D2) from molecular
to an atomic state. While the catalytic feature appears at a rather low temperature (150 ?C), Constantan is also able to store atomic hydrogen within its lattice and/or at surfaces, up to temperature of 700-800 ?C, and in a wide range of pressures. Thanks to our long experience (since 1994) with wires, we designed various experiments that take advantage of such specific shapes, namely in terms of electromigration of absorbed and adsorbed H, under a suitable longitudinal electric field (0.4-2.5 V/cm), DC and/or pulsed. In 1995 we got noticeable results using Pd wires in electrolytic environments (D2O) at mild temperatures (40-60 ?C). Later on, in some experiments, we used even gaseous environments at high temperatures (up to 700-800 ?C). . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=418
First Author: Celani, F.
This presentation summarizes the work that followed the previous ANV11 Workshop. The "goal" of these workshops is having exchanges the attending Researchers who are invited to submit questions for 10 days after the date of the presentation. This interchange with peers is used to improve the notes and the presentation material that are made available soon afterward. This his presentation concerns the improvement of the procedures used to estimate the magnitude of the thermal anomalies. In particular, we report an evaluation of the «anomalous heat excess» (AHE), at varying input power, made by an improved "thermometry", a technique that despite its limitations, allows to perform fast measurements. Thus, particularly useful for the initial screening of controlling parameters. We briefly discuss this calorimetric procedure which requires calibration runs at the beginning of the experiments, and before introducing active gases (H2, D2). To prevent and check the absence of the well-known artifacts that may affect this technique, we also perform measurements in gases featuring different thermal conductivity (such as Argon and Helium) or at low pressure (where the thermal conductivity of the gas phase reaches its minimum). After the calibrations, and accuracy testing with Helium, Argon, or vacuum, we discuss the outcome of experiments where the constantan wires are heated with alternating currents (AC) of different waveform or shape. In the specific, we report the investigation of unipolar type alternating currents. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFanupdateon.pdf
First Author: Cellucci, F.
Abstract The energy balance between heat excess and 4He in the gas phase has been found reasonably satisfied even if the low levels of 4He found do not give the necessary confidence to state definitely that we are dealing with the fusion of deuterons to give 4He. In the melted cathode, whose data are reported here, 4He was not found at the achieved sensitivity. X-ray film, positioned at 50 mm from the cell, roughly gave the image of the cathode through spots. The energy of the radiation and the total energy associated to it have been, respectively, evaluated as (89±1) keV and (12.0 ± 0.4) kJ. This value is ≈ 0.5% of the energy measured by calorimetry in the same interval of time.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CellucciFxrayheatex.pdf
First Author: Cerofolini, G. F.
729. Cerofolini, F., et al. Binuclear Atoms as Fusion Precursors in a Hot Cloud. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Cerofolini, F.
Deuteron-deuteron fusions were claimed by a Brookhaven group to re sult from the impact on deuterated surfaces of clusters of 25 - 1350 D2O molecules with energy up to 300 ke V. The collective motion in the impact region is tentatively assumed to be responsible for these fusion events. The number of involved atoms is of the order of 10^4 , with a mean energy of some electronvolts. The model is able to reproduce qualitatively the Brookhaven data according to an Arrhenius plot, with an activation energy E* ~ 2E0 , where E0 is the hydrogen ionization energy. At this energy an activated precursor is postulated to be synthesized; it can tentatively be identified as the binuclear atom (D^+ - D^+)2e^-.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=208
First Author: Cerofolini, C. F.
731. Cerofolini, C.F. and A.F. Para, Alternatives in low energy fusion?". Springer Proc. Phys., 1992. 59 (Exot. At. Condens. Matter): p. 129.
First Author: Cerofolini, C. F.
732. Cerofolini, G.F., et al., Giant Neutron Trapping by a Molecular Species Produced During the Reaction of D+ With H- in a Condensed Phase. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 465.
First Author: Cerofolini, G. F.
733. Cerofolini, G.F. and A.F. Para, Can binuclear atoms solve the cold fusion puzzle? Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 98.
First Author: Cerofolini, G. F.
734. Cerron-Zeballos, E., et al., Investigation of anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1996. 109A: p. 1645.
First Author: Cerron-Zeballos, E.
Summary. -- Anomalous heat production in a nickel rod loaded with hydrogen has been reported by Focardi et al. (Nuovo Cimento A, 107 (1994) 163). We have investigated this phenomenon by repeating the experiment. We found the results previously published to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CerronZebainvestigat.pdf
First Author: Chambaud, G.
736. Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and K.S. Grabowski. Search for Energetic Charged-Particle-Reaction Products During Deuterium-Charging of Metal Lattices. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Chambers, G. P.
737. Chambers, G.P., et al., Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 281.
First Author: Chambers, G. P.
738. Chambers, G.P., J.M. Eridon, and K.S. Grabowski, Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(8): p. 5388.
First Author: Chambers, G. P.
739. Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and Y. Kucherov, Glow Discharge in Deuterium. 1995.
First Author: Chambers, G. P.
740. Champion, J., Explanation of Observed Nuclear Events Associated with Cold Fusion and Similar Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 1994.
First Author: Champion, J.
741. Champion, J., History of Transmutation Research. 1994.
First Author: Champion, J.
742. Chandler, D.L., et al., Fusion : Test Tube Yields More Questions Than Answers, in Boston Globe. 1989: BostonEditor. p. 29.
First Author: Chandler, D. L.
743. Chang, C.P., et al., Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1991. 16: p. 491.
First Author: Chang, C. P.
744. Chang, Y.F. and C.Z. Yu. The Physical-Chemical and Nuclear Multistage Reaction Mechanism and the Multistage Ignition Condition on Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Chang, Y. F.
745. Chang, K., U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, After 15 Years, in New York Times. 2004.
First Author: Chang, K.
746. Chao, J., et al. Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of an Isoperibolic Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Chao, J.
The three dimensional heat conduction computer code HEATING5 was used to simulate the isoperibolic calorimeter being used for cold fusion experiments at Stanford University. The simulation results confirm the measured temperature distribution in the calorimeter. Computer analysis also demonstrates that temperature measurements for this particular calorimeter are independent of the heat source position in the calorimeter. A numerical procedure was developed to derive the transient behavior of the heat generation in the cold fusion cell from the transient temperature measurements. This procedure was exercised using a measured temperature pulse. The transient behavior of the power pulse was in the form of square-wave and its magnitude was slightly higher than the on-line calculation based on a steady-state approach.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=327
First Author: Chapnik, I. M.
748. Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 161: p. 111.
First Author: Chapnik, I. M.
749. Chatterjee, L., Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 683.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
750. Chatterjee, L., On a weak flavor for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 358.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
751. Chatterjee, L., The two faces of the Coulomb barrier. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 365.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
752. Chatterjee, L., A. Chakrabarty, and G. Das, Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1991. 29: p. 781.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
753. Chatterjee, L. and G. Das, Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour. Phys. Lett., 1991. A154: p. 5.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
754. Chatterjee, L., S. Mandal, and A. Chakrabarty, Electron accumulation and reproducibility of cold fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1993. 31: p. 131.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
755. Chatterjee, L., Electrolysis in thin-film nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics? Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 147.
First Author: Chatterjee, L.
756. Chaudhary, I. and P.L. Hagelstein. Four-body RST General Nuclear Wavefunctions and Matrix Elements. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Chaudhary, I.
The inclusion of phonon exchange in a nuclear reaction is accomplished most easily when the associated matrix elements are written explicitly as a function of the spatial coordinates. We report on the wavefunctions and matrix elements for the special case of a T = 0 4-body deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChaudharyIfourbodyrs.pdf
First Author: Chauvin, N.
Current electric vehicles (EV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) suffer from several limitations that prevent them from becoming a true commercial success.
When available, kilowatt class LENR generators combined with modern thermoelectric conversion technology could enable designing new type of automobiles, being low cost, maintenance free and zero emission at the same time.
In the present talk, we will discuss what are to current limitations of electric vehicles and battery technology, how LENR technology can propose an alternative to large battery storage on EV, what are the available compact solutions for energy harvesting and thermoelectric conversion from LENR thermal energy, what are the longer term design alternatives and finally what is the expected timeline to develop prototypes and commercial products.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChauvinNlenrpowere.pdf
First Author: Chechin, V. A.
759. Chechin, V.A. and V.A. Tsarev, On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical origin of nuclear reactions in solids. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 469.
First Author: Chechin, V. A.
760. Chechin, V.A., et al., Critical review of theoretical models for anomalous effects in deuterated metals. Int. J. Theo. Phys., 1994. 33: p. 617.
First Author: Chechin, V. A.
We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature, commonly known as "Cold Fusion" (CF), with an emphasis on important experiments as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We conclude that they do not explain the data.
From: http://arxiv1.library.cornell.edu/vc/nucl-th/papers/0303/0303057v1.pdf
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChechinVAcriticalre.pdf
First Author: Cheek, G. T.
Thin palladium films deposited on quartz have been loaded with hydrogen (deuterium) by electrochemical reduction of 0.1 M LiOH (LiOD) in H2O (D2O). Coulometric measurements during both the hydrogen deposition and subsequent removal steps have shown that H:Pd ratios of 0.7 are reached under these conditions, in accord with accepted values for bulk samples. The frequency decrease observed at AT-cut crystals during hydrogen (deuterium) loading is larger than that expected for the mass of hydrogen deposited into the film. Considering that palladium undergoes a substantial increase in volume upon hydrogen uptake, the role of the resulting film stress in influencing the observed frequency must be addressed. It has been found that such film stresses at an AT-cut crystal produce frequency decreases and that these effects can be accounted for using techniques which are well established in the frequency control field. Measurements at BT-cut crystals, the stress/frequency response of which is opposite to that of AT-cut crystals, have confirmed that stress plays a major role in the present work and have allowed the determination of a quantitative value for this stress. Investigations of mixtures of H2O and D20 have also been carried out and shed some light on the effect of small amounts of H2O in determining the H/D content in the palladium.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=76
First Author: Cheek, G. T.
763. Cheek, G.T. and W.E. O'Grady, Measurement of H/D uptake characteristics at palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1994. 368: p. 133.
First Author: Cheek, G. T.
764. Chemla, M., J. Chevalet, and R. Bury, Heat evolution involved with the electrochemical discharge of hydrogen and deuterium on palladium. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 1989. 309: p. 987 (in French).
First Author: Chemla, M.
765. Chemla, M., et al., Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 277: p. 93.
First Author: Chemla, M.
766. Chen, M., et al., Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 155.
First Author: Chen, M.
767. Chen, S.H., et al. The Sensitizing Phenomenon of X-ray Film in the Experiment of Metals Loaded with Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Chen, S. H.
The sensitizing phenomenon of x-ray film was studied, in metals loaded with deuterium, by a cycle method of temperature and pressure (CMTP). The experimental results showed that the sensitizing and of x-ray film was derived from the chemical reaction and the anomalous effect of metals loaded with deuterium.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=281
First Author: Chen, X.
769. Chen, C.L. and J.K. Wu, Electrolytic hydrogen transport in palladium. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994. 13: p. 84.
First Author: Chen, C. L.
770. Chen, Y.P. and S.D. Cai, Dynamic screening effect from acoustic plasmons. Science in China A, 1994. 37((1)): p. 62.
First Author: Chen, Y. P.
771. Chen, S., et al., X-ray diagnostics in gas discharge. Trends Nucl. Phys., 1995. 12((3)): p. 58 (in Chinese).
First Author: Chen, S.
772. Chen, S. On the cold fusion miracles. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Chen, S.
This paper consists of two parts. One part describes a new analytical method for the conventional electrolytic cold fusion experiment. The other part contains a discussion and explanation on the cold fusion effect. Heat bursts are observed in this experiment for both Ni(-)/Pt(+)/H2O/K2CO3 and Pd( -)lPt( + )fD20fLiOD cells. Careful detection of neutron and tritium has not been available, although very preliminary neutron detection of heavy water cell shows roughly two times of the background level during electrolysis. The vast experimental data worldwide show a low neutrontritium ratio of 10^-8 to 10^-4 , far below the equal branching ratio, having been explained in this paper by a secondary nuclear process by the author. According to this secondary nuclear process, the generated neutrons and protons inside the solid has the chance to recombine into deuterium atoms for heavy water systems. In this sense the Huizenga's second and third miracles, the branching ratio miracle and the no nuclear products miracle, are therefore equivalent. This paper also proposes a "pycnon field" to try to treat the correlation of the high dlPd ratio and pycno-reactions. Although the detail has not been worked out yet.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=324
First Author: Chen, S.
It was found that X rays were yielded when the anomalous phenomenon in the metal loaded with deuterium was studied by the gas discharge method. The X-ray energy spectrum was measured and X rays were confirmed existing by the absorption method, the characteristic X-ray approach and the NaI scintillation counters. The average X-ray energy (26.9 +/- 2.2 keV) measured by the absorption method is in agreement within the error range with X-ray one (26.0 +/- 2.4 keV) detected by NaI scintillation counters. The X-ray intensity measured roughly by use of the 7U thermoluminescent foils is about 10^9 - 10^10 s^-1.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=170
First Author: Chen, S. K.
775. Chen, B.R., et al., Theoretical studies of the effect of hydrogen-hydrogen interactions on the structural and dynamical properties of metal/hydrogen clusters. J. Chem. Phys., 1996. 105(21): p. 9686.
First Author: Chen, B. R.
776. Chen, S.K. and C.Y. Liaug. Observations of Cell Temperature Drops and High Vapor Temperatures in H2O Electrolysis of Ni and in D2O Electrolysis of Pd. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Chen, S. K.
After the announcement of Pons-Fleischmann experiment, scientists have repeated the same experiment and have improved their experiment as well as have innovated many other experiments related to the cold nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation phenomena. In all the above experiments only the D20 electrolyte temperature rises (e.g., excess heat) have been recorded, while little has reported on the electrolyte temperature drops and/or on the vapor temperature rises in cell during electrolysis.
This experiment shows phenomena of angmalous heat absorption, rather than heat generation, in electrolysis, and how vapor temperature changes in electrolysis cell. In this experiment the electrolyte temperature can decrease from higher than to lower than the reference temperature, e.g., 19°C in 3 minutes, in a cell containing 350 c.c. D2O and 0.5 c.c. Pd electrode. On the other hand, the highest vapor temperature can reach ca. 160 deg C, while the lowest can touch that below the reference temperature in Ni cell. The anomalous heat absorption may be explained as an effect of a reverse D(d,gamma) 4He reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=68
First Author: Chen, L.
778. Chen, S. and X.Z. Li. Tritium production and selective resonant tunneling model. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Chen, S.
ABSTRACT Two principles of the selective resonant tunneling model are recapitulated, and applied to the case of tritium production. The model can explain the tritium production in condensed matter nuclear reaction with no neutron and gamma radiation semi-quantitatively. A similar model may excess heat with no commensurate neutron and gamma radiation. Some experiments are suggested to test our explanation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChenStritiumpro.pdf
First Author: Chen, S.
The multiple-scattering theory is applied to the de Broglie wave of deuterons inside the palladium film. The formalism for band structure calculation and the reflection and transmission calculations for finite slices is presented. The latter is based on a double-layer scheme which obtains the reflection and transmission matrix elements for the multiplayer slice from those of a single layer. With a relative simple model for the potential of palladium crystal lattice, we calculate the band structures of probability wave of deuterons propagating in the palladium, as well as the transmission coefficients through finite periodic slices. Selective resonant tunneling theory is adopted when obtaining the scattering matrix T. Our calculations consist with experimental results which can not be explained by diffusion theory.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChenStheapplica.pdf
First Author: Chene, J.
781. Cheng, Y.C., W.Y.P. Hwang, and S.N. Yang. Thoughts on Warm Fusion Versus Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Cheng, Y. C.
We propose a mechanism that may allow for understanding of the cluster-impact fusion experiment of Beuhler, Friedlander, and Friedman. When the cluster of D2O molecules collides with the metallic surface, the cluster dissociates into a collection of D and 0 atoms. In the process, a significant portion of the translational kinetic energy of the cluster is converted to thermal energy, so that the system thermalizes to become a "warm atomic plasma". The neutral D atoms in the warm atomic plasma then fuse with the D atoms in the lattice via direct scattering, without going through the doorway step of forming D2 molecules. As a rough estimate for the fusion reaction rate, the velocity distribution of the thermalized D atoms is taken to be Maxwell-Boltzmann, leading to results in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations for a cluster of about 100 - 300 molecules.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=354
First Author: Chernov, I. P.
In recent years in a series of publications it was reported that occur modification of isotope natural abundance of metals and alloys both matrix elements, and impurities and hydrogen saturation [1-6]. As a rule, the authors of these publications try to explain the observed modifications by nuclear transmutation hypothesis. However, there are objections against this hypothesis according to reasons present below. At first, the scale of transformation of an isotopic composition is so great, that it cannot be explained on the basis of cross section of nuclear reactions. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=441
First Author: Chernov, I. P.
784. Chernov, I.P., et al. Excitation of Hydrogen Subsystem in Metals by External Influence. in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
First Author: Chernov, I. P.
Experimental results which point to the existence of a hydrogen subsystem in solids and the possibility of its excitation by external influence are described. Occupying the equivalent positions inside host metal, hydrogen forms its own subsystem inside a crystal lattice and has vibration frequencies lying outside the phonon spectrum of a crystal. Under external energy input (for instance by means of radiation) an excitation of vibrations occurs in the hydrogen subsystem. The following facts point to this: intensive migration, diffusion and release of hydrogen isotopes from metals at low temperature; superlinear dependence of H, D release from metals on the electron current density and H, D concentration; H and D release from the whole volume of samples during the irradiation process by focused electron beam; H and D release in both molecular and atomic forms.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=36
First Author: Chiba, M.
786. Chicea, D. About nuclear coulomb barrier and electron over-concentration. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Chicea, D.
When a conductor is the subject of a negative electric potential an electron concentration increase, located very near the surface occurs. A simple model for computing the increase of electron concentration on a grainy metal surface caused by an applied negative potential is presented and used in calculating the excess electron concentration and the size of the electric charge layer. The screening effect caused by the high negative electric charge density is considered for assessing the transparency of the nuclear Coulomb barrier at low incident energies. The results are discussed in connection with the processes grouped in the Cold Fusion class.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=320
First Author: Chicea, D.
Abstract Simple calculations concerning the behaviour of the deuterons trapped in an electron cluster are presented. The kinetic energy achieved by a deuteron accelerated from the edge to the center of an electron cluster is sufficient for the coulomb barrier to be penetrated in the traditionally known manner. The results are discussed in connection with the published experimental data concerning the impact of the electron clusters on a metal target.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDelectroncl.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
Abstract The Coulomb barrier penetrability of two approaching nuclei is computed in the frame of the W.K.B approximation. A simple model for describing the screening effect of the Coulomb nuclear barrier by the high electron concentration in condensed matter is presented. The nuclear reaction rate of the hydrogen isotope nuclei, trapped in a metallic lattice is assessed, both for the unscreened and for the screened Coulomb barrier, averaged by the Maxwell distribution. The model predicts that, in certain circumstances, for porous or grainy samples, which are subject to a negative electric potential and are heavily loaded with deuterium, very low nuclear radiation level might be detected. The results are discussed in connection with some of the very successful experiments like Miley’s metal-coated spheres.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDaboutdeute.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
Abstract In many experimental papers concerning experiments of loading certain metals like nickel, palladium with hydrogen isotopes low radiation levels have been reported. A simple model to describe the energy fluctuation of a deuteron trapped in a lattice, considering elastic collisions in one dimension with the ions is presented. The energy fluctuations, combined with the increase of the Coulomb barrier penetration probability produced by the electron screening effect, might lead to a very small and unsteady rate of low energy nuclear reactions produced by the hydrogen isotopes in condensed matter.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDtheroleoft.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
791. Chicea, D., D. Lupu, and I. Cheregi, Experimental evidence of neutron emission from TiDx samples. Hadronic J., 1998. 21: p. 567.
First Author: Chicea, D.
792. Chicea, D. and D. Stoicescu. Experimental Evidence of Nuclear Reactions in Deuterated Titanium Samples Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions Induced by Temperature Variation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Chicea, D.
ABSTRACT Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDexperimenta.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
ABSTRACT Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDlowintensi.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
Several experiments of loading Hydrogen and Deuterium into different metals foils and thin film metal layers by using them as cathodes in prolonged electrolysis experiments were performed. Before and after experiments the cathode surface was analyzed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Results reveal that different elements that were not present in the surface layer before the experiment could be identified in the system after the experiment, with an accuracy considerable above the experimental errors.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDonneweleme.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
Abstract Results of a study of an electrolytic device that can produce excess power are presented. The power calibration procedure used for the experiments and the data analysis procedure is briefly described in this paper. Different combinations of cathode and electrolyte were investigated. Thin foils of different pure metals were and thin spattered layers of different pure metals on different substrates were used as cathodes. Excess power results, the power density and details on the combinations of cathode and electrolyte are also presented. The results reveal that a higher excess power density was obtained using thin film metal cathodes than thin foils. Another interesting result is that the excess power density appears to be correlated with the current density along the cathode. Although the data points are in ranges that are different of each other with orders of magnitude, the slopes of the lines that are fitted on the data points comparable, within the experimental errors.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDoncurrentd.pdf
First Author: Chicea, D.
Several electrolysis experiments of loading deuterium into different metals foils and thin film films are described. Before and after loading the cathode surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. High magnification images of the surface of several metals were taken. A control experiment was conducted to make sure that the experimental setup is not accidentally contaminating the samples. A surprising amount of carbon was found on the cathode surface after each D loading experiment. The result is discussed in connection with other experimental results on low energy nuclear transmutations.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDcommentonc.pdf
First Author: Chidambaram, R.
798. Chidambaram, R. and V.C. Sahni, Materials issues in the so-called 'cold fusion' experiments. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 597.
First Author: Chidambaram, R.
799. Chien, C.C. and T.C. Huang, Tritium production by electrolysis of heavy water. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 391.
First Author: Chien, C. C.
800. Chien, C.C., et al., On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 338: p. 189.
First Author: Chien, C. C.
A Pd electrode has been examined which produced a concentration of tritium in a 0.1 M LiOD solution around 10^3 times above background. Tritium production at a given potential ceased after a few days, but could be restarted by a small increase of the deuterium overpotential. Correspondingly, He4 was found in 9-10 pieces of the Pd electrode at 2-100 times background. Addition of fresh amounts of D2O quenched the T production which began again spontaneously after 1-2 days. If the T had come from contamination, 3He would have been found in the electrode: it was absent. Loss of charge by the nucleus lakes place when the fugacity of D in voids exceeds 10^17 atm (Lifshitz and Pitaevskii, 1963). Sporadicity of function arises from the state of the surface, which is difficult to reproduce. The surface state controls the mechanism of D- evolution: only some mechanisms give a fugacity high enough to cause fusion. Only one electrode out of four examined produced T and 4He. The surface of this electrode contained a Cu-mosaic structure, not seen on the inactive electrodes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChienCConanelectr.pdf
First Author: Chindarkar, A. R.
802. Cho, Y. and R.G. Leisure, Novel ultrasonic attenuation peak in a'-PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1988. 38: p. 5748.
First Author: Cho, Y.
803. Choi, E., H. Ejiri, and H. Ohsumi. Limit on Fast Neutrons from DD Fusion in Deuterized Pd by Means of Ge Detector. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Choi, E.
Search for fast neutrons from the electrochemistry loaded Pd-D system at room temperature was made in order to study the possible d-d fusion there. A low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers was used to investigate the fast (1 ~ 5 MwC neutrons. The neutron flux was obtained by measuring rates of the gamma rays following inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from nuclei in the scatterers. The observed spectrum shows no significantly significant excess of gamma rays above background. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=223
First Author: Choi, E.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here.
The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
A low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers was applied to investigate fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system. The neutron flux was obtained by measuring the yields of the γ-rays following inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from nuclei in the scatterers. The detector was shown to be very sensitive in the search for rare neutron events such as d-d fusion at room temperature. The observed spectrum shows no statistically significant excess of the γ-rays above the background. The upper limit on the fusion rate was obtained as λf<1.6·10^-24(ddn)fusions/(dd)pair/s.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChoiEapplicatio.pdf
First Author: Choi, E.
This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins:
A time-correlated spectrum of fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system was measured by a low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers. Time correlation of fast neutrons was obtained by measuring the time correlation of γ-rays following inelastic scattering of fast neutrons. The measurement shows no evidence for neutron burst during the electrolysis of the Pd-D system at room temperature.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChoiEsearchfort.pdf
First Author: Choi, C.
807. Chon, A. and M. Rabinowitz, Classical Tunneling. International J. Theoret. Phys., 1990. 29(3): p. 215.
First Author: Chon, A.
808. Chou, I., Permeability of Precious Metals to Hydrogen at 2 KB Total Pressure and Elevated Temperatures. Am. J. Sci., 1986. 286: p. 638.
First Author: Chou, I
809. Chou, P. and M.A. Vannice, Calorimetric Heat of Adsorption Measurements on Palladium. I. Influence of Crystallite Size and Support on Hydrogen Adsorption. J. Catal., 1987. 104: p. 1.
First Author: Chou, P.
810. Christensen, O.B., et al., H-H Interactions in Pd. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(3): p. 1993.
First Author: Christensen, O. B.
811. Christensen, O.B., et al., Effective-Medium Calculations for Hydrogen in Ni, Pd, and Pt. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41.
First Author: Christensen, O. B.
812. Christianto, V., Y. Umniyati, and V. Krasnoholovets, On Plausible Role of Classical Electromagnetic Theory and Submicroscopic Physics to understand and Enhance Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Preliminary Review. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 22: p. 27-34.
First Author: Christianto, V.
In this paper, we discussed how we can study some effects associated with LENR/CMNS from the principles of classical electromagnetic theory, and also from a very new approach based on a submicroscopic concept of physics. Perhaps our considerations have their own risks because the majority of mainstream physicists consider nuclear fusion rather as a phenomenon associated with tunneling through a Coulomb barrier, which is a pure quantum effect. We will discuss that there are some aspects of classical electromagnetic theories which may have impact on our understanding on LENR/CMNS phenomena, including: (a) nonlinear electrostatic potential as proposed by Eugen Andreev, (b) vortex sound theory of Tsutomu Kambe, (c) nonlinear ponderomotive force, and (d) submicroscopic consideration.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedu.pdf#page=32
First Author: Christianto, V.
In a recent paper published in JCMNS in 2017, Francesco Celani, Di Tommaso and Vassalo argued that Maxwell equations rewritten in Clifford algebra are sufficient to describe the electron and also ultra-dense deuterium reaction process proposed by Homlid et al. Apparently, Celani et al. believed that their Maxwell–Clifford equations are an excellent candidate to surpass both Classical Electromagnetic and Zitterbewegung QM. Meanwhile, in a series of papers, Bo Lehnert proposed a novel and revised version of Quantum Electrodynamics (RQED) based on Proca equations. Therefore, in this paper, we gave an outline of Lehnert’s RQED, as an alternative framework to Celani et al Zitterbewegung-Classical EM. Moreover, in a rather old paper, Mario Liu described hydrodynamic Maxwell equations. While he also discussed potential implications of these new approaches to superconductors, such a discussion of electrodynamics of superconductors is made only after Tajmar’s paper. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzd.pdf#page=96
First Author: Christman, D. R.
815. Chrzan, D.C. and W.G. Wolfer, Helium Bubble Growth by the Dislocation Pipe Diffusion Mechanism. 1991.
First Author: Chrzan, D. C.
816. Chu, C.W., et al., Search for the proposed cold fusion of D in Pd. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 753.
First Author: Chu, C. W.
817. Chu, L.Y. and D.-H. Lu, The estimation of nuclear fusion rate in crystal. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1990. 13: p. 33.
First Author: Chu, L. Y.
818. Chu, S.Y. and B. Shen, Can the color force be used to achieve fusion? Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. A6: p. 237.
First Author: Chu, S. Y.
819. Chu, L. and S. Wang, Coulomb screening of deuterium in metal crystal. Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology), 1992. 26(6): p. 80 (in Chinese).
First Author: Chu, L.
820. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Distributed bosonic states and condensed matter fusion. 1990, NRL: Washington.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
This paper presents a theory of condensed matter fusion in crystals based on the periodic potential provided by an ordered lattice and the approximate Bose statistics obeyed by bosons on length scales associated with electrostatic interactions. The resulting nuclear interaction proceeds in a manner that approximately preserves either the initial periodicity of the lattice or the periodicity of a commensurate lattice. Reaction reversibility over timescales associated with electrostatic interaction results in condensed matter fusion being dominated by interactions in which both the products and reactants obey Bose-Einstein statistics. As a result tritium release and 3He+ production should not appear as primary fusion products.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRdistribute.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
We present a theory of solid state fusion based on the formation of a D+ bosonic Bloch condensate within a metal deuteride. The first step towards fusion is a coalescence reaction which converts a 4-fold occupation state of zero point motion size into a state of nuclear dimensions . Reaction rates for the coalescence reaction are calculated using the Fermi Golden Rule.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRnuclearfus.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
823. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Quantum Mechanics of "Cold and "Not-So-Cold" Fusion". in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Cooperative ionic fluctuations, which become energetically favorable during the overcharging of a sufficiently ordered, stoichiometric Pd-D lattice, provide a means for an entirely new form of nuclear interaction, "cold" or "solid state" fusion. As a consequence, I) nucleons separated by macroscopic distances in a classical sense may interact in a nuclear fashion quantum mechanically. and 2) nuclear fusion may occur in which unfamiliar products are released. The evolution of such an ionic nuctuation. which we have named a Bose Bloch Condensate (BBC). becomes favorable as the concentrations of D and Pd become comparable because of I arge energy costs from lattice strain at individual lattice sites that result from coulombic repulsion associated with the occupation of a site by more than one D. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=138
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
825. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. An Explanation of Cold Fusion and Cold Fusion By-products, based on Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
In this paper, first we re-examine the assumptions associated with applying the fundamental "scientific paradigm" of hot fusion to the problem of cold fusion and then explain how much of the cold fusion controversy can be reconciled once an alternative paradigm, based on solid state physics, is adapted. The new world-view that results from this different perspective is the basis of our "Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry" (LINC) theory of cold fusion. We conclude the paper by summarizing some of the most important results of LINC. These include our predictions (prior to the experimental work by Bush et al.) that 1) it is to be expected that the primary cold fusion byproducts in the electrolytic experiments involved Pd and D probably are heat and low-energy 4He, 2) the 4He should remain largely on trapped within the bulk electrode and be found primarily in the surface region and out gases, and 3) there is a need to satisfy a critical loading condition (of x~1 in PdDx) in the electrolytic experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=214
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
A theory of solid-state fusion based on the interaction between D+ and 4He++ ion band states within a host lattice is presented. Formation of ion band-state deuterium is thermo-dynamically favored when lattice strain energy is greater than the incremental chemical potential of the band state. The key fusion step is a coalescence fluctuation that converts a twofold occupation state of electrostatic zero-point-motion size into a state of nuclear dimensions. Rates are calculated using the Fermi Golden Rule. Fusion energy is shared between band-state members and subsequently transferred to the lattice.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAcoldfusion.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Puska et al. and Astaldi et al. have provided experimental evidence for the existence of hydrogen ion band states in adsorption studies of H and D atoms on metallic surfaces. If a certain view of quantum reality is correct, an ion band state (IBS) D+ population has wave function overlap and will undergo cold fusion, unlike normal molecules and ionic and covalent solids. Arguments leading to this conclusion and a tabulation of likely IBS reactions are presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=358
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
829. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Ion Band States: What They Are, and How They Affect Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
830. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, The Role of Hydrogen Ion Band States in Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 414.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
831. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Wave function overlap and nuclear reactions in D+ ion band state matter. 1995.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
832. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. The Ion Band State Theory. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
We have previously explained how the occupation of ion band states by hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) in palladium deuteride PdD and possibly Ni can result in radiationless fusion. The explanation includes a number of assumptions about the governing conditions associated with the process. As a consequence of these assumptions we predicted1-3 important excess heat phenomena (loading requirements, by-products, etc.) of Cold Fusion (CF) that were subsequently observed4,5. Although the governing ideas are based on mainstream solid state physics ideas, the underlying theory "seems" to have "evaded" a number of potential problems that have bothered many people concerning CF. As we have explained recently6,7, as a result of these solid state physics effects, discontinuous changes in momentum and singularities in the effective kinetic energies associated with H or D that may occur through the occupation of ion band states provide a means for eliminating the phenomena that seemingly are omitted by the theory. In this paper we clarify the origin of these effects and their relationship to questions that have been raised associated with our treatment of the Coulomb barrier.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAtheionband.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
834. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Hidden results of the ion band state theory. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Using the Ion Band State (IBS) theory, we predicted a number of important effects that were subsequently observed3 in Cold Fusion anomalous heat experiments. Despite this fact, the theory has inspired controversy4and confusions. By addressing the skeptics, we have learned that both the success of the theory and the controversy it seems to provoke have a common origin: our application of conventional, mainstream, solid state, many-body physics ideas that are known to describe the physics of hydrogen inside7 and on the surface7 of transition metals, to the PdD Cold Fusion problem. Our application of these mainstream ideas is inconsistent with the predominant paradigm that is commonly applied to Cold Fusion because it uses important ideas that relate periodic order to coherence that are known to apply at low temperature (LT) in solids and to hydrogen-in-metal systems that are not consistent with the conventional high temperature (HT) models that have formed the basis of conventional thinking. Implicit in this alternative (LT) picture is the important result that symmetry provides a means of "hiding" the potential location of a particular nuclear reaction. As a consequence: 1. it becomes impossible to distinguish the locations of the associated (periodically distributed) nuclear interactions, and 2. the associated energy release is initiated through a coherent release of energy and charge at the crystal boundaries.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=330
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
The Ion Band State Theory describes Fleischmann and Pons cold fusion phenomena. It is based on application of solid state band theory physics, many-body physics, and the known quantum behavior of hydrogen in metals. Important assumptions are that charge neutrality exists in each unit cell and that the reactive quantum states, which are stationary Bloch states, are describable as symmetric sums over complete sets of non-stationary, particle-like Wannier states. Consequences are that D+-D+ wave function overlap occurs for crystals possessing a sufficiently large number Ncell > ~10^4 of unit cells. Once this condition is met, small crystals provide more power per cc than larger crystals. Energy-transfer from the product state to the lattice electrons results from a change in the quantum of mass and resulting inelastic scattering due to charge distribution changes in the boundary region. The theory also predicts that the primary product is 4He, as observed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAradiationl.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Abstract-- Solids, at room temperature, are periodically ordered. High temperature plasma's (HTP's) are disordered. Because of this fact, collisions i n solids and HTP' s are very different. Specifically, because solids have periodic order, they can coherently absorb momentum, all at once at a point, discontinuously, and through recoil processes in which the solid, as a whole, moves in response to a collision at an isolated location. As a result, in ordered solids, very often, the initial momentum of "colliding" particles is not conserved by the particles during "collisions. " At lowlintermediate temperatures, these kinds of "collisions" play a dominant role i n the following important effects: 1 . the conduction of heat and electricity (Ashkroft and Mermin, 1 976A), 2. diffraction of neutrons, electrons and X-rays (Ashkroft and Mermin, 1 976B), and 3 . the Mossbauer effect (Schwinger, 1990; Schwinger, 1 994). Because the idealized limit of stoichiometric PdD is periodically ordered, not only is there reason to believe that further D-loading will result in the occupation of ion band states by D-nuclei. it is probable that the potential nuclear reactions and transport of ion band state D (Chubb and Chubb, 1 991) will be dominated by these kinds of interactions. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=73
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
We argue that much of the debate concerning "Cold Fusion" (CF) has resulted from the misguided assumption that CF somehow must mimic a colder version of conventional fusion. Instead we suggest that CF is the result of phenomena that are most intense at absolute temperature T equal to zero, and that these effects persist at room temperature. This alternative approach makes good physical sense because it is unreasonable to believe that particle-particle collisions can provide a mechanism for overcoming the conventional "Coulomb B arrier" at room temperature as many have assumed (Lindley, 1 990; Chechin et aI, 1 994). Instead, we suggest that the possible avenues to fusion are the result of coherent, many-body effects that are tied to the underlying, well-known rules of solid-state physics as they apply to periodically ordered lattices. In the paper, we provide an overview of the logic associated with this alternative framework and suggest a number of new , lower T experiments in which pronounced anomalous behavior could result from D+D->4He reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=78
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
ND band state D+ ions are treated as a sum over pairs. The wave functions of a D+ pair is assumed to be a product of a Bloch function in lattice space times a Bloch function in separation space. Overlap allows a strong force fusion reaction to 4He++. A coupling between the nuclear change and the ion charge distribution in the lattice is described. The change in ion charge distribution scatters Bloch electrons in a multistep nuclear de-excitation process.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAdeuteridei.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Introduction Cold Fusion has been plagued with misconceptions about what is and is not possible, based on the "Laws" of Quantum Mechanics. An important reason for this is the seemingly impossibly large difference in length-scale between nuclear- and atomic- processes. In conventional fusion, these scales remain "so far apart" that they "effectively" don’t "talk" to each other, usually. However, electromagnetic interactions (EMI’s) have infinite range. For this reason, it is possible that EMI’s "can" "explain" how this "apparent" problem can be eliminated.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRtheoretica.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
Abstract In Cold Fusion, confusion exists as a result of conflicting intuitive pictures, one based on local physics, the other on non-local physics. The local picture, based on particle-particle interaction, has played a dominant role. The non-local "less-intuitive" picture, based on the known behavior of solids, places greater emphasis on the behavior of matter distributions and their interaction with the associated environment. The resulting description is consistent with the known laws of physics and the behavior of hydrogen, deuterium (D+) and tritons in transition metals. In the non-local picture, we examine consequences of fluxes of deuterons passing through the surfaces of transition metals as associated with the occupation of D+ ion band states and possible nuclear energy release.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAdeuteronfl.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Background During the 14th century, the noted theologian and philosopher William of Ockham identified and applied the "law of economy," as a fundamental postulate of logical thought. Subsequently, Galileo and others used this "law" as justification for the notion of "scientific parsimony." This idea, which is also often called "Ockham’s Razor," states that simplicity should be the cornerstone of scientific logic: given a choice between competing theories of a particular phenomenon, the simpler explanation should be selected in preference to the more complicated ones.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRintroducti.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
Since the initial announcement of the Fleischmann-Pons effect[1] there has been substantial laboratory progress in establishing the reality of excess heat produced by radiationless d-d nuclear reaction in the deuterium-palladium system. Selected experimental achievements are listed below.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAlaboratory.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
844. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Relationship between microscopic and macroscopic interactions in low energy nuclear reactions: Lessons learned from D + D = 4He. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
For a long time, Cold Fusion (CF) seemed to be at odds with conventional Physics both experimentally and theoretically. A key reason for this involved confusion about the possibility that processes involving characteristic length scales of nuclear- and atomic- size dimensions could couple to each other without releasing high momentum particles. As experiments have improved, this situation has changed. In the paper, we identify and contrast a number of common themes associated with the manner in which five of the more refined theories have addressed this problem.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRrelationsh.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
The time history of 3He concentrations in gas samples collected and analyzed by Clarke et al. is modeled. A deficiency relative to expected helium suggests loss through microfractures identified by Farkas.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAmodelingth.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
Starved reactant electrolysis can result in co-deposition of hydrogen and a higher voltage reactant. The hydrogen has the potential to be deposited in an excited state that is delocalized and wavelike. It is suggested that this occurred in the Liaw et al. study. Evidence for cathodic overpotential electrolysis in molten hydroxide electrolyte is presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAproduction.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
848. Chubb, S.R. Nuts and Bolts of the Ion Band State Theory. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
The Nuts and Bolts of our Ion Band State theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR’s) in palladium-deuteride (PdD) and palladium-hydride (PdH) are the electrons that hold together or tear apart the bonds (or lack of bonds) between deuterons (d's) or protons (p’s) and the host material. In PdDx and PdHx, this bonding is strongly correlated with loading. In ambient loading conditions (x<~0.6), bonding inhibits Ion Band State occupation. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRnutsandbol.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Surfaces have a huge impact on the physics and chemistry of solids. Changes in surfaces (or other boundaries of a solid), in particular, can be related to changes in the local ("chemical") environment. In the idealized limit, in which surfaces are defined as "boundaries" associated with a lack of, or accumulation of charge, dynamical effects at surfaces can be used and are required (by the associated coupling to external electromagnetic fields) to relate seemingly unrelated local and non-local effects. Thus, counter-intuitive ideas about local and non-local effects can become dominant. In particular, in PdH or PdD, provided external forces are applied uniformly, it is entirely possible for hydrogen (p) or deuterium (d) nuclei to acquire a common phase (a broken gauge symmetry1) and to "become wave-like" and interact coherently, through the electromagnetic field, simultaneously, but an-isotropically at the boundaries of a PdD or PdH substrate, or at isolated locations within either substrate. Also, these effects can create coupling between localized and delocalized forms of interaction. We use these and related effects as the basis for suggesting new experiments that have bearing on the findings of Iwamura et al, concerning the "apparent" transmutation of Cs to Pr.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRimpactofbo.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
LENR theory must explain dd fusion, alpha-addition transmutations, radiationless nuclear reactions, and 3-body nuclear particle reactions. Reaction without radiation requires many-body D+Bloch periodicity in both location and internal structure dependencies. Electron scattering leads to mixed quantum states. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAtheddcoldf.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
LENR ion band state models involve deuteron many-body systems resembling superfluids. The physics of atom Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices teaches that superfluid behavior occurs when the potential barriers between adjacent potential wells permit high tunneling rates and the well potentials are shallow. These superfluids have fractional occupation of individual wells. Well periodic symmetry is not affected by the presence of the atoms. This behavior suggests that deuterons in a lattice should be in non-self-trapping sites, which may indicate that D+Bloch occupies the Pd tetrahedral sites.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAlenrsuperf.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Conventional Condensed Matter physics provides a unifying framework for understanding Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR’s) in solids. In the paper, standard many-body physics techniques are used to illustrate this fact. Specifically, the paper shows that formally the theories by Schwinger, Hagelstein, and Chubb and Chubb (C&C), all can be related to a common set of equations, associated with reaction rate and energy transfer, through a standard many-body physics procedure (R-Matrix theory). In each case, particular forms of coherence are used that implicitly provide a mechanism for understanding how LENR’s can proceed without the emission of high energy particles. In addition, additional ideas, associated with Conventional Condensed Matter physics, are used to extend the earlier Ion Band State (IBS) model by C&C. The general model clarifies the origin of coherent processes that initiate LENR’s, through the onset of ion conduction that can occur through ionic fluctuations in nanoscale crystals. In the case of PdDx , these fluctuations begin to occur as x -> 1 in sub-lattice structures with characteristic dimensions of 60 nm. The resulting LENR’s are triggered by the polarization between injected d’s and electrons (immediately above the Fermi energy) that takes place in finite-size PdD crystals. During the prolonged charging of PdDx , the applied, external electric field induces these fluctuations through a form of Zener tunneling that mimics the kind of tunneling, predicted by Zener, that is responsible for possible conduction (referred to as Zener-electric breakdown) in insulators. But because the fluctuations are ionic, and they occur in PdD, nano-scale structures , a more appropriate characterization is Zener-ionic breakdown in nano-crystalline PdD. Using the underlying dynamics, it is possible to relate triggering times that are required for the initiation of the effect, to crystal size and externally applied fields.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRframeworkf.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
ABSTRACT A Bloch ion has periodic symmetry and is distributed in space in a lattice array form. Its spatial density distribution is neutralized within each unit cell by a metal's electrons. The wave function repeats coherently modulo a Bravais lattice vector. Paired Bloch deuterons partitioned over a sufficiently large number of unit cells become superposed and coherently mixed by coordinate exchange. A Hamiltonian describing paired deuterons 2-D+Bloch is presented, and its nuclear self-interaction and coupling with the lattice are described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAiblochions.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
ABSTRACT This paper is the second of a set of 3 papers dealing with the role of coherent partitioning as a common element in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), by which is meant cold-fusion related processes. This paper discusses the first step in a sequence of 4 steps that seem to be necessary to explain Iwamura 2-alpha-addition surface transmutations. Three concepts are examined: salt-metal interface states, sequential tunneling that transitions D+ ions from localized interstitial to Bloch form, and the general applicability of 2-dimensional vs. 3-dimensional symmetry hosting networks.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAiiinhibite.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
ABSTRACT The Iwamura et al. 2-alpha addition transmutations1 and the Oriani-Fisher energetic particle showers2 demand an explanation. They both depend on the same physics as responsible for cold fusion, namely the coherent partitioning of deuteron charge when the deuteron assumes a Bloch-like form and becomes distributed among a large number Nwell of potential wells. As a result the work required to bring the 2 "nuclei" into contact is reduced by 1/Nwell. In cold fusion 2 spin-zero paired deuterons fuse as per 2 D+Bloch --> 4He++Bloch + 23.8 MeV. In the Iwamura process 2 4He++Bloch fuse as per 2 4He++Bloch --> 8Be4+Bloch + Enuc, in a Bloch-sensitive reaction where reaction energy Enuc is a function of Nwell. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAiiiblochnu.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Two persistent questions have been: 1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x→1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon? Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions. The new theory can explain these experimental results . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRwhyparticu.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Two persistent questions have been: 1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x®1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon? Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions. The new theory can explain these experimental results but will be ignored by most scientists. I suggest that this is expected: The context of energy band and Ion Band State (IBS) theory is very different from the context of hot fusion theory. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRcontextfor.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
859. Chubb, T.A. Catalytic fusion and the Interface between Insulators and Transition Metals. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
860. Chubb, T.A. Bloch-Sensitive Nuclides (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
861. Chubb, T.A., Three Types of dd Fusion. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 2005. 93: p. 895.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
There seem to be 3 different processes by which deuterons can be made to fuse so as to release nuclear energy. The conventional approach is thermonuclear fusion, which uses collisions between energized deuterons to create a transient 4He nucleus that decays by energetic particle emission. Deuteron-deuteron (dd) fusion is modeled by scattering theory. Quantum wave mechanics uses wave functions to describe the colliding particles as plane waves. The waves are treated as if arriving from infinity, and as going away to infinity after scattering or reaction. Gamow factors calculating the probability of transmission through the dd Coulomb barrier are used in calculating fusion rates.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAthreetypes.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Resonant electromagnetic interaction (EMI) in finite solids not only can be used to explain conventional, electron energy band theory (which explains charge and heat transport in solids), but also how, through finite size effects, it is possible to create many of the kinds of effects envisioned by Giuliano Preparata. Through a generalization of conventional energy band theory, it is also possible to explain how resonant EMI, as a function of time, can cause coherent effects, in which momentum can be transferred from external regions of a lattice to its center-ofmass. As a consequence, virtual processes can cause large changes in momentum between two, indistinguishable particles, without either particle acquiring large momentum or velocity. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=47
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
I Background about the importance of EMI in d+d -> 4He+gamma
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRresonantel.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
865. Chubb, S.R., Resonant Electromagnetic Interaction in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 99-123.
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
866. Chubb, T.A. D2 Fusion in Ionic Solid + Nanometal Composite (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2008. New Orleans.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
Interfaces between Ionic Solids and Nanometals • Provides 2-dimension lattice symmetry • Promotes Bloch deuterium • Deuterium quasiparticles undergo fusion . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAdfusionini.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
The interface theory of cold fusion is a variant of Ion Band State (IBS) Theory. It models Bloch symmetry deuterons in a 2-dimensional metal lattice instead of the 3-dimensional metal lattice first used. Both IBS variants recognize that the required lattice symmetry has limited extent, with the reactive deuterons being bound inside a closed volume like a box. The reactive deuterons are confined within classical turning point boundaries, while within the box their density distributions are modulated by a lattice array potential. Strictly speaking, the IBS fusion theory is a many-body theory. Nuclear dd fusion is one of several LENR processes. Some LENR processes do not require many-body ions and support room temperature nuclear reactions using light ions in single-particle Bloch geometry. For example, the decay of metastable single-body Bloch-function 8Be seems to be the source of MeV alphas in Oriani's light/heavy water electrolysis, and in several co-deposition electrolysis CR39 studies, as described in ICCF14 Abstracts. The Oriani MeV alphas are side products of both light water and heavy water electrolysis, using either Pd or Ni cathodes, as shown in highly repeatable tests. Bloch 8Be is likely the nuclearly reactive component in the final step of the Iwamura et al. transmutation studies. Despite differences, all LENR systems seem to share some essential physics.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAinterfacem.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
This paper seeks to make readers aware that Arata and Zhang (A&Z) in 2007/8 demonstrated operation of an autonomous fusion "heater". The heater generated a steady outflow flow of heat at slightly above room temperature throughout a run lasting hundreds of hours. The steady nuclear heat occurred after a brief burst of chemical heat during D2 absorption. No other energy input was present.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAinhonorofy.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
870. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Usefulness of Quasiparticle Ion Band States in Modeling LENR Processes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
Considerable confusion occurred from a speculative conjecture that we suggested in 1989, concerning the potential role of conventional energy band theory in the "cold fusion" claims suggested by Fleischmann and Pons. Two important reasons for this are related to: 1. Misconceptions about what was taking place in the experiments, and 2. Limitations of conventional energy band theory. In particular, we proposed the idea that deuterium nuclei (deuterons) could occupy energy band states (ion band states)--analogous to the kinds of energy band states that electrons occupy in ordered solids--with the possibility of nuclear fusion. But conventional energy band theory has limitations, associated with the underlying quantum mechanics. In particular, band theory involves single-particle quasi-particle wave functions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAusefulness.pdf
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
The density of atoms with 3 or more electrons is determined by Pauli exclusion. Conduction electrons in a metal and reactant deuterium atoms are in Bloch function form, in which corresponding positions in a lattice are equivalent. 2-dimensional symmetry D-atoms are thin, flat, and have reduced Coulomb repulsion between pairs. Fusion takes place inside an interface between an ionic crystal and an epitaxy metal layer. 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional systems are different. Both are real, benefit from shock stimulation, and are Bloch systems; but they require different environments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=136
First Author: Chubb, T. A.
Schwinger pointed out that under some circumstances the Coulomb barrier between paired charged particles is replaced by a correlation factor in a two-body wave function. This paper shows how having two deuterons bound within a common volume having a multiplicity of potential wells can lead to an energy-minimized Schwinger form of wave equation with wave function overlap. Relevance to a situation in which a small number of deuterium atoms is forced into a fully loaded palladium deuteride (PdD) host is discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAovercoming.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi held a public demonstration on January 14, 2011 of Rossi’s ECat (energy catalyzer) boiler, a nickel-hydrogen fusion reactor, at the University of Bologna (Italy). A group of about 50 scientists from the university and the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, the Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics) were on hand to examine the device. The experiment was organized by Dr. Giuseppe Levi and other faculty at the University of Bologna/INFN.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRtherossikw.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Andrea Rossi e Sergio Focardi realizaram uma demonstraçăo pública em 14 de Janeiro de 2011 do ECat (catalisador de energia) aquecedor de água Rossi, um reator níquel-hidrogęnio a fusăo, na Universidade de Bolonha (Itália). Um groupo de cerca de 50 scientistas da universidade e do Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, o Instituto de Física Nuclear Italiano) onde se examinou o dispositivo. O experimento foi organizado pelo Dr. Giuseppe Levi e outros docentes da Universidaede de Bolonha/INFN.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRoreatorros.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
solid, a firestorm of controversy erupted. Beginning in 1991, the Office of Naval Research began a decade-long study of the FP excess heat effect. This effort documented the fact that the excess heat that FP observed is the result of a form of nuclear fusion that can occur in solids at reduced temperature, dynamically, through a deuteron (d)+d4He reaction, without high-energy particles or gamma rays. A key reason this fact has not been accepted is the lack of a cogent argument, based on fundamental physical ideas, justifying it. In the paper, this question is re-examined, based on a generalization of conventional energy band theory that applies to finite, periodic solids, in which d’s are allowed to occupy wave-like, ion band states, similar to the kinds of states that electrons occupy in ordinary metals. Prior to being experimentally observed, the Ion Band State Theory (IBST) of cold fusion predicted a potential d+d => 4He reaction, without high energy particles, would explain the excess heat, the 4He would be found in an unexpected place (outside heat-producing electrodes), and high-loading, x1, in PdDx, would be required.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRconvention.pdf
First Author: Chubb, S. R.
Considerable confusion has resulted in the "debate" (and lack of "debate") about whether or not Low-Energy Reactions (LENR) can take place. A key reason for this has involved the lack of a cogent argument, based on fundamental physical ideas, involving electromagnetism. In this paper, I re-examine this question. In fact, a cogent argument does exist, based on resonant electrodynamics, and its more general formulation, involving quantum electrodynamics. Lessons learned from this and their relevance are key to understanding the most salient effects, including the Infra-Red (IR) results from the SPAWAR experiments, and Mitchell Swartz’s experiments. The associated arguments suggest that magnetic effects that have only been indirectly applied may be used to trigger LENR in particular situations. A new experiment, based on this line of reasoning, is suggested.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf#page=221
First Author: Chukanov, K. B.
878. Chulick, G.S., Y.E. Kim, and R.A. Rice, Low Energy D-D Fusion Experimental Cross-Sections. 1989.
First Author: Chulick, G. S.
879. Chulick, G.S., et al., Comment on "Cluster-Impact Fusion by P. M. Echenique et al. 1990.
First Author: Chulick, G. S.
880. Chulick, G.S., R.A. Rice, and Y.E. Kim. The Effect of Electron Screening and Velocity Distribution on Proton-Deuterium Fusion Rates in Jupiter. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Chulick, G. S.
881. Ciarlariello, T.W. Muon Catalyzed Fusion: From Prior Art to Future Space Planes. in 2019 LANR/CF Colloquium at MIT. 2019. Cambridge, MA.
First Author: Ciarlariello, T. W.
Muon catalyzed fusion is needed for space planes of upward angular acceleration into orbit since a brute force mentality of vertical flight guzzles fuel. In Russia Andrei Sakharov is credited in 1947 with muon catalyzed fusion soon after Soviet Communists pillaged Jun Shitagau Noguchi's Nitchitsu or Nihon Chisso factories in Eastern Part of North Korea called Hamgyong Province and in ihe United States a decade later Luis Alvarez is credited with muon catalyzed fusion just after United States military had returned from visiting ruins of Noguchi's Nitchitsu industries. Overwhelming evidence exists how Jun Shitagau Noguchi and his aid Kim Songsu both of Hamgyong Province or
Kankyo Province in Japanese during the early 1940s of WWII were working on rocket plane engine of a cryogenic Dewar fuel tank of cryogenic liquefied deuterium connected to a beryllium alloy reaction chamber tubing nozzle coiled in and around a direct current powered electromagnet lense cosmic ray telescope. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Ciarlarielmuoncataly.pdf
First Author: Cirillo, D.
Abstract: Energetic emissions have been observed from an electrolytic cell when tungsten electrodes are used to generate a confined plasma close to the cathode immersed an alkaline solution. In addition, energy generation has been observed, always close to the cathode, along with the appearance of new chemical elements in the experimental apparatus. These elements were not present in the cell before the experiment. This observation is proof of nuclear transmutations occurring within the cell. The results of this research and a theoretical model of the phenomenon were shown for the first time on April 18, 2004 during the second Grottammare (Ap) ONNE meeting in Italy.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf
First Author: Cirillo, D.
884. Cisbani, E., et al., Neutron Detector for CF Experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 2001. 459: p. 247.
First Author: Cisbani, E.
Abstract This paper describes a neutron detector designed by INFN-Sanita` group of Rome. The detector fulfills all the requirements of cold fusion experiments and, on the other hand, can operate in several kind of experiments involving neutron detection, even when significant, variable and not taggable background is present. As a matter of fact, it is suitable to detect every source emitting multi-MeV neutrons, correlated or not correlated, in burst or constant rate, isotropic or directional. It is a low-noise detector. The detector was used in cold fusion experiments demonstrating, with high sensibility, the absence of neutron emission in these phenomena.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CisbaniEneutrondet.pdf
First Author: Clark, R. W.
886. Clarke, W.B., W.J. Jenkins, and Z. Top, Determination of Tritium by Mass Spectrometric Measurement of 3He. Int. J. Appl. Radia. Isot., 1976. 27: p. 515.
First Author: Clarke, W. B.
887. Clarke, B.W. and R.M. Clarke, Search for (3)H, (3)He, and (4)He in D2-loaded titanium. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 170.
First Author: Clarke, B. W.
888. Clarke, A.C., Transcript of interview for 'Cold Fusion, Fire from Water'. 1998.
First Author: Clarke, A. C.
Transcript of the interview shown in the video "Cold Fusion, Fire from Water"
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeACtranscript.pdf
First Author: Clarke, A. C.
[F]our years ago, two scientists named Pons and Fleischmann claimed to have achieved "cold fusion" at room temperature in certain metals saturated with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen. Under these conditions, they reported that they were getting out more energy than they put into the system. This, of course, created a worldwide sensation, and many laboratories tried to repeat the experiments. They all failed, and Pons and Fleischmann were laughed out of court.
That was the last anyone heard of them for a couple of years. But meanwhile, there had been an underground movement of scientists who believed that there might be something in all this business, and started experiments of their own—often in defiance of their employers . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeACthecominga.pdf
First Author: Clarke, B. W.
891. Clarke, W.B., Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40.
First Author: Clarke, W. B.
892. Clarke, W.B., Response to "Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes I: A Negative Result'' (lett. to Ed.). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 152.
First Author: Clarke, W. B.
893. Clarke, W.B. and B.M. Oliver, Response to comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production'' (Lett. to Ed;). Fusion Sci. Technol., 2002. 41: p. 153.
First Author: Clarke, W. B.
894. Clarke, T., Comment on the report "Observation of abundant heat production from a reactor device and of isotopic changes in the fuel" by Levi et al. 2015, Imperial College London.
First Author: Clarke, T.
In a recent report titled "Observation of abundant heat production from a reactor device and of isotopic changes in the fuel" and published by Bologna University, G. Levi and co-workers put forth several claims concerning the performance of the so-called E-Cat of inventor Andrea Rossi. High and sustained levels of anomalous heat production are reported in extended tests of a reactor device. These results are based on a calculated temperature of 1400C from infrared camera thermography measurements that assumes gray-body radiation from an alumina surface. We show that when the varying spectral emissivity of alumina is taken into account the calculated temperature is much lower, and estimated power out matches power in to within the experimental error, so resolving this anomaly. Claimed isotopic shift results in the same report derive from material handled by the inventor, and therefore are not independent.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeTcommentont.pdf
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
896. Claytor, T.N., et al., Solid State Fusion Update. 1990.
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
897. Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium and Neutron Measurements From Deuterated Pd-Si. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
898. Claytor, T.N., D.G. Tuggle, and H.O. Menlove. Tritium Generation and Neutron Measurements in Pd-Si Under High Deuterium Gas Pressure. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Ita: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
INTRODUCTION
This paper summarizes some of the methods applicable for low level tritium detection needed in the search for anomalous fusion in metal hydrides. It is also intended to further detail our tritium and neutron results that have been obtained with the Pd-Si-D system, originally presented at earlier workshops. A measure of reproducibility that was not evident in our previous work has been achieved partially due to the better detection sensitivity afforded by the use of low tritium deuterium and partially from the fact that the foil-wafer cells can be made with nearly identical electrical characteristics. This reproducibility has allowed us to narrow the optimum conditions for the experiment. While this experiment is rather different from the "standard" electrolytic cell or the Ti gas hydride experiment, similarities exist in that non equilibrium conditions are sought and the tritium generation levels are low and neutron emission is extremely weak. In contrast to many electrochemical cell experiments, the system used in these experiments is completely sealed during operation and uses no electrolyte.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumgen.pdf
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
An increase in the tritium level was detected in deuterium when various configurations of palladium foil or powder and silicon wafers or powder were subject to a high pulsed current. The deuterium, and over one atmosphere pressure, was circulated in a sealed loop containing the cell and an ionization chamber to measure the tritium increase as a function of time. After 4800 hours of data, spanning 10 cells (including deuterium and hydrogen controls), were collected with this system. Average tritium production has varied from 0.02 to 0.2 nCi/h. Due to experimental constraints we have not been able to measure neutron output with these cells while simultaneously measuring the tritium increase. The question of tritium contamination in the palladium has been primarily resolved by the development of techniques that allow the palladium powder or foil to be reused. Various methods for increasing the tritium production, such as, increased current density, surface modifiers, and higher deuterium loading, will be discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=220
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
Over the past year we have been able to demonstrate that a plasma loading method produces an exciting and unexpected amount of tritium from small palladium wires. In contrast to electrochemical hydrogen or deuterium loading of palladium, this method yields a reproducible tritium generation rate when various electrical and physical conditions are met. Small diameter wires (100 - 250 microns) have been used with gas pressures above 200 torr at voltages and currents of about 2000 V at 3-5 A. By carefully controlling the sputtering rate of the wire, runs have been extended to hundreds of hours allowing a significant amount (>10’s nCi) of tritium to accumulate. We will show tritium generation rates for deuterium-palladium foreground runs that are up to 25 times larger than hydrogen-palladium control experiments using materials from the same batch. We will illustrate the difference between batches of annealed palladium and as received palladium from several batches as well as the effect of other metals (Pt, Ni, Nb, Zr, V, W, Hf) to demonstrate that the tritium generation rate can vary greatly from batch to batch.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumpro.pdf
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
902. Claytor, T.N., et al. Tritium Production from Palladium Alloys. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
ABSTRACT A number of palladium alloys have been loaded with deuterium or hydrogen under low energy plasma bombardment in a system that allows the continuous measurement of tritium. Long run times (up to 200 h) result in an integration of the tritium and this, coupled with the high intrinsic sensitivity of the system (~ 0.1nCi/l), enables the significance of the tritium measurement to be many sigma (>10). We will show the difference in tritium generation rates between batches of palladium alloys (Rh, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Be, B, Li, Hf, Hg and Fe) of various concentrations to illustrate that tritium generation rate is dependent on alloy type as well as within a specific alloy, dependent on concentration.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumprob.pdf
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
Conclusions
Ni Alloy is reproducible, (this is a big deal!)
Tritium can be several sigma over background
Effect can be obtained in 1-2 days
Excess heat is small but not inconsistent with Helium data
If X-ray effect can be increased then might serve as a "CB" demo
Parameter space, effects of pressure, electrical driving conditions, temperature, etc. have only been partially explored.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNsearchfore.pdf
First Author: Claytor, T. N.
Cavitation at high frequency in close proximity to metal surfaces was investigated in D2O. A new miniaturized cavitation system was operated at 1.7 MHz and was small enough to fit into a sensitive Seebeck calorimeter. The 1.7 MHz reactor was designed to hold 20 g of D2O or H2O. The cells were operated in a pulsed mode for 1 or 2 min and then allowed to cool in the calorimeter. Target foils were placed in close proximity to the transducer and different foils show a maximum of about 13% change in measured excess heat output. Tritium measurements were made on the resulting liquid and showed a small initial increase. However, longer runs did not show a linear increase in tritium as the cavitation times were increased. No detectable signals were measured on a pancake gamma detector placed below the cavitation cells. Many different target foils (TF) (7 x 19 x 0.1 mm) were run in the system. A few showed some interesting surface features.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=84
First Author: Close, F.
906. Close, F., Too Hot to Handle. The Race for Cold Fusion. 1992, New York: Penguin, paperback.
First Author: Close, F.
907. Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, The cold fusion family. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 705.
First Author: Cohen, J. S.
908. Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, Is cold fusion hot? Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 487.
First Author: Cohen, J. S.
909. Cola, M., et al. A Simple Model of the "Coehn-Aharonov" Effect in a Peculiar Electrolytic Configuration. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Cola, M.
910. Collins, G.S., J.S. Walker, and J.W. Norbury, Deuteron tunnelling at electron-volt energies. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 409.
First Author: Collins, G. S.
911. Collins, G.S., et al., Electrolytic loading of hydrogen in metals studied by PAC. Hyperfine Interactions, 1990. 60: p. 663.
First Author: Collins, G. S.
912. Collis, W.J.M.F., Oklo Isotope Anomalies and Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 525.
First Author: Collis, W. J. M. F.
913. Collis, W.J.M.F. Nuclear Reactions of Cold Fusion-A Systematic Study. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Collis, W. J. M. F.
A computer is used make an exhaustive search for simple nuclear reactions between naturally occurring isotopes with a view to identifying possible primary cold fusion reactions and materials which might support theoretical models. We discuss the difficulties in producing neutrons and tritium in light water expe rime nts.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=434
First Author: Collis, W. J. M. F.
Over the last few years some progress has been made in demonstrating reproducible heat production in so called Cold Fusion experiments . This has not been matched by theoretical understanding as to the mechanism of heat production. It is important to establish which nuclear reactions, if any, are the source of excess heat before speculating on reaction mechanisms . Unfortunately experiment has not clearly demonstrated the consumption of any nuclear fuel nor production of nuclear ash. So any analysis must be able to cope with incomplete data . A computer is an ideal tool to cope with this problem. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=94
First Author: Collis, W. J. M. F.
Almost unexpectedly, the success of the 8th International Workshop has required the printing and publishing of Proceedings. Such Proceedings had always been planned in electronic form (and in colour). So it was mainly a question of cash as to if and how any printed publication would take form. The Workshop made a modest profit which would disappear when printing costs were taken into account. I’m glad to say ISCMNS stepped in with the necessary financial support. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=6
First Author: Collis, W. J. M. F.
The 12th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals was held at the Hotel Langhe e Monferrato, Costigliole d’Asti in Italy, June 2017. This is a four-star hotel with 55 rooms which overflowed with some 72 participants and guests. The choice of province of Asti continued the tradition of the original Asti Workshops organized by Fiat in 1993 and 1995.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf#page=5
First Author: Conte, E.
918. Conte, E., Theoretical indications of the possibility of nuclear reactions at low energy. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 49.
First Author: Conte, E.
919. Conway, B.E. and J.C. Currie, Significance of effects of pressure on electrode reactions.Part III.Equilibrium processes at reference electrodes and the volume of H in Pd. Canadian J. Chem., 1978. 56: p. 915.
First Author: Conway, B. E.
920. Conway, B.E. and J. Wojtowicz, Time-scales of electrochemical desorption and sorption of H in relation to dimensions and geometeies of host metal hydride electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 326: p. 277.
First Author: Conway, B. E.
921. Cook, N. Toward an Explanation of Transmutation Products on Palladium Cathodes. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Cook, N.
922. Cook, N. and V. Dallacasa. The FCC Structure of the Nucleus and the Magnetic Interaction among Nucleons (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Cook, N.
The strongest objection to "cold fusion" research since 1989 has been the assertion by nuclear theorists that low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) "violate everything known about nuclear physics." We argue to the contrary that LENR are consistent with quantum mechanics (QM), and "violate" only various questionable assumptions of the 30+ established models of nuclear structure theory. In fact, these "models" are known to be mutually-contradictory (a liquid nuclear interior in the liquid-drop model [LDM], a gaseous-phase in the shell model; local cluster formations in the alpha-particle model, no local interactions in the Fermi-gas model; a short-range nuclear force in the LDM, a long-range "effective" force in the shell model; etc.) and clearly indicate that nuclear theory itself is unfinished business.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CookNthefccstru.pdf
First Author: Cook, N.
The FCC lattice model of nuclear structure unifies the liquid-phase, gaseous-phase and cluster models within a self-consistent theoretical framework. By discarding the completely fictitious longrange "effective" nuclear force employed by the shell model and yet maintaining the nucleon build-up procedure in the independent-particle model, the FCC model retains the principal strengths of both the liquid-drop and the shell models. In place of the effective nuclear force, we employ the short-range magnetic attraction between suitably aligned nucleons to obtain nuclear binding.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=185
First Author: Cook, N.
The build-up procedure for the Palladium isotopes is known from the independent-particle model and implies specific 3D structures for these isotopes in the nuclear lattice model [1]. Using those lattice structures, the favorable modes of fission have been simulated and the fission fragments compared with the transmutation products, as reported by Mizuno [2]. It is shown that (i) the changes in relative abundance of the Pd isotopes, and (ii) the main transmutation products in Mizuno-style LENR studies are consistent with the idea that the bulk of the energy released in such experiments is due to the fission of Palladium isotopes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=191
First Author: Cook, N.
Models of the Atomic Nucleus (2nd Edition, Springer, 2010) is an attempt to unify the diverse and mutually-contradictory models of traditional nuclear structure theory within the framework of a lattice of nucleons. At the level of nuclear "modeling", the lattice is rather successful at reproducing the major features of the historical models. To wit, the binding energies and nuclear radii predictions of the liquid-drop model [LDM] are reproduced in a close-packed lattice because the lattice is dominated by near-neighbor, two-body, nucleon-nucleon interactions, as in the LDM. The alpha particle substructure of nuclei, as postulated in the cluster models, is reproduced in a nucleon lattice with spin- and isospin-layering because a close-packed lattice inherently contains He4-like, tetrahedral nucleon clusters. Most importantly, the shells, subshells and "magic" numbers of the independent-particle model [IPM] are reproduced in the lattice on a purely geometrical basis – a direct consequence of nucleon build-up from a central tetrahedron. That fact was noted (and illustrated in Physical Review!) by Eugene Wigner in 1937 – who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics explicitly "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus [...], particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". It is noteworthy that the exact same lattice described by Wigner achieves unification of the modern-day nuclear models using a realistic, short-range, nuclear potential – and not the purely-theoretical, quark-based fiction of a long-range, nuclear "mean field."
Models of the Atomic Nucleus goes beyond the traditional concerns of nuclear modeling in addressing the still-unexplained topics of the fragment asymmetry in fission, the millisecond instability of the so-called super-heavy nuclei, and the remarkable findings of transmutation of elements in low-energy nuclear reaction [LENR] studies. The book clearly illustrates the fact that, for resolution of any of these and other long-standing controversies in theoretical nuclear physics, it will be necessary to return to the many loose-ends and inconclusive qualitative arguments that have dominated nuclear structure theory since the 1930s.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CookNmodelsofth.pdf
First Author: Cook, N.
The significance of LENR research for understanding nuclear structure is discussed. In contrast to atomic-level Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), nuclear theory has remained a collection of mutually-exclusive "models" lacking a rigorous foundation. I argue that LENR indicates the way forward to a quantitative theory of nuclear structure, Quantum Nucleodynamics (QND).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=78
First Author: Cook, N.
Deciphering the many puzzles of low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) will require not only knowledge of the electromagnetic and chemical environment of the nuclear species that are susceptible to low-energy excitation, but also a detailed understanding of the many-body problem of the atomic nucleus itself. Today most LENR research focuses on the former issues, while nuclear structure theory remains the same conundrum that it has been for 80 years. The essence of the problem is that there has been no self-consistent spatiotemporal description of nuclear structure – and, as a consequence, no reliable framework within which to address the oldest and most outstanding problem in nuclear physics: the nuclear force. The unanswered question in traditional nuclear physics – and the new challenge in LENR – is how to reconcile the short-range nuclear force known from nucleon scattering experiments with the wealth of empirical data on nuclear structure. Despite problems due to the early rejection of spatiotemporal explanations in nuclear physics, 21st century computational power has opened the door to realistic "molecular dynamics"-style simulations of nuclear structure. Some implications both for LENR and for nuclear physics are discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=72
First Author: Corey, J.
Introduction On March 23, 1989, at the University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had caused fusion reactions between deuterium nuclei to occur at room temperature, creating a potentially endless and benign source of energy for the world. Of course, this flew in the face of conventional physics, and scientists all over the world hurried to reproduce the effect. The major institutes in the US were unable to do so, and a US Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Research Advisory Panel (ERAB) declared that the effect was not real and that government funding for further research would essentially constitute waste, fraud, and abuse. Thus died the hope of cheap, endless energy through "cold fusion," at least as far as the regular scientific community was concerned.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CoreyJtripreport.pdf
First Author: Corrigan, D. A.
930. Corrigan, D.A., B.K. Schwemmin, and E.W. Schneider, Radiochemical measurements of tritium during heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes in closed cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 312: p. 175.
First Author: Corrigan, D. A.
931. Cottingham, W.N. and D.A. Greenwood, The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1989. 15: p. L157.
First Author: Cottingham, W. N.
932. Coupland, D.R., et al. Some Observations Related to the Presence of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Coupland, D. R.
Surface and bulk analytical work carried out on Pd rod samples returned to JM by Fleischmann and Pons indicate that a number of elements, including Pt and Li were deposited on the surface during electrolysis in D2O.
One electrolysed rod exhibited recovery of part of the wrought microstructure which would ordinarily require a temperature of > ca. 200°C, and another rod showed recrystallisation of a portion of its length and this would normally require a temperature of > ca. 300°C. These effects cannot be readily explained by known processing history and could not be reproduced by filing or sawing. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=318
First Author: Coupland, D. R.
Surface and bulk analytical work carried out on palladium rod samples returned to Johnson Matthey by Fleischmann and Pons indicates that a number of elements, including platinum and lithium were deposited on the surface during electrolysis in D2O. Surface analysis via time of flight SIMS indicates that the Li6/Li7 isotope ratio is unusually low but no original reference is available.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=23
First Author: Cowley, C. R.
935. Cox, D.M., et al., Abnormally Large Deuterium Uptake on Small Transition Metal Clusters. Catalysis Lett, 1990. 4: p. 271.
First Author: Cox, D. M.
936. Cranberg, L., Cold fusion doubts and controls" (title given by section editor). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515.
First Author: Cranberg, L.
937. Cravens, D. Factors Affecting Success Rate of Heat Generation in CF Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Cravens, D.
Abstract
A series of low cost, low precision experiments were conducted to screen for factors which may affect the successful observation of heat from palladium/ heavy water electrolytic cells. Critical factors include the selection of the palladium and the experimental protocol during the initial loading to the beta phase. It was found that bubble patterns, volume expansion, and surface appearance can be used as early predictors of ultimate success. Since large scale defects are detrimental, methods of avoiding cracking are discussed. These include alloying, preparing a uniform surface, loading at a slow rate at low temperatures, delaying use of additives to the electrolyte, and uniform loading techniques. Methods of achieving the later and larger heat releases were found to include: rapid increase in the current density above a threshold value and raising the temperature. A reflux calorimeter design is presented that allows for continuous studies at boiling temperatures of the electrolyte. Unexpected and unexplained occurrences of heat bursts by magnetic fields and radio frequency fields are reported.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDfactorsaff.pdf
First Author: Cravens, D.
939. Cravens, D. Flowing Electrolyte Calorimetry. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Cravens, D.
When the specific heat and flow rate of the electrolyte are known, the thennal output of cells using circulating electrolytes can be determined. An independent evaluation of the "Patterson Power Cell™" was conducted using the circulating electrolyte as a heat transfer medium. This allows for real time measurements and alteration of the electrolyte. The cell was found to give measurements consistent with claims of excess power. Suggestions for the improvement of the calorimetry are given. A simplified version of the system was demonstrated during the first 3 days o f the International Conference on Cold Fusion - 5 (ICCF-5) and made available to those requesting its examination.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=95
First Author: Cravens, D.
941. Cravens, D. and D. Letts. Practical Techniques In CF Research - Triggering Methods. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Cravens, D.
A collection of useful techniques for triggering CF events is presented which are gleaned from 14 years of CF research and thousands of experiments by the authors. Special attention is give to those techniques that trigger excess heat by dynamic conditions that are imposed upon CF systems. These triggering techniques include changes in cell temperature, pulsing the current to electrolytic systems, acoustical stimulation of gas systems, chemical triggering of electrolytic system, pressure changes, radio frequency excitation, magnetic field variations and laser stimulation. Laser stimulation is found to be a potentially fruitful technique to trigger heat events, to probe the cathode surface by scanning for active locations and to compare products from at active and inactive regions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDpracticalt.pdf
First Author: Cravens, D.
PowerPoint slides for this paper.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDpracticalta.pdf
First Author: Cravens, D.
944. Cravens, D. and D. Letts. The Enabling Criteria Of Electrochemical Heat: Beyond Reasonable Doubt. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Cravens, D.
One hundred sixty seven papers from 1989 to 2007 concerning the generation of heat from electrochemical cells were collected, listed, and digitally posted to a CD for reference, review and study. A review showed four criteria that were required for successful experiments attempting replication of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. All published negative results can be traced to researchers not fulfilling one or more of these criteria. Statistical and Bayesian studies show that observation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect is correlated with the criteria and that production of "excess heat" is a real physical effect "beyond a reasonable doubt."
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDtheenablin.pdf
First Author: Cravens, D.
This paper develops a model of reaction kinetics for Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) for gas loaded systems. The method is patterned after mathematics used in Michaelis-Menten kinetic models, which are standard in enzyme catalytic studies. Hydrogen is found to inhibit the deuterium reaction rates and can be explained by mixed inhibition kinetics where the hydrogen both competes with deuterium at the active sites requiring higher concentrations of deuterium for a given reaction rate and it also undergoes noncompetitive inhibition, which alters the maximum rate of the reaction. This kinetic model predicts that hydrogen contamination would require ligher loading ratios for similar reaction rates or heat production and also such contamination may lower ultimate heat production due to hydrogen active site complex productions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf#page=290
First Author: Cravens, D.
National Instruments’ annual NI Week hosts some of the most advanced electronic and instrumentation technologies on the planet. This year’s event, held in Austin, Texas from August 5-8, was no exception. Electronically controlled robots roamed the aisles. Next year’s auto electronics and advanced controls for cars, airplanes and missiles were displayed. There was even an 800 mph land speed car in the corner.
However, in our humble opinion, the most unique booth displayed two golden spheres resting in a bed of silver beads. But the left sphere is 4°C warmer than the right one and the bed it rests in. Why is it warmer? Cold fusion keeps it warm and it has been warm for 2˝ months now. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDcoldfusiona.pdf
First Author: Cravens, D.
948. Crawford, O.H., Examination of a proposed phonon-coupling mechanism for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 161.
First Author: Crawford, O. H.
949. Crespo, C.L., R.F.C. Carvalhal, and C.A.C. Sequeira, Anomalous effects during electrolysis of aqueous solutions. Cienc. Tecnol. Mater., 1998. 10((1/2)): p. 43 [in Portuguese].
First Author: Crespo, C. L.
950. Cribier, M., M. Spiro, and J. Favier, Conventional sources of fast neutrons in cold fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 228: p. 163.
First Author: Cribier, M.
951. Criddle, E.E. Implications of Isoperibolic Electrode Calorimetry for Cold Fusion: The Silica Effect. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Criddle, E. E.
Isoperibolic electrode calorimetry has demonstrated that four times as much heat is generated at the anode then at the cathode in D2O. Experiments recognized that silica affected some results. Experiments in K2CO3 reported here identifies silica as both a contributor to excess heat generation and as a factor in modifying the cell calibration constant. Implications for cold fusion will be discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=157
First Author: Criddle, E. E.
953. Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella. Some Thermodynamic Properties of the H(D)-Pd System. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Crouch-Baker, S.
In any discussion of the origin, measurement or description of the anomalous power prod ucing process which occurs in connection with the electrochemical loading of deuterium into palladium, knowledge of the thermodynamic behaviour of the system is clearly of importance. More particularly, since the formation of highly l oaded palladium is implicated as a necessary (but itself insufficient) condition for the observation of anomalous power, thermodynamic considerations relating to the attainment of high l oadings are of interest. Here, it is intended to review, at a general level , those aspects of the thermodynamic nature of the H(D)-Pd system, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium, which appear to bear most directly,on the question of excess power producti on in relati o n to the attai nment of high loadings.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=235
First Author: Crouch-Baker, S.
955. Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella, Variation of Resistance with Composition in the beta-Phase of the H-Pd System at 298k. Z. fur Phys. Chemie, 1998. 204: p. 247.
First Author: Crouch-Baker, S.
Measurement of electrical resistance is a convenient method for the determination of composition in a number of metal—hydrogen systems. For the fi-phase of the H—Pd system, pertinent data from the literature are employed in order to construct a complete resistance-loading function at 298 K.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CrouchBakevariationo.pdf
First Author: Crowley, B. J. B.
957. Crum, L. Sonoluminescence And Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion. in Fifth International Symposium on Cavitation (cav2003). 2003. Osaka, Japan.
First Author: Crum, L.
958. CSST, Hearing before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives. 1989: Washington, DC.
First Author: CSST
U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology on cold fusion, April 1989.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CSSThearingbef.pdf
First Author: Cuevas, F.
An experimental system has been developed to grow pure titanium films on tungsten substrates. The physicochemical properties of these films have been widely studied and ad hoc samples can be used for Cold Fusion experiments avoiding their contact with atmosphere. Different Cold Fusion experiments are proposed in a new experimental setup that allows deuterium gas loading of the film whi le electrical current is applied through them. Thus, an experimental configuration similar to an electrochemical loading is attained.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=262
First Author: Cuevas, F.
A complete set of NRS (Nuclear Reactions in Solids) experiments has been performed on the Ti-D system checking as triggering mechanisms of these phenomena the imposition of electric fields and the crossing of the cS-E and p-cS phase boundaries. The experiments were accomplished using a high pure iodide-titanium film as the initial metal matrix. Neutron measurements were monitored while doing these experiments and no clear evidence of the nuclear fusion reaction D+D---+3He+n has been detected, the upper detection limit for this reaction being lamda = 3 x 10^-21 f/pds.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=169
First Author: Cuevas, F.
962. Cunnane, V.J., R.A. Scannell, and D.J. Schiffrin, H2 + O2 recombination in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic electrochemical calorimetry of water electrolysis in an undivided cell. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 269: p. 163.
First Author: Cunnane, V. J.
963. Czerski, K., et al., Enhancement of the electron screening effect for d + d fusion reactions in metallic environments. Europhys. Lett., 2001. 54(4): p. 449-455.
First Author: Czerski, K.
Abstract. -- To study the electron screening of nuclear reactions in metallic environments, angular distributions and thick target yields of the fusion reactions 2H(d,p) 3H and 2H(d,n) 3He have been measured on deuterons implanted in three different metal targets (Al, Zr and Ta) for beam energies ranging from 5 to 60 keV. The experimentally determined values of the screening energy are about one order of magnitude larger than the value achieved in a gas target experiment and significantly larger than the theoretical predictions. A clear target material dependence of the screening energy has been established.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CzerskiKenhancemen.pdf
First Author: Czerski, K.
965. Czerski, K., et al., The 2H(d,p)3H reaction in metallic media at very low energies. Europhys. Lett., 2004. 68(3): p. 363-369.
First Author: Czerski, K.
Abstract. -- Based on our experimental studies of the electron screening effect in the 2H(d, p) 3H reaction for five deuteron-implanted solid targets (C, Al, Zr, Pd, Ta), theoretical calculations have been performed within an improved dielectric function theory. The theory describes correctly the observed target material dependence of the screening energies, underestimating, however, the absolute values by about a factor of 2. Applying an effective screening energy approach, the theoretical cross-sections, thick-target yields as well as nuclear reaction rates have been calculated down to the energies corresponding to the conditions of so-called cold-fusion experiments. This allows for a comparison of the experimental results at higher energies with those achieved in the heavy-water electrolysis experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CzerskiKthehdphrea.pdf
First Author: Czerski, K.
967. Czerski, K. Enhanced Electron Screening and Nuclear Mechanism of Cold Fusion. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Czerski, K.
The enhanced electron screening effect observed in accelerator experiments for the 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He reaction in deuterized metallic targets may be a breakthrough in understanding the phenomenon of cold fusion. The dielectric function theory enables an extrapolation of experimental cross sections determined at higher energies down to room temperature, leading to an enhancement of the fusion reaction rates by a factor of 1040 compared to the value predicted for the deuterium molecule. An additional enhancement can be obtained due to a 0+ resonance which should exist in the compound nucleus 4He very close to the D-D reaction threshold. Combination of both processes offers a simple explanation of high penetration probability through the Coulomb barrier and the reaction branching ratio preferring the 4He channel in heavy-water electrolysis experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=14
First Author: Czerwinski, A.
969. Czerwinski, A. and R. Marassi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part II: Basic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 322: p. 373.
First Author: Czerwinski, A.
970. Czerwinski, A., Influence of lithium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1994. 39: p. 431.
First Author: Czerwinski, A.
971. Czerwinski, A., et al., The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part III: The influence of solution composition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 386: p. 207.
First Author: Czerwinski, A.
972. Czerwinski, A., et al., Influence of cesium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1997. 42(1): p. 81.
First Author: Czerwinski, A.
973. Czirr, J.B., G.L. Jensen, and J.C. Wang. High-Efficiency Neutron and Charged-Particle Detector. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Czirr, J. B.
974. D'Amato, F., et al. Search for Nuclear Phenomena by the Interaction Between Titanium and Deuterium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: D'Amato, F.
Following the preliminary results obtained in the Spring of 1989 [see ref.3], a second generation of experiments aimed to the detection of nuclear particles from a titanium-deuterium system has been designed. Here very preliminary results from the new (even though not yet complete) experimental setup are presented: neutron burst emission from the system and tritium production in the samples.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=189
First Author: D'Aulerio, L.
976. Daddi, L. Neutrons Observations in Cold Fusion Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Daddi, L.
This report is a review of the most convincing observations of neutrons in Cold Fusion history up to recent experiments in which neutrons were so numerous and long lasting so as to allow activation of thermal detectors. Lately neutrons were observed also by using natural hydrogen. A more complete review is published elsewhere.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=60
First Author: Daddi, L.
978. Daddi, L., Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 249.
First Author: Daddi, L.
979. Dagani, R., Nuclear Fusion: Utah Findings Raise Hopes, Doubts, in Chem. Eng. News. 1989. p. 4.
First Author: Dagani, R.
980. Dagani, R., Advocates,Skeptics Alike Still Puzzled by Cold Fusion. Chem. Eng. News, 1990.
First Author: Dagani, R.
981. Dagani, R., Cold Fusion Believer Turned Skeptic Crusades for More Rigorous Research. Chem. Eng. News, 1995.
First Author: Dagani, R.
982. Dairaku, T., et al. Studies of nuclear-reactions-in-solid in titanium deuteride under ion implantation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Dairaku, T.
In order to find the signature of multi-body fusion, experiments of ion-beam implantation were carried out using titanium deuteride target made by the gas-loading method. Up to now, charged particles that are not known in the ordinary beam-target interaction have been observed in the experiment.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DairakuTstudiesofn.pdf
First Author: Dalard, F.
984. Dalun, W., et al. Diagnosis of Neutrons from the Gas Discharge Facility. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Dalun, W.
The phenomena of nuclear fusion at normal temperature have been studied using a gas discharge facility and about 10^4 neutrons per second have been detected. The neutron yield is controllable and reproduceable. The BF 3 neutron detectors, the 6Li thermoluminescence films, the NE-213 organic liquid scintillation neutron spectrometer and the n-gamma discrimination technique were used to diagnose the neutrons. It was confirmed that neutrons were emitted from the gas discharge facility.
There were some non beam-target neutrons among these neutrons, especially when the discharge voltages was low (<7kV).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=376
First Author: Dan, C.
In many experimental papers concerning experiments of loading certain metals like nickel, palladium with hydrogen isotopes low radiation levels have been reported. A simple model to describe the energy fluctuation of a deuteron trapped in a lattice, considering elastic collisions in one dimension with the ions is presented. The energy fluctuations, combined with the increase of the Coulomb barrier penetration probability produced by the electron screening effect, might lead to a very small and unsteady rate of low energy nuclear reactions produced by the hydrogen isotopes in condensed matter.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=447
First Author: Dandapani, B.
987. Dannetun, H.M., et al., The H2-O2 Reaction on Palladium Studied Over a Large Pressure Range: Independence of the Microscopic Sticking Coefficients on Surface Condition. Sur. Sci., 1985. 152-153: p. 559.
First Author: Dannetun, H. M.
988. Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 413.
First Author: Danos, M.
989. Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 484.
First Author: Danos, M.
990. Danos, M. and V.B. Belyaev, Estimate of the neutron transfer fusion rate. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 354.
First Author: Danos, M.
991. Darby, M.I. and M.N. Read, Site Preference of Dilute Hydrogen in Palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 90: p. L41.
First Author: Darby, M. I.
992. Dardik, I., et al. Intensification Of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Using Superwave Excitation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Dardik, I.
Energetics Technologies (ET) was recently established to investigate possibilities for inducing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) using special wave excitation. Four experimental approaches are being pursued: electrolysis, glow-discharge, gas loading in catalyst cells and high-pressure high-temperature cell with ultrasonic wave excitation. The experimental setups developed by ET are described along with preliminary results obtained. A significant amount of excess heat was measured in the first glow discharge experiment. The power generated during the experiment was up to 3.9 times the input power. When driven with waves the excess heat was higher than when driven with DC. A significant amount of excess heat was also measured after the shutdown of the glow discharge; it lasted for approximately 10 hours. The total excess energy generated is estimated to be 6.7 times the input energy. The "heat-after-death" phenomenon was also observed in another glow discharge experiment. Excess heat up to approximately 80% was measured over a period of over 3 months in yet another glow discharge experiment. Driving the electrolytic cells with waves resulted in a faster loading than when driving them with DC of the same average current. The tritium concentration in the electrolyte measured at the end of the experiments was found to be up to more than 100% the pre-experiment level. No excess heat was measured, so far, in the catalyst cells. Successful loading of Pd target with D was obtained in the high-pressure high-temperature gas cell without going through the alpha+beta phase of the Pd-D system.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIintensific.pdf
First Author: Dardik, I.
PowerPoint slides describing research at Energetics Technology. Topic covered: SuperWaves; glow discharge experiments; electrolytic cells; cathode pretreatment; excess heat obtained; tritium and material analysis.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIexcessheat.pdf
First Author: Dardik, I.
ABSTRACT In last year we have succeeded obtaining significant Excess Heat (=100%) with seven different Pd foils, using Electrolytic cells, excited by Dardik’s Super Wave. Several of the successful foils were provided by Dr. Vittorio Violante of ENEA Frascatti. Significant Excess Heat: The output power exceeded the input power (COP) by at least 100%. Maximum COP obtained is 600%, it lasted for 24.5 hours. The longest period of Excess Heat obtained was 134 hours at COP of 150%. A new type of experiments was initiated. Electrolytic loaded Pd cathode is exposed to Ultra Sonic waves (US), inducing cavitations in the vicinity of the cathode.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIprogressin.pdf
First Author: Dardik, I.
996. Dardik, I. Preparata Prize acceptance speech. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Dardik, I.
997. Dardik, I., et al. Ultrasonically-excited electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Dardik, I.
Three electrolysis cells with built-in ultrasonic transmitters were developed by Energetics Technologies. The ultrasonic transmitters induce cavitation in the electrolyte in the vicinity of the palladium cathode for in-situ cleaning and activation of the cathode surface, generation of dislocations, assistance in loading and excitation of the Pd-D system. The ultrasonically assisted electrolysis cells are described and excess heat generating experiments using these cells are illustrated. All of these experiments used the Dardik’s modified SuperWaves to drive the electrolysis. The reproducibility of excess heat generation obtained using the ultrasonically assisted electrolysis experiments approaches 80%, which is the highest of all types of electrolysis experiments performed at Energetics Technologies.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIultrasonic.pdf
First Author: Dardik, I.
Energetics Technologies has had excellent reproducibility of its own experimental results on cold fusion; significantly, its work has been replicated at independent laboratories, at SRI and ENEA. We believe that one of the most important reasons for these results is the use t of complex fractally nested current excitation From this perspective, these results in replicating the production of excess heat are a further confirmation that natural phenomena, including the electrochemical processes for producing excess of heat, can be correctly described by these fractal dynamics. . In this paper I describe basic concepts of the SuperWaves™ theory, which is an original general approach to model and understand natural phenomena.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=124
First Author: Das, D.
1000. Dasannacharya, B.A. and K.R. Rao, Remarks on Cold Fusion, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 2.
First Author: Dasannacharya, B. A.
1001. Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman. Surface Morphology and Microcomposition of Palladium Cathodes After Electrolysis in Acified Light and Heavy Water: Correlation With Excess Heat. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Dash, J.
1002. Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman. Changes in Surface Topography and Microcomposition of a Palladium Cathode Caused by Electrolysis in Acidified Light Water. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Dash, J.
1003. Dash, J., G. Noble, and D. Diman, Surface Morphology and Microcomposition of Palladium Cathodes After Electrolysis in Acified Light and Heavy Water: Correlation With Excess Heat. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 299.
First Author: Dash, J.
1004. Dash, J. and S. Miguet, Microanalysis of Pd Cathodes after Electrolysis in Aqueous Acids. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 23.
First Author: Dash, J.
ABSTRACT The morphology and microcomposition of palladium after electrolysis in heavy water were studied. Fibers which appeared on the surface were observed to change with time. Evidence which supports the possibility of transmutation is presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJmicroanaly.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
Preliminary mass spectrometer analysis showed that a palladium foil which had been electrolyzed for 12 minutes had greater abundance ofPd108 than Pdl06, whereas the unelectrolyzed control showed the reverse, expected natural abundances.
After about 20 hours of electrolysis, a Pd cathode produced excess heat at the rate of about 5 watts per gram. After about 70 hours of electrolysis. the Pd electrode no longer produced excess heat, but a Pt cathode began to produce excess heat. Similar localized concentrations of unexpected elements were found on both the Pd and the Pt cathodes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=76
First Author: Dash, J.
ABSTRACT Presented here are results of research performed at Portland State University during the period 1994 to 1996. Excess heat was produced at the rate of about 1.2 watts during electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium cathode weighing 0.0625g. Analysis of the electrodes before and after electrolysis with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) revealed that new surface topographical features with concentrations of unexpected elements (V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn) formed during electrolysis. The morphology and microcomposition of palladium after electrolysis in heavy water were studied. Fibers which appeared on the surface were observed to change with time. Evidence which supports the possibility of transmutation is presented.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJexcessheat.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
Attempts to achieve low temperature nuclear fusion can be traced to the work of Paneth, Peters, and Tanberg in 1927. Martin Fleischmann, who in his early career was a colleague of Paneth, teamed with Stanley Pons at the University of Utah to pursue this goal by the electrolysis of heaNy water with a palladium cathode. Palladium is a metal
which strongly absorbs hydrogen isotopes. The question they sought to answer was whether the internal pressure generated by this absorption would be sufficient to overcome the coulomb repulsion of deuterium nuclei. In 1989 they claimed success in fusing deuterium nuclei to form helium 2. Their main evidence for this claim was excess
heat which was orders of magnitude higher than could be explained by any known chemical reaction
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJinteractio.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2002.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJcoldfusion.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
ABSTRACT Uranium foils were attached to the cathode of a glow discharge apparatus. A plasma of either hydrogen or deuterium ions was used to bombard the uranium. The rates of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation emissions were significantly greater for the bombarded uranium than for the original material.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJeffectsofg.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
ABSTRACT Hydrogen loading of 99.98% pure natural uranium foils (0.18 mm thick) was performed by aqueous electrolysis in order to compare with glow discharge results. Alpha, beta, and gamma specific radioactivity were measured after hydrogen loading and compared with the control. Some of the samples revealed an increase of the specific radioactivity of up to 20%. Gamma ray spectroscopy was also performed on the samples. Results reveal an increase of the specific counts for the peaks of Th234 and U235 and a decrease in the U Ka1 characteristic x-ray peak. The surface topography changed from granular before electrolysis to pitted afterward. The thorium concentration increased slightly after electrolysis compared with the original material. In summary, this work in progress reveals that loading hydrogen into uranium increases the uranium decay rate, in agreement with the glow discharge results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJchangesint.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2003.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJthequestfo.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
ABSTRACT. Palladium was co-deposited with hydrogen isotopes on a Pd cathode. This resulted in enhanced production of excess thermal power. After electrolysis the Pd Lβ / Lα ratio was found to be increased in characteristic x-ray spectra from localized, microscopic areas on the surface of the Pd cathode. This suggests the possibility that appreciable amounts of silver are present in these areas.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJcodepositi.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
Tutorial presented at ICCF-12.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJiccftutori.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
Surface studies of 40 μm thick Pd foils after electrolysis in D2O / H2SO4 electrolyte for six minutes found inversions in isotopic ratios. Anomalous isotopic ratios were also found on the surface of a 350 μm thick Pd foil after electrolysis in the same electrolyte for 74 hours.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJsurfacestu.pdf
First Author: Dash, J.
1016. Dash, J. and Q. Wang. Anomalous Silver on the Cathode Surface after Aqueous Electrolysis. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Dash, J.
The presence of localized concentrations of anomalous elements (gold and silver)on the surfaces of palladium cathodes after electrolysis in either light water or heavy water electrolyte was first reported in 1994 [1]. Similarly, anomolous elements in surface pits were reported for titanium cathodes after electrolysis in heavy water electrolyte [2]. More recently, off-the-shelf battery fluid (Sp.G. 1.26) was substituted for analytical-grade H2SO4 (Sp.G. 1.84) in the electrolyte. Silver was found in localized concentrations on palladium cathodes after electrolysis. These results are consistent with a thermal neutron mechanism proposed previously [1].
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=82
First Author: Dash, J.
The microstructure of Pd and Ti foils was altered by cold rolling followed by heating at temperatures up to ~700Ă‚°C. The surface topography and microchemical composition of these foils was studied before and after electrolysis with heavy water electrolyte. Temperature measurements during electrolysis showed that Ti and Pd cathodes which had been heated to ~700Ă‚°C gave about 1W excess power relative to a control.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=90
First Author: David, F.
1019. David, F. and J. Giles. Self-Polarisation of Fusion Diodes: From Excess Energy to Energy. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: David, F.
Conventionally, the cold fusion reaction produces heat. The authors have sought a different approach, wherein the device has no input energy, relying on the energy produced by cold fusion in the device. The device consists of diodes fabricated as powder, with a large surface junction made up of a semiconductor in contact with palladium charged with deuterium.
The apparent fusion reactions take place in the junction between the semiconductor and the Palladium powder, which produces an excitation which is transmitted to the electrons. This excitation increases their energy and allows them to cross the bandgap of the semiconductor and pass into the conduction band, as in a photovoltaic cell. This energy very quickly appears as a spontaneous potential difference which can reach over 0.5 volt per junction.
The potential drop concentrates on the junction region, and at a nano scale the electric field reaches considerable values, higher than the megavolt per meter, which constrains the deuterium nuclei and increases the probability of deuterium fusion.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DavidFselfpolari.pdf
First Author: David, F.
The authors discusses the results of the testing of a new fusion device : the "Fusion Diode".
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=173
First Author: David, F.
Since the first publication of Martin Fleischman and Stanley Pons in 1989, the majority of articles in the LENR field have focused on calorimetry. This is true for both electrolysis experiments and gaseous loading experiments.
Many calorimetry experiments are masterpieces of science [3] Nevertheless, despite the experimental evidence, the results indicating excessive heat have not convinced the scientific community. Well-designed calorimetry experiments take a very long time to be developped. It's an issue, because it would be good to test many alloys systematically.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DavidFalternativ.pdf
First Author: David, F.
Since the first publication of Martin Fleischman and Stanley Pons in 1989, the majority of articles in the LENR field have focused on calorimetry. Many calorimetry experiments are masterpieces of science. Nevertheless, despite the experimental evidence, the results indicating excessive heat have not convinced the scientific community. For this purpose, we propose three relatively simple techniques: The "Fusion Diode" effect, the Reifenschweiler effect and a new postulated effect, not yet observed: the magnetic alignment of the tritium pairs.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzd.pdf#page=58
First Author: Davidonis, R.
1024. Davidson, K., Cold Fusion Not Dead Yet, in San Francisco Examiner. 1989.
First Author: Davidson, K.
1025. Davidson, M., Off-mass-shell Particles and LENR. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 19.
First Author: Davidson, M.
A recent and somewhat radical theoretical explanation for LENR is reviewed. It is based on variable mass theories of relativistic quantum mechanics that date back to the 1930s in works by Fock and Stueckelberg, and up to the present by many others. It explains a large number of observed anomalous effects in LENR by positing that nuclear rest-masses can vary in "nuclear active environments" in condensed matter settings. The varying masses modify the kinematic constraints of the nuclear reactions. It also offers a mechanism for enhancing electron screening and-or quantum tunneling rates, for allowing for resonant tunneling, and for modified radioactive decay rates by mass changes in the decaying isotopes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=54
First Author: Davies, J. D.
1027. Davies, J.D., A Direct Measurement of the Alpha-Muon Sticking Coefficient in Muon-Catalysed d-t Fusion. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1990. 16: p. 1529.
First Author: Davies, J. D.
1028. Davies, J.D., et al., Search for 2.5 MeV neutrons from D2O (heavy water) electrolytic cells stimulated by high-intensity muons and pions. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. 103(1): p. 155.
First Author: Davies, J. D.
1029. Davis, L., Cold fusion: a learning curve? Aust. Phys., 1989. 26: p. 219.
First Author: Davis, L.
1030. Daviss, B., Reasonable Doubt, in New Scientist. 2003. p. 36.
First Author: Daviss, B.
1031. Davydov, A.S., Possible interpretation of cold nuclear fusion (Letter to the Editor). Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1989. 34: p. 1295 (in Russian).
First Author: Davydov, A. S.
1032. Davydov, A.S., Possible explanation of the cold fusion experiments". Sov. Phys. Dokl., 1990. 35(9): p. 811.
First Author: Davydov, A. S.
1033. de Guerville, F., Proton Conductors: Nanometric Cavities, H2 Precipitates under Pressure, and Rydberg Matter Formation. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 21: p. 26-39.
First Author: de Guerville, F.
Proton conductors (PC) are metal oxides often used as solid electrolyte with hydrogen above 400 K, in which anomalous presence increase of several chemical elements and excess heat would have been obtained from near-surface locations. Near the surface of other metal oxides, closely spaced hydrogen at a distance of only 2 pm at least during a fraction of the time has been detected, and has been proposed to be in the form of hypothetical ultradense Rydberg matter H(0). How can H(0) form in PC near the cathode interface? Nanometric cavities (NC) were observed in the PC near their cathode interfaces. These NC would contain H2 precipitates with impurities, under a pressure of the order of 0.1 GPa. Since PC are crossed by a large flux of protons, a simple mechanism is proposed to increase the H2 pressure in these NC rapidly and temporarily well above the PC tensile strength. A second mechanism is then described to turn this H2 into a metallic-molecular state, form a Rydberg matter H(1) and then H(0) with a pressure decrease. In NC, the presence of impurities and the entry of the hydrogen atoms in the form of Rydberg atoms are proposed to decrease the pressure required to form metallic-molecular hydrogen. Finally, different experiments are proposed to test this research approach, particularly by transmission electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf#page=31
First Author: De Marco, F.
Since 1992 the ENEA Frascati Group has performed successful experiments aimed to measuring the excess heat produced in electrolytic cells with heavy water and a Palladium cathode. These experiments were characterized by a substantial lack of reproducibility. On the other side, it has become more and more clear that reaching, and possibly exceeding, a threshold in the amount of Deuterium absorbed in the lattice (usually called the DlPd ratio) is a necessary condition in order to produce excess heat (DlPd ~ 0.9 atomic). These considerations pushed the Group to concentrate its activity in the study of the connection between the Palladium characteristic parameters and the maximum reachable D/Pd ratio, by analysing and interpreting the relative absorption mechanisms. Mastering this aspect of the experiment should allow obtaining reproducibly high charging ratios, well above the quoted threshold, and thus hopefully reproducible production of heat excess.
This has been done in the last year, with quite promising results, that will be reported in this paper.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=160
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1036. De Ninno, A., et al., Evidence of emission of neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system". Europhys. Lett., 1989. 9: p. 221.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1037. De Ninno, A., et al., Emission of neutrons as a consequence of titanium-deuterium interaction. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101: p. 841.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1038. De Ninno, A., et al. Emission of Neutron Bursts From a Titanium-Deuterium Gas Ststem in a High-Effeciency Low-Background Experimental Setup. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1039. De Ninno, A., et al. The Production of Neutrons and Tritium in the Deuterium Gas-Titanium Interaction. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
The search for neutron emission due to the interaction between deuterium gas and titanium in non-equilibrium thermodynamic condit ions was first proposed by the Frascati Group of ENEA, and preliminary results, obtained in April 1989, were published. The same results, enriched with new data, were presented at the Santa Fe Workshop on Cold Fusion Phenomena in May and at the Workshop Understanding Cold Fusion Phenomena, held in Varenna in September 1989. These data, as well as all the others in the field, were characterized by lack of reproducibility.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=144
First Author: De Ninno, A.
The Pd-D system has been described assuming a two-population model. A "quasi-plasma" delocalized boson gas picture has been used for the deuterons exceeding the sto ichiometric ratio in Pd-D compounds.
A mathematical model supported by a numerical computer code with distributed parameters has been developed in order to describe the evolution of the deuteron concentration profile inside a Pd cathode under pulsed electrolysis. Several boundary conditions have been taken into account.
A strong correlation has been found between the model system evolution and the experimental data .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=115
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1042. De Ninno, A., A. La Barbera, and V. Violante. Selection of palladium metallurgical parameters to achieve very high loading rations. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
It has been extensively proved that a threshold in D/Pd concentration must be overcome to observe the heat excess production phenomenon. However, it is very difficult to obtain Pd samples with an high loading ratio in a reproducible way, then the actual reproducibility of the cold fusion experiments is critical.
We will show that strong concentration gradients arise in the material during the loading procedure so that permanent deformation can be produced. Loading dynamic and metallurgical parameters will both affect strongly the ultimate loading ratio achievable.
Thus a loading procedure has been sel~cted such as to avoid the anaelastic strains of the alpha-beta phase, and its consequence in terms of elastic parameters has been evaluated. We studied, both experimentally and theoretically, the influence of Pd microstructure and dislocations on the loading ratio in order to select the material that better matches the cold fusion experiments requirements.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=207
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1044. De Ninno, A., M.V. Antisari, and C. Giangiordano. Material Science Aimed at Improving the Reproducibility of Heat Excess Experiments. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
We have studied the influence of the microstructure of Pd samples on the features of the Hydrogen(Deuterium) loading process in order to improve the reproducibility of excess heat experiments.
We have found that the Pd grain size is a significative parameter affecting in a strong way both the loading kinetics and the maximum concentration. A careful check of the microstructure appears thus necessary in order to obtain high loading ratios. We make the hypothesis that this can be related to the role of the grain size both on the density of short circuit paths for fast diffusion and on the mechanical properties of the material, which influence the metal ability in relaxing the stress field generated at the sample surface by the solute concentration gradient.
We started also the investigation on thin Pd films.
Our main goal is to prepare, in a reproducible way, DlPd samples with a very high loading ratio (greater than 0.9) in order to systematically approach the main experimental problems of the excess heat production,others goals are the calorimetric system improvement and the detection of possible nuclear ashes production.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=103
First Author: De Ninno, A.
Abstract The resources dedicated by ENEA to Cold Fusion research in the last two years have been strongly reduced. Nevertheless, fruitful activity has been performed following two main lines. The first line attains to the effort for reaching high values of D/Pd ratio in Pd in order to obtain the best conditions for cold fusion phenomena, in particular power excess production in electrolytic cells. The outcome of this research is the definition of the starting characteristic of Pd (metallurgy), and the procedure for its loading with Deuterium. The calorimetry by now assessed at ENEA Frascati has been used for the detection of power excess. The second line concerns the attempt to detect in a clear way the production of 4He during the power excess episodes. A system aimed to the analysis of the gases evolving from the electrolytic cell is being realised and will be briefly described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DeNinnoAcoldfusion.pdf
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1047. De Ninno, A., et al., Experimental Evidence of 4He Production in a Cold Fusion Experiment. 2002, ENEA - Unita Tecnico Scientfica Fusione Centro Ricerche Frascati, Roma.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
We report the simultaneous production of excess enthalpy and of 4He in a one dimensional Palladium (Pd) stripe cathode electrolytically loaded with Deuterium (D), occurring when the stoichiometric ratio x=[D]/[Pd] exceeds 1. The excess heat is signaled by the local temperature rise, measured by a commercial Peltier element in good thermal contact with the thin film cathode substrate. In order to detect the very small amount of 4He expected in the gas mixture exiting from the cell, we remove effectively all non inert components of the gas mixture (especially hydrogen isotopes) with a non-evaporable getter (NEG) pump. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DeNinnoAexperiment.pdf
First Author: De Ninno, A.
Excesses enthalpy consistent only with a nuclear process (deuterium fusion) has been claimed since 1989, even though these results are considered inconsistent with modern nuclear science and have been discarded by the most of nuclear scientists. We started an experimental programme aimed at probing these issues: Thermal anomalies can be observed only when the concentration x= [D]/[Pd] overcomes a threshold (x=1) [1]; This threshold can be easily obtained in a suitably Pd geometry; The thermal anomalies can be started and stopped controlling the experimental procedure; 4He is simultaneously generated, commensurate with the level of the excess enthalpy [2], [3], [4].
Understanding a triple coincidence - the reaching of the threshold of the D concentration in Pd, the appearance of the excess of enthalpy, and the appearance of 4He - is the primary objective of this investigation . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DeNinnoAhedetectio.pdf
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1050. De Ninno, A., Dynamics in Pd-H(D) Systems. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 4: p. 291-303.
First Author: De Ninno, A.
PdH(D) showsmany peculiar aspects whichmake it unique both for solid state and forLENRphysics. Its most surprising characteristic is that it behaves like a stable dense plasma consisting of H(D) nuclei which can be well explained on the basis of an appropriate many-body model.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf#page=299
First Author: De Ninno, A.
1052. Deakin, M.R., et al., Search for cold fusion using x-ray detection. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. R1851.
First Author: Deakin, M. R.
1053. Dean, S.O., Fusion News: 2004. J. Fusion Energy, 2004. 23(3): p. 137.
First Author: Dean, S. O.
1054. DeChiaro, L., L. Forsley, and P.A. Mosier-Boss, Strained Layer Ferromagnetism in Transition Metals and its Impact Upon Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2015. 17.
First Author: DeChiaro, L.
Spin-polarized Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to model the lattice structures for the Transition Metal Group, Columns I and II, and a number of sp elements in the Periodic Table. Our results suggest that most of the transition metals can exhibit ferromagnetic ordering if the lattice is placed in sufficiently high tensile stress. These results are applied to the study of some layered structures employed by a number of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) research teams and may help to explain some of the anomalous results and the difficulty in reproduction of those results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedp.pdf#page=6
First Author: Defkalion
Defkalion Green Technologies s.a. was established to manufacture and market products based on the E-Cat, which was invented by Andrea Rossi. We are undertaking a path from invention to industrialization on a global scale. There is no government financing involved.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Defkaliondefkaliong.pdf
First Author: Degwekar, S. B.
1057. Dekhtyar, I.Y. and V.S. Shevchenko, Positron Annihilation in the System Palladium-Hydrogen. Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 1972. 49: p. K11.
First Author: Dekhtyar, I. Ya.
1058. Del Giudice, E., et al. The Fleischmann-Pons Effect in a Novel Electrolytic Configuration. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Del Giudice, E.
1059. Del Giudice, E., et al. Loading Palladium with Deuterium Gas while Lowering Temperature. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Del Giudice, E.
1060. Del Giudice, E., et al. Loading of H(D) in a Pd lattice. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Del Giudice, E.
The aim of the present contribution is to summarize what we have learnt in the last years about the ways and the means through which we are able to reach high loadings (x=D/Pd >1) in Pd-D systems.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DelGiudiceloadingofh.pdf
First Author: Del Giudice, E.
INTRODUCTION
We report the preliminary results of an experiment aimed at detecting the simultaneous production of excess heat and 4He in Palladium cathodes loaded with Deuterium up to a stoichiometric ratio x=D/Pd larger than 1.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DelGiudiceproduction.pdf
First Author: Del Giudice, E.
Nuclear transmutations have been reported to occur in matrices subjected to either electrochemical or gas loading at room temperature. To overcome the difficulties of the large Coulomb repulsion among nuclei a γ-ray electromagnetic field appears as a suitable agent. It is discussed whether this e.m. excitation could emerge from cold fusion processes and induce nuclear reactions through the giant resonance coupling of this e.m. field with the closed shells present in the nuclei of the matrix.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DelGiudicearenuclear.pdf
First Author: Delley, B.
1064. Demanins, F., et al., Search for the neutron production in niobium deuteride. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 559.
First Author: Demanins, F.
1065. Demidenko, V.S. and V.I. Simakov, The state of deuterium and probability of cold nuclear fusion in solids. Izv. Vysch. Uchebn. Zaved. Fiz., 1993. 36(10): p. 20 (in Russian).
First Author: Demidenko, V. S.
1066. Derjaguin, B.V., et al., Titanium fracture yields neutrons? Nature (London), 1989. 341: p. 492.
First Author: Derjaguin, B. V.
1067. Derjaguin, B.V., et al., Excitation of nuclear reaction under mechanical effect (impact) on deuterated solids. Physica B, 1990. 167: p. 189.
First Author: Derjaguin, B. V.
1068. Deryagin, B.V., et al., Possibility of nuclear reactions during the fracture of solids. Colloid J. USSR, 1986. 48: p. 8.
First Author: Deryagin, B. V.
1069. Deryagin, B.V., et al., On the possibility of initiation of nuclear fusion in deuterated ferroelectrics by polarisation reversal waves at T < Tc. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1994. 334(3): p. 291 (in Russian).
First Author: Deryagin, B. V.
1070. Deryagin, B.V., et al., On the initiation of the nuclear fusion reaction in deuterated ferroelectric at its polarisation reversal induced by an electric field. Dokl, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1994. 336: p. 753 (in Russian).
First Author: Deryagin, B. V.
1071. Di Giulio, M., et al., Analysis of Nuclear Transmutations Observed in D- and H-Loaded Films. J. Hydrogen Eng., 2002. 27: p. 527.
First Author: Di Giulio, M.
1072. Di Stefano, A. Experimental Observation on the Lattice Energy Converter, preprint and PowerPoint slides. in ICCF24 Solid-state Energy Summit. 2022. Mountain View, CA.
First Author: Di Stefano, A.
Introduction
In March 2021 the author started a replication of the Frank Gordon's and Harper Whitehouse's Lattice Energy Converter (LEC), as described at the RNBE 2020 conference and later at ICCF23 and subsequently discussed in detail on lenr-forum.com. The most interesting feature of this device was its simplicity and apparently its high reproducibility (the device was already replicated by other researchers). In designing the experiments the first concern was to exclude any parasitic effect due to electromagnetic interferences, noise, instrumentation drift and other conventional (but not obvious) effects. To this end, a series of control experiments were designed and performed before the actual replication. The second aim was to design a very simple structure that can be easily modified and reutilized in order to allow a variety of tests.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DiStefanoAexperiment.pdf
First Author: Di Tommaso, A. O.
In this paper, a simple Zitterbewegung electron model, proposed in a previous work, is presented from a different perspective based on the principle of mass-frequency equivalence. A geometric-electromagnetic interpretation of mass, relativistic mass, De Broglie wavelength, Proca, Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Aharonov-Bohm equations in agreement with the model is proposed. A non-relativistic, Zitterbewegung interpretation of the 3.7 keV deep hydrogen level found by J. Naudts is presented. According to this perspective, ultra-dense hydrogen can be conceived as a coherent chain of bosonic electrons with protons or deuterons located in the center of their Zitterbewegung orbits. This approach suggests a possible role of ultra-dense hydrogen in some aneutronic and many-body low energy nuclear reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=534
First Author: Dickinson, J. T.
1075. Didenko, Y. and K. Suslick, The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation. Nature (London), 2002. 418: p. 394-397.
First Author: Didenko, Y.
1076. Didyk, A. and R. Wisniewski, Changes Observed in the Elemental Composition of Palladium and Rhenium Specimens Irradiated in Dense Deuterium by gamma-Quanta with Boundary of Energy 23 MeV. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2014. 13.
First Author: Didyk, A.
We have studied the elemental composition of palladium and rhenium specimens irradiated in dense gaseous deuterium by gamma-quanta of a continuous spectrum with the threshold energy of 23 MeV. Significant anomalies are found in the structure and elemental composition of the irradiated specimens. At both ends of the palladium wire considerable changes are observed in the form of blowouts (resembling congealed "Solar protuberances") of molten metal with complex elemental composition. The palladium surface proved to be covered with small particles, approximately 1–2 ěm in size, composed of rhenium oxide Re2O7 , while near the cracks and fractures the surface was covered with rhenium, carbon and oxygen crystallites of hexagonal symmetry. The entire surface of the rhenium sample became cracked and coated with a thick layer of carbon compounds with rhenium as RexCy . The phenomenological model of nuclear reactions leading to the observed elemental composition of rhenium and palladium is discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=99
First Author: Dienes, J. K.
1078. Dignan, T.G., et al., A search for neutrons from fusion in a highly deuterated cooled palladium thin film. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 469.
First Author: Dignan, T. G.
1079. Dillon, C.T. and B.J. Kennedy, The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. I. Surface composition and morphology. Aust. J. Chem., 1993. 46: p. 663.
First Author: Dillon, C. T.
1080. Dillon, C.T., B.J. Kennedy, and M.M. Elcombe, The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. II. In situ neutron diffraction studies. Aust. J. Chem., 1993. 46: p. 681.
First Author: Dillon, C. T.
1081. Ding, Y. and B.Y. Liaw. Electrochemical Characterization of Ni in Hydride-containing Molten Salts. in 9th International Conf. on Solid State Ionics. 1993. The Hague, The Netherlands.
First Author: Ding, Y.
1082. Dini, D. Why "Cold" and "Warm" Fusion Reaction Plants for Producinbg Useful Energy are Very Far From Now. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.
First Author: Dini, D.
1083. Divisek, J., L. Fuerst, and J. Balej, Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Part II. Experimental results. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 278: p. 99.
First Author: Divisek, J.
1084. Dmitrenko, V.N., I.P. Dryapachenko, and M.V. Sokolov, On the possibility of the study of electron screening in three-particle nuclear reactions. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1991. 36: p. 993 (in Russian).
First Author: Dmitrenko, V. N.
1085. Dmitriyeva, O., et al. Mechanisms for heat generated during deuterium loading of alumina-based Pd nanoparticle material (PowerPoint slides). in ACS National Meeting. 2011. Anaheim, CA.
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
Recent studies on gas-loading of Pd nanoparticle materials have demonstrated consistent and repeatable anomalous heat production in the presence of deuterium gas [1-4]. Our group has confirmed anomalous heat production in zeolite and alumina powders containing Pd nanoparticles and found additional features. Investigations at low pressure and slow loading showed a clear association between exothermic and endothermic features and the presence of specific chemical species. These provide insight into the underlying mechanisms and the crucial question as to the origins of the anomalous heat.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Dmitriyevamechanisms.pdf
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
We carried out an experimental study of excess heat production during deuterium loading of Pd-impregnated alumina. Earlier studies [1,2] have shown that a hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange chemical reaction can account for at least some of excess heat observed during gas-loading experiments. In this work we show that excess heat contributed by H/D exchange can be eliminated by prebaking the material in vacuum at 390°C, due to the removal of residual water from the material. After the material is given the opportunity to reabsorb water from air the reaction and excess heat production in the presence of deuterium resumes. Our calculations on the energy available from H/D exchange show that all the excess heat observed during our experiment can be accounted for by this chemical reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Dmitriyevacontrolofe.pdf
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
We studied the influence of the temperature gradient on heat measurements during gas-loading experiments. The quasi isothermal chamber that we conducted our experiments in is built to keep the inside temperature uniform. However, when experimenting at the elevated temperatures above 200°C nonuniformities induced by the air flow inside the chamber produce local hot and cold spots.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Dmitriyevaeffectofte.pdf
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
Our group has confirmed excess heat production and isotope effects in alumina and zeolite powders containing highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles. Varying the pressures and loading rates produced correlations between the exothermic and endothermic aspects of the experiments. It was shown that the generated power is proportional to the pressurization rate times a quantity Φ, which is the energy content of what we called "fuel". There are two types of fuels, both of which can trigger the reaction that can be either exothermic or endothermic depending on the gas used in the experiment (deuterium or hydrogen). Observed heat generation during the pressurization phase is most likely of a chemical nature.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=35
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
Earlier studies [1,2] have shown that a hydrogen–deuterium (H/D) exchange chemical reaction initiated in Pd-impregnated material can account for at least some of the excess heat observed during gas-loading experiments. We report on using in-situ material bakeout for an extended time to assess and eliminate the chemical heat contribution.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedk.pdf#page=18
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
Numerous reports on gas loading of hydrogen isotope into powdered materials indicate excess heat generation that could be the result of a low energy nuclear reaction (LENR). When the amount of generated heat is small, it is important to characterize the calorimeter to account for possible measurement errors, or artifacts, which can result in long-term apparent excess heat. In this paper we investigate one of those possible measurement artifacts applicable to the gas loading systems that (1) use thermometry as a proxy for energy flow measurements, and (2) run at elevated temperatures. When loading gas into Pd-impregnated alumina, we have found that thermal gradients inside the system result in apparent heating or cooling of the measuring system. We experimentally magnified this effect and confirmed that it was due to temperature nonuniformity inside the calorimetric system. We quantified the effect using a numerical simulation tool to show that a temperature gradient as small as 0.5 K/m might result in 50 mW of apparent excess heat
"generation". We suggest a simple approach for investigators to account for this measurement artifact by calibrating their systems with helium gas either prior to, or at the end of, the experimental sequence.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=116
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
Density functional theory was applied to study the hydrogen/deuterium evolution reaction on the palladium surface. High deuterium loading ratio ( > 0.9 ) has been identified as a necessary condition for initiating low energy nuclear reaction in palladium material. However, electrochemical loading of deuterium to the concentrations above 0.75 has its own challenges. While loading concentrations above 0.95 have been reported, the mechanism responsible for such elevated loading levels is still unknown. Our recent experiments gave an indication that the use of certain dopants modifies the process of deuterium adsorption on palladium surfaces. Such modifications promote deuterium loading to higher concentrations. We provide a detailed explanation on how the presence of dopants changes the activation overpotential and alter the deuterium escape kinetics during the evolution reaction.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Dmitriyevaroleofdopa.pdf
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
Machine learning is an effective and powerful computational approach that can be successfully applied towards a vast variety of engineering and scientific problems. The key to the approach is to generalize from the observed data to predict the behavior of the system and recognize the correlations and patterns.
We discuss the implementation of machine learning algorithms to analyze experimental electrochemical data obtained in our lab. We use the supervised and unsupervised learning approaches to train the algorithms to recognize patterns in deuterium loading in palladium electrodes. Our analysis reveals important material parameters and experimental conditions that alter loading ratio. Open-source Python-based implementation along with the use of MongoDB relational database makes the data manipulation fast and effective.
More than two decades of collective efforts resulted in significant LENR experimental data pool. Applying learning algorithms for data analysis can provide some important insight to what the nature of the phenomenon is.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Dmitriyevamachinelea.pdf
First Author: Dmitriyeva, O.
We have used density functional theory (DFT) to investigate crucial material parameters that can promote a low energy nuclear reaction (LENR). This approach significantly decreases the experimental burden involved into material fabrication and testing. It also provides the foundation for systematical study and optimization of important material properties. We focused on three characteristics to describe the LENR environment: (1) a high hydrogen isotope loading ratio, (2) the presence of dopants or impurities, and (3) material morphology. We chose two figures of merit to characterize those environments: hydrogen adsorption energy on metal surface and H2 bond length. We showed that high hydrogen loading and the presence of impurities in Pd and Ni can lower the adsorption energy, thus increasing hydrogen surface mobility potentially improving the reaction rate. Another factor that would increase the fusion probability is the distance between two hydrogen atoms. We demonstrated that a hydrogen molecule can be formed in a near-surface void in Pd and Ni at the bond length of 0.70–0.74 Ĺ.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=202
First Author: DOE
Introduction
The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Science (SC) was approached in late 2003 by a group of scientists who requested that the Department revisit the question of scientific evidence for low energy nuclear reactions. In 1987 Pons and Fleischman first reported the production of "excess" heat in a Pd electrochemical cell, and postulated that this was due to D-D fusion (D=deuterium), sometimes referred to as "cold fusion." The work was reviewed in 1989 by the Energy Research Advisory Board (ERAB) of the DOE. ERAB did not recommend the establishment of special programs within DOE devoted to the science of low energy fusion, but supported funding of peer-reviewed experiments for further investigations. Since 1989, research programs in cold fusion have been supported by various universities, private industry, and government agencies in several countries. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DOEreportofth.pdf
First Author: DOE
Eighteen anonymous reviews of cold fusion gather by the DoE for the 2004 Report of the Review of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DOEusdepartme.pdf
First Author: Dolan, T. J.
An outsider’s views are presented on ICCF-9, on cold fusion research issues, and on suggestions for improvement.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DolanTJanoutsider.pdf
First Author: Dolan, T. J.
The following brief summary refers to only some of the 60 papers presented at the conference.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DolanTJnotesfromt.pdf
First Author: Dolan, T. J.
We hypothesize that we can make some electrons heavy by crystal momentum injection, and that the heavy electrons can catalyze nuclear reactions, similar to muon catalyzed fusion reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DolanTJheavyelect.pdf
First Author: Dominguez, D. D.
Claims of excess power produced in electrochemical cells have been made by many investigators including those from two Navy laboratories. The excess power reportedly occurs in palladium electrodes highly loaded with deuterium. Other anomalous effects such helium-4, tritium and low energy radiation production have also been reported. This report summarizes the experimental results from a number of electrochemical loading/calorimetric experiments on palladium electrodes run at NRL. The experiments were carried out with the purpose of replicating the published excess power results obtained at the other Navy laboratories and with the goal of identifying the experimental conditions necessary to produce anomalous effects. Most of the experiments described were attempts to electrolytically load pure palladium or palladium alloy cathodes with deuterium (or hydrogen) and then to measure the power produced in the electrolytic cells. Loading was monitored in situ by measuring the change in the axial resistance of the cathode and comparing the measure values with the known relationship between resistance and the D(H)/Pd atomic ratios. While attaining high levels of deuterium loading in palladium cathodes was difficult we found that using materials with a large grain microstructure facilitated the loading. Calorimetric measurements on the highly loaded cathodes were initially made in isoperibol calorimeters that had a sensitivity of ±10%. No excess power (200 mW) and no radiation above the background were measured in any of the experiments described. Highly sensitive heat conduction calorimeters were evaluated for their use with the electrochemical cells. Results showed that measurements at the ±10 mW level were possible in the heat conduction calorimeters when data were collected frequently and signal averaging was used. Another experiment that was investigated was the electrochemical codeposition of palladium and deuterium on cathodes. Again, no radiation above background levels was detected in these experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DominguezDasummaryof.pdf
First Author: Dominguez, D. D.
The effect of micro structure on deuterium loading in palladium cathodes was investigated. Cathode micro structure is determined by thermomechanical processing that includes electrode deformation (swaging) and the annealing conditions (time and temperature). Results will be presented on the extent of deuterium loading in rod-shaped (0.4 cm in diameter and 3.5 cm long) cathodes with controlled microstructure produced at The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Loading on NRL cathodes will be compared with that attained on commercially available electrodes routinely used at other laboratories.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DominguezDtheeffecto.pdf
First Author: Dominguez, D. D.
Presentation Outline: Generation of FPE * The addition of metals/metal salts to shorten time to onset of effect * Focus on Pd 90% Rh 10% cathode material Steps taken to confirm results * Improved electrochemical cell design to eliminate the possibility of shorts to ground being mistaken for excess heat * Implemented many additional cell diagnostics (Used redundant measurements for independent verification) * Attempted to "crash" the VSP and initiate excess heat and
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DominguezDanomalousr.pdf
First Author: Dominguez, D. D.
The generation of excess power in a palladium deuteride electrochemical system is often difficult and time consuming. Long incubation times, on the order of weeks or months, are necessary presumably for the basic electrolyte to dissolve and redeposit essential impurities onto the cathode surface. To accelerate this process, we added chemical additives to the electrolyte once the palladium was loaded with deuterium. Chemicals that produce oxide interfaces on the palladium surface seemed to occasionally produce apparent excess power. A single Pd90Rh10 cathode generated a total apparent excess energy on the order of 10 kJ after a series of additions in an experiment that only took one week. The results are encouraging and may lead to an understanding of what triggers excess power production in Fleischmann-Pons-type experiments. A hypothetical model describing the possible role of oxide interfaces is described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=225
First Author: Dominguez, D. D.
The production of excess energy in palladium cathodes electrochemically loaded with deuterium (the Fleischmann–Pons Experiment) has been debated in the literature since its first publication in 1989. In a subset of 61 trials, we electrochemically loaded palladium–rhodium foil cathodes with deuterium from alkaline solutions of heavy water in specially designed closed calorimeter cells. We observed excess energy bursts in the range 2.4–44.3 kJ in 6% of these experiments. Additionally, a conservative estimate of the total integrated output energy is greater than the total integrated input energy in these experiments. This paper documents the steps taken to examine these results thoroughly for calibration/measurement errors and instrumental artifacts. A 2.4 kJ energy burst is at least four times greater than the energy released by oxidizing deuterium in the cell headspace. The data and subsequent elimination of alternative explanations for excess energy production lead us to conclude that the excess energy is real and of yet unknown origin.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedm.pdf#page=21
First Author: Dong, S. Y.
1105. Dong, Q., et al., Studies on behavior of deuterium and hydrogen in palladium". Chem. J. Chin. Univ, 1992. 13(6): p. 847 (in Chinese).
First Author: Dong, Q.
1106. Dong, Z.M., et al., Studies on Anomalous Phenomena of D/Pd Systems using a Gas-loading Process - A Stride Towards Neutrino Detection. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 4: p. 119-131.
First Author: Dong, Z. M.
A brief reviewof 20 years of experiments at Tsinghua University confirms anomalous phenomena during gas loading in D/Pd systems. A scale-up of the experiment would make it feasible to test the hypothesis that neutrinos are emitted during these phenomena (the "neutrino conjecture").
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf#page=127
First Author: Dong, Z. M.
1108. Dong, Z.M., et al., Temperature Dependence of Excess Power in Both Electrolysis and Gas-loading Experiments. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2019. 29: p. 85-94.
First Author: Dong, Z. M.
The earlier data from a "Heat after Death" electrolysis experiment and from a Tsinghua University gas-loading experiment are reviewed to show that temperature dependence of excess heat in both electrolysis and gas-loading experiments supports the straight-line behaviour in the semi-logarithmic plot discovered by Storms. Additional gas-loading data in seven Pd-tubes show that excess heat is correlated to a deuterium flux as a result of the diffusion process which is implied in this temperature dependence of excess heat.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=94
First Author: Donne, A. J. H.
1110. Donohue, D.L. and M. Petek, Isotopic measurements of palladium metal containing protium and deuterium by glow discharge mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 1991. 63: p. 740.
First Author: Donohue, D. L.
1111. Dougar-Jabon, V.D., V.I. Kariaka, and N.V. Samsonenko. Study of the Neutron and g-Emission from the Palladium-Deuterium System in the Process of the Transformation of the Crystalline Structure. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Dougar-Jabon, V. D.
1112. Dragan, G., Topoenergetic evidence of cold fusion phenomena. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 361.
First Author: Dragan, G.
1113. Dragic, A. and Z. Maric, Comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al. Phys. Lett. A, 1997. 229: p. 130.
First Author: Dragic, A.
1114. Dragic, A., Z. Maric, and J.P. Vigier, New quantum mechanical tight bound states and 'cold fusion'. Phys. Lett. A, 2000. 265: p. 163.
First Author: Dragic, A.
1115. Drexler, J. Electrodeless, Multi-Megawatt Reactor for Room-Temperature, Lithium-6/Deuterium Nuclear Reactions. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Drexler, J.
This paper describes a reactor design to facilitate a room-temperature nuclear fusion/fission reaction to generate heat without generating unwanted neutrons, gamma rays, tritium, or other radioactive products.
The room-temperature fusion/fission reaction involves the sequential triggering of billions of single-molecule, Li6D "fusion energy pellets" distributed in lattices of a palladium ion accumulator that also acts as a catalyst to produce the molecules of Li6D from a solution comprising D2O, Li6OD with O2 gas bubbling through it. The D2 gas is the source of the negative deuterium ions in the Li60 molecules.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=397
First Author: Drexler, J.
1117. Driscoll, J., et al., Issues Related to Reproducibility in a CMNS Experiment. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 5: p. 34-41.
First Author: Driscoll, J.
Unexplained emission of charged nuclear projectiles due to electrolysis has been reported by Richard Oriani. Experimental results were said to be highly reproducible. Working independently, we were not able to observe emission of charged nuclear particles (in a chemical process similar to Oriani’s) and therefore are unable to provide supporting evidence that the effect is reproducible.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedd.pdf#page=40
First Author: Droege, T. F.
1119. Droege, L.J. and T.F. Droege. A Zero Gradient Calorimeter for the Measurement of Anomalous Heat from the Electrolysis of Deuterated Metals. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Droege, L. J.
A null balance calorimeter has been designed for the measurement of anomalous heat in electrolytic cells containing deuterium and palladium. Early measurements indicate an accuracy of less than 1% of the total energy processed through the calorimeter. Anomalous heat has been observed at the 4% level for palladium cathodes, or 4w per cc. Measurements have been made of cathode material resistance change and cathode gas absorption during electrolysis. Cell voltage variations over time have been correlated with cell gas evolution. Attempts have been made to correlate radiation with cell activity.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=248
First Author: Droege, T. F.
A second generation no balance calorimeter has been constructed for measuring anomalous heat in electrolytic cells. This calorimeter is similar in concept to an isothermal calorimeter except that it is operated with zero temperature differential. The calorimeter accuracy is normal 4 milliwatts when operated at a total power of 12 watts. Calibration is performed in Scituate by operating the cells under test reversed or at zero current.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=258
First Author: Duan, S. Y.
A target, titanium sheet laden with deuterium, is immersed in the deuterium plasma confined in MM-2U magnetic mirror and it is biased at about ~10 kV. The deuterium nickel-deuterons are infused into the crystal structure of titanium target. After having implanted deuterium for several hours, random neutron emissions are observed and neutron burst are measured by using two identical BF-3 neutron detectors No. 1 and No. 2 located at different positions and a neutron dosemeter. The neutron count rates are up to 100 times higher than the background count of 0.8 count/sec. it is corresponding to neutron flux of (2-8)E+5 neutron/sec. no GammaRay counts beyond background are detected in our experiments. It is suggested that random neutron burst may be from cold nuclear fusion reactions related to the propagation of micro cracks in the metal lattice.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=154
First Author: Dubinko, V. I.
A new mechanism of LENR in solids is proposed, which is based on the large amplitude anharmonic lattice vibrations, a.k.a. intrinsic localized modes or "discrete breathers" (DBs). In particular, so called gap DBs, which can arise in diatomic crystals such as metal hydrides, are argued to be the LENR catalyzers. The large mass difference between H or D and the metal atoms provides a gap in phonon spectrum, in which DBs can be excited in the H/D sub-lattice resulting in extreme dynamic closing of adjacent H/D atoms (" 0.01 Ĺ) required for the tunneling through the nuclear Coulomb barrier. DBs have been shown to arise either by thermal activation at elevated temperatures or by knocking atoms out of equilibrium positions under non-equilibrium gas loading conditions, employed under radiolysis or plasma deposition methods. The DB statistics in both cases are analyzed, and an attempt is made to quantify part of the vibrational problem in terms of electrochemical current or ion flux, connecting them with external excitation of DBs that act as nano-colliders of deuterons, triggering LENR. Resulting analytical expressions (under a selected set of material parameters) describe quantitatively the observed exponential dependence on temperature and linear dependence on the electric (or ion) current. Possible ways of engineering the nuclear active environment based on the present concept are discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedm.pdf#page=93
First Author: Dubinko, V. I.
In many crystals with sufficient anharmonicity, special kinds of lattice vibrations, namely, discrete breathers (DBs) can be excited either thermally or by external triggering, in which the amplitude of atomic oscillations greatly exceeds that of harmonic oscillations (phonons). Coherency and persistence of large atomic oscillations in DBs may have drastic effect on quantum tunneling due to correlation effects discovered by Schrödinger and Robertson in 1930. These effects have been applied recently to the tunneling problem by Vysotskii et al:, who demonstrated a giant increase of sub-barrier transparency during the increase of the correlation coefficient at special high-frequency periodic action on the quantum system. In the present paper, it is argued that DBs present the most natural and efficient way to produce correlation effects due to time-periodic modulation of the potential well width (or the Coulomb barrier width) and hence to act as breather ‘nano-colliders’ (BNC) triggering low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) in solids. The tunneling probability for deuterium (D–D) fusion in ‘gap DBs’ formed in metal deuterides is shown to increase with increasing numbers of oscillations by 190 orders of magnitude, resulting in the observed LENR rate at extremely low concentrations of DBs. Possible ways of engineering the nuclear active environment based on the present concept are discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=64
First Author: Dubinko, V. I.
In many-body nonlinear systems with sufficient anharmonicity, a special kind of lattice vibration, namely, Localized Anharmonic Vibrations (LAVs) can be excited either thermally or by external triggering, in which the amplitude of atomic oscillations greatly exceeds that of harmonic oscillations (phonons) that determine the system temperature. The coherency and persistence of LAVs may have a drastic effect on quantum tunneling due to correlation effects discovered by Schrödinger and Robertson in 1930. These effects have been applied to the tunneling problem by a number of authors, who demonstrated a giant increase of sub-barrier transparency during the increase of the correlation coefficient at a special high-frequency periodic action on the quantum system. Recently, it has been proposed that discrete breathers (a sub-class of LAVs arising in periodic systems) present the most natural and efficient way to produce correlation effects in regular crystals due to time-periodic modulation of the potential well (or the Coulomb barrier) width and hence to act as breather ‘nano-colliders’ catalyzing low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) in solids. It has been shown that the tunneling probability for D–D fusion under electrolysis of heavy water increases enormously with increasing number of oscillations resulting in the fusion rates comparable with those observed experimentally. In the present paper, we discuss possible ways of engineering the nuclear-active environment (NAE) and catalyzing LENR in NAE based on the LAV concept. We propose some practical ways of catalyzing LENR that are based on a special electro-magnetic treatment or electron and gamma irradiation, which could trigger LAVs in crystals and clusters.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedv.pdf#page=50
First Author: Dubinko, V. I.
We propose a mechanism explaining high catalytic activity of quasicrystals (QCs), which is based on unusual dynamics of atoms at special sites in QCs, namely, localized anharmonic vibrations (LAVs) and phasons. With the vibrations, one deals with a large amplitude (fractions of an angstrom) time-periodic oscillations of a small group of atoms around their stable positions in the lattice, known also as discrete breathers, which can be excited in regular crystals as well as in QCs. On the other hand, phasons are a specific property of QCs, which are represented by very large amplitude (angstrom) oscillations of atoms between two quasi-stable positions determined by the geometry of a QC. Large amplitude atomic motion in LAVs and phasons may result in time-periodic driving of adjacent potential wells occupied by hydrogen ions (protons or deuterons). The rate of tunneling of the particle through the potential barrier separating the wells is shown to be drastically enhanced by the driving. These results support the concept of nuclear catalysis in QCs that can take place at special sites provided by their inherent topology.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=87
First Author: Dudu, D.
1127. Dufour, J., Energy Source System (Patent). 1991: World Patent, WO 91/01036 (1991).
First Author: Dufour, J.
1128. Dufour, J., J. Foos, and J.P. Millot. Cold Fusion by Sparking in Hydrogen Isotopes. Energy Balances and Search for Fusion By-products. A Strategy to Prove the Reality of Cold Fusion. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Dufour, J.
The idea of transmuting hydrogen isotopes into heavier species (helium), at room temperature, with the aid of palladium acting as a kind of catalyst can be traced back as early as 1926. In 1989, a rebirth was given to the concept. By electrolysing heavy water with a palladium cathode, Jones, Fleischmann and Pons claimed to obtain significant energy production, in excess of the electrical energy introduce into the apparatus to carry out the electrolysis. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DufourJcoldfusiona.pdf
First Author: Dufour, J.
1130. Dufour, J., J. Foos, and J.P. Millot. Measurement of Excess Energy and Isotope Formation in the Palladium-Hydrogen System. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Dufour, J.
A search for the products of fusion reactions that could be triggered by sparking in hydrogen isotopes was carried out. No signatures above background were found. On the contrary, the excess energy production was confirmed in the simple hydrogen/palladium system. The formation of a tightly bound state of the hydrogen (deuterium) atom is hypothesized to explain these results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DufourJmeasuremen.pdf
First Author: Dufour, J.
Based on experimental results, the possibility of formation of new bound states between an electron and a proton (deuteron) is discussed. These bound states (HYDREX and DEUTEX) result from the equilibrium between the attractive Coulombic force and the repulsive weak electro-nuclear force. These species could account for all data obtained in field of Cold Fusion.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=81
First Author: Dufour, J.
1133. Dufour, J., J. Foos, and X.J.C. Dufour. Formation and Properties of Hydrex and Deutex. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Dufour, J.
Simple experiments have been carried out that show the possibility of transmuting elements in systems where hydrogen or its isotopes are contacted with metals able to give a metallic hydride, this metallic hydride being submitted to the action of a magnetic field. These transmutations can be explained by a new class of nuclear reactions : nucleon capture by HYDREX, a metastable state of hydrogen.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=113
First Author: Dufour, J.
1135. Dufour, J., Response to 'Comments on 'Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/ deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope'. Fusion Technol., 1998. 33: p. 385.
First Author: Dufour, J.
1136. Dufour, J., et al. Hydrex Catallyzed Transmutation of Uranium and Palladium: Experimental Part. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Dufour, J.
1137. Dufour, J., et al. The Hydrex Concept-Effect on Heavy Nuclei. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Dufour, J.
1138. Dufour, J., et al., Hydrogen triggered exothermic reaction in uranium metal. Phys. Lett. A, 2000. 270: p. 254.
First Author: Dufour, J.
An exothermal reaction has been observed when submitting metallic uranium to the combined action of a magnetic field and an electrical current. The set-up used to study the phenomenon is described and results are given. A tentative explanation is given, based on the possible existence of a still hypothetical proton/electron resonance.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DufourJhydrogentr.pdf
First Author: Dufour, J.
Experiments with uranium are presented that show a highly exothermal reaction, which can only be of nuclear origin. One striking point of these results is that they clearly show that what is being observed is not some kind of fusion reaction of the deuterium present (only exceedingly small amounts of it are present). This is a strong indication that hydrogen can trigger nuclear reactions that seem to involve the nuclei of the lattice (which would yield a fission-like pattern of products). Confronted with a situation where some experiments in the field yield a fusion-like pattern of products (CF experiments) and others a fissionlike one (LENR experiments), one can reasonably wonder whether one is not observing two aspects of the same phenomenon. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DufourJexperiment.pdf
First Author: Dufour, J.
A working hypothesis is presented that aims to explain results observed in the LENR-CF field. This hypothesis is based on a novel conjecture: a very sizeable increase of the strength of gravitation at pico-meter distances. Experiments designed to confirm (or deny) this working hypothesis are described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=59
First Author: Dufour, J.
Since more than 15 years, unexplained heat effects have been reported in systems involving hydrogen isotopes (hydrogen and deuterium) and certain metals like palladium. The most studied system (palladium/deuterium) has given birth to the "Cold Fusion" concept: a special kind of DD fusion reaction, only occurring in a metallic lattice, which yields heat and helium-4 as the main reaction product. Other systems have also been studied (nickel hydrogen and caesium/deuterium for instance), showing shifts in isotopic ratio of the products of reaction and leading to the more generalized concept of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR). A novel conjecture (the pico-gravity conjecture) is presented here, that may explain all the anomalies observed in this so-called "Cold Fusion" field. According to this conjecture, the main part of the energy produced in Low Energy Nuclear Reaction could be the result of a very special kind of chemical reactions (pico-chemical reactions), induced by a considerable increase of gravity at pico-meter distances (pico-gravity). True nuclear signatures (α-particles emission for instance) could also occur according to the pico-gravity conjecture. But they should be many orders of magnitude lower than would be expected from the energy produced (which is observed experimentally). This conjecture will be tested by analysing the products of the reaction of hydrogen isotopes with selected metals.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=53
First Author: Dufour, J.
The idea of the ice calorimeter is rather old. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) developed in 1783 a calorimetric method based on the measurement of the mass of the ice that melts when heated. Robert Bunsen (1811-1899) improved this method in 1870 and designed a calorimeter based on the measurement of the volume rather than the mass of ice melted. Nowadays this method is still used [1] because it is simple, accurate, sensitive and most of all rather insensible to interference, which is a key point in order to have convincing experiment in a controversial field. Moreover, an ice calorimeter is adiabatic and isotherm (0°C) thus suppressing the problem of heat transfer in wires and tubing connecting the experiment to the outside of the calorimeter. It is an integrating calorimeter that measures enthalpy.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DufourJasimplecal.pdf
First Author: Dufour, J.
1144. Dufour, J. The CMAF Window (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.
First Author: Dufour, J.
Possible sizeable energy production from 500/1000 eV deuterons.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DufourJthecmafwin.pdf
First Author: Dufour, J.
Research tools used in the field of d/d fusion are protons (deuterons) accelerators producing ion beams of energies between 10 keV up to several MeV . Another source of protons (deuterons) are low pressure electrical discharge, yielding ions of energies between 1 to some tens of eV. Based on this second source, a way to generate protons (deuterons) in the range 500 to 1000 eV is described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=89
First Author: Dufour, J.
Recently, unexplained enhancements of d/d reaction rates in solids were observed. This enhancement is lower than a factor of 10 at low energies of the deuteron (a few keV) and as high as a factor of 1018 for extremely low energies (0,025 eV). Based on the calculation of d/d reaction rates in a lattice, a phenomenological model is proposed to infer the enhancement that can be expected for deuterons of energies in between these two extremes. A potentially interesting zone (between 500 and 2000 eV) has been identified.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=142
First Author: Dufour, J.
The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with fine nickel powders are derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier). The initiation of the reactions (either by proton or neutron capture) is not discussed and considered as true. Proposals are made to check the process either by radiation emission measurements or by elemental analysis (ICP-MS)
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=130
First Author: Dufour, J.
The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with nickel were derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier), using the type of reaction paths proposed as the explanation of the energy produced. The consequences of either proton or neutron capture have been studied. It was shown that these consequences are not in line with the experimental observations. A novel tentative explanation is thus described. Should this explanation be true? It is proposed to call pico-chemistry the novel field thus opened.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedi.pdf#page=45
First Author: Duncan, R.
A Long History of ‘Cold Fusion' * First report of a possible nuclear fusion in palladium loaded with heavy hydrogen: Berlin, Germany, September 17, 1926 by Professors Paneth and Peters, later retracted. (83 years old) * Some patent activity in and after 1927 . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DuncanRanoutsider.pdf
First Author: Duncan, R.
Discovery is Creatively Disruptive
"If we all worked on the assumption that what is accepted as true is really true, there would be little hope of advance."
- Orville Wright
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DuncanRsearchfort.pdf
First Author: Duncan, R.
My thanks to everyone who attended ICCF-18, which was held at the University of Missouri. We had a total of 215 registered participants, of whom 125 submitted original work that was presented within the scientific program. This was the first time in many years that ICCF has been held on the campus of a major research university, and we were delighted to have the opportunity to host this important conference.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=7
First Author: Dunlap, B. I.
1153. Dunn, J. LENR Market Development Technology of the (near) Future? (PowerPoint slides). in International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Symposium, ILENRS-12. 2012. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185.
First Author: Dunn, J.
LENR Technology overview
* Sporadic development since Pons & Fleishman’s famous Cold Fusion announcement in 1989 * Replication/Scale limited -- Many reports of excess heat; several groups planning to market LENR systems in 2013 * Many scientists & efforts -- recent progress -- great hope * Promising efforts of Rossi, Defkalion, Piantelli, others * R&D rekindled, but still mostly small level efforts * Increasing interest and growing media attention * Huge anticipation and potential partners & customers * New formal efforts by U-Missouri + energy co’s, others
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DunnJlenrmarket.pdf
First Author: Durocher, J. J. G.
1155. Durup, J., Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 1990. 93: p. 6120.
First Author: Durup, J.
1156. Eagleton, R.D. and R.T. Bush, Design considerations for palladium electrodes as suggested by a deuteron cluster model for cold nuclear fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 359.
First Author: Eagleton, R. D.
1157. Eagleton, R.D. and R.T. Bush, Calorimetric experiments supporting the transmission resonance model for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 239.
First Author: Eagleton, R. D.
1158. Eagleton, R.D. Experimental Details for Light Water Cold Fusion Research at Cal. Poly.- Pomona. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Eagleton, R. D.
1159. Early, J.G., Hydrogen diffusion in palladium by galvaostatic charging. Acta Metall., 1978. 26: p. 1215.
First Author: Early, J. G.
1160. Eberhard, V., et al., Neutron limits from gas-loaded titanium-deuterium systems. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 334: p. 357.
First Author: Eberhard, V.
1161. Echenique, P.M., J.R. Manson, and R.H. Ritchie, Cluster-Impact Fusion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 64(12): p. 1413.
First Author: Echenique, P. M.
1162. Editorial, Cold Confusion, and Cold Results from Utah. Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 361, 364.
First Author: Editorial
1163. Eggers, H.C. and J. Rafelski, Strangeness and Quark Gluon Plasma: Aspects of Theory and Experiment. 1990.
First Author: Eggers, H. C.
1164. Ehrlich, A.C., et al., A search for neutrons in single-phase palladium-deuterium Kold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 529.
First Author: Ehrlich, A. C.
1165. El-Boher, A., et al., Final Report on Calorimetry-based Excess Heat Trials using Celani Treated NiCuMn (Constantan) Wires. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 19.
First Author: El-Boher, A.
Sensitive mass flow calorimetry was used in a series of tests to evaluate eight treated NiCuMn (Constantan) wires in a gas loading cell. The goal of this testing was to reproduce and confirm the production of excess heat when using an experimental setup similar to that demonstrated in 2013 by Dr. Francesco Celani at National Instrument’s NI week and ICCF 17. Six of the eight Constantan wires used in the SKINR tests were provided by Dr. Celani and the remaining two were obtained from Mathieu Valat. Initial tests in the series closely followed the set-up, operation, and heating protocols used by Dr. Celani with a significantly modified stainless test cell to enable the use of mass flow calorimetry. Later tests used the same modified test cell but added additional heating protocols using pulsed or highly modulated electric currents (SuperWaves) to enhance hydrogen loading and create additional thermal gradients within the Constantan wires. No excess heat was observed in a calorimeter of a sensitivity <10 mW when running either the initial or later test protocols during 200 days of testing.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=76
First Author: Ellison, C. H.
1167. ENEA. Abstracts. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy.
First Author: ENEA
Abstracts from the ICCF-15 conference held in Rome, Italy, October 5-9, 2009.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENEAabstracts.pdf
First Author: ENEA
The present volume represents the historical development of the research carried on in Italy in the field of the so-called "Cold Fusion" during the last twenty years.
This 2009 year marks the 20th anniversary of the announcement of the results of an experiment conducted in the University of Utah, USA, by Martin Fleishmann and Stanley Pons. . To commemorate the "birth" of
Cold Fusion, the International Advisory Committee of ICCF-14, the Conference held last August in Washington D.C., USA has decided to hold the 2009 ICCF-15 Conference in Italy. It will take place in Rome at
the Angelicum University, on October 5-9, under the Chairmanship of one of us (V.V.).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENEAcoldfusion.pdf
First Author: ENEA
Sono trascorsi circa venti anni dall’annuncio, da parte dei due Accademici Martin Fleishmann e Stanley Pons, dell’ottenimento di reazioni nucleari in reticoli metallici a temperatura ambiente.
Durante questi anni si sono svolte numerose conferenze nazionali ed internazionali e a Washington DC si svolgerŕ l’International Conference on Cold Fusion, giunta alla sua quattordicesima edizione. In occasione del Convegno verrŕ presentata la raccolta di volumi dedicata alla Storia della Fusione Fredda in tutti i Paesi che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo di questa disciplina dal 1989 ad oggi. Oltre ad Italia e Stati Uniti, anche Cina, India, Russia, Francia e Giappone hanno lavorato intensamente in questo campo. All’ENEA, ed in particolare al Presidente del Consiglio Scientifico dell’Ente, č stato affidato il compito di curare l’edizione della storia di questa ricerca in Italia, attraverso la raccolta dei racconti delle attivitŕ svolte dai singoli gruppi o laboratori che hanno operato nel settore.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENEAfusionefre.pdf
First Author: ENECO
Proceedings of The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf
First Author: Engvild, K. C.
1172. Engvild, K.C. and L. Kowalski. Triple Deuterium Fusion Between Deuterons And The Nuclei Of Lattice Trapped Deuterium Molecules. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Engvild, K. C.
A hypothesis is proposed where low energy nuclear reactions involve three-body recombination of deuterons injected between the nuclei of D2 molecules trapped in a dense lattice of a chemical compound of transition metal and impurity. Two D's fuse to 4He, and the energy is converted by expulsion of the third deuteron. Measurable fusion occurs when two D's are confined within 0.1 angstrom of each other. Three boson (efimov) interactions can have longer range than two boson interactions. The best known example is triple alpha fusion to carbon-12 in stars. Triple deuterium interaction could perhaps be possible in the 0.5-1.0 angstrom range; the distance between D's in a D2 molecule are 0.74 angstrom. The hypothesis accounts for the low reproducibility and short duration of the effect because of rapid destruction of the active structure by sputtering, radiation damage, bubble formation and chemical reduction of the impurities to compounds like D2O, ND3, CD4, or BD3. The hypothesis also accounts for the observed prevalence of 4He >> tritium >> neutrons.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EngvildKCtripledeut.pdf
First Author: Engvild, K. C.
the deuteron is pushed in between the two D nuclei, and form a hypothetical Efimov-like triple D state. Three-boson (Efimov) interactions can have a longer range than two-boson interactions. Two nuclei fuse to helium and the third is ejected in a three body recombination. In rare cases the result is tritium and helium-3. The NAE might be a semiconductor like silicon, known to incorporate hydrogen molecules. The NAE could perhaps be a compound like MoS2, known as a possible substitute for platinum in electrolytic hydrogen evolution. The NAE might also be an alloy of metals with boron and silicon allowing occlusion of D2 molecules sitting in a tight vice in a narrow lattice. Or the NAE might be palladium oxide/nickel oxide, which are hydrogenating catalysts. Or it might be a chemical compound such as silicon boride and titanium carbide where D2 could sit in vacancies. A triple D might interact with lattice atoms according to the scheme mMen+ (3D)?m+2Men+1 + He, which might lead to the formation of radioactive isotopes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedze.pdf#page=16
First Author: Enyo, M.
1175. Enyo, M., Key points in the evaluation of experimental results (the excess heat). Oyo Butsuri, 1991. 62: p. 716 (in Japanese).
First Author: Enyo, M.
1176. Enyo, M. Hydrogen/Deuterium Concentration in Pd under Cathodic Polarization. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Enyo, M.
Effective hydrogen pressure at hydrogen evolving cathode is discussed in connection with the mechanism of the hydrogen electrode reaction. A Nernst type expression involving hydrogen overpotential is not generally applicable. Experimental results on Pd and Pd-Ag alloy cathodes with and without addition of catalytic poison are presented. The highest pressure observed was ca. 106 atm at 0.25 A cm^-2, 30°C.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=3
First Author: Enyo, M.
1178. Enyo, M. and P.C. Biswas, Hydrogen pressure equivalent to overpotential on Pd + Ag alloy electrodes in acidic solutions in the presence of thiourea. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1993. 357: p. 67.
First Author: Enyo, M.
1179. EPRI. NSF/EPRI Workshop on Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Metals. 1989. Washington, D.C.: Electric Power Research Institute.
First Author: EPRI
Attempts to confirm Fleischmann and Pons’s observations of cold fusion phenomena have met with inconsistent results. This second workshop on this topic brought together skeptics and advocates to facilitate communication, to examine closely the experimental results, and to identify research issues.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRInsfepriwor.pdf
First Author: EPRI
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 1. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V1
This meeting was the latest in a series of conferences devoted to a new area of scientific endeavor, variously called, "Deuterated Metals Research," "Anomalous Nuclear Phenomena in Solids," and "New Hydrogen Energy."
A number of new experimental approaches were presented including the use of ceramic proton conductors at high temperature and the use of ultrasonic cavitation in heavy water to load palladium and titanium foils with deuterium.
The 125 papers that were presented were divided so that Volume 1 contains all the papers received from authors who participated in the four plenary sessions, Volume 2 includes contributed papers on calorimetry and materials, Volume 3 has contributions on nuclear particle detection and measurement, and Volume 4 contains the papers contributed on theory and special topics.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceeding.pdf
First Author: EPRI
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 2. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V2
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceedinga.pdf
First Author: EPRI
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 3. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V3
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceedingb.pdf
First Author: EPRI
ICCF-4 conference proceedings, Volume 4. From:
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=TR-104188-V4
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceedingc.pdf
First Author: EPRI
EPRI sponsored an experimental program to investigate the idea that heat, and possibly nuclear products, could be created electrolytically in palladium lattices. Observations using high precision mass flow calorimetry revealed that excess heat could be produced in electrochemical cells with palladium cathodes and a heavy water electrolyte in a more or less reproducible manner, when a number of criteria were satisfied. This excess heat generated is far too large to be a chemical or metallurgical transformation. By inference, a nuclear reaction of some as yet undetermined nature is the hypothesized heat source. This report details the observation of excess powers documented in calorimetry experiments.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIdevelopmen.pdf
First Author: EPRI
EPRI sponsored an experimental program to investigate the idea that heat and possibly nuclear reaction products could be created electrolytically in palladium lattices. Excess heat—which occurred in a number of cases when certain criteria were satisfied—was too large to result from any chemical or metallurgical transformation in so small a mass of material. By inference, some type of nuclear reaction was the hypothesized heat source. This report details the search for "signature" emissions of possible nuclear reactions associated with heat production.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIdevelopmena.pdf
First Author: EPRI
1187. EPRI, Trace Elements Added to Palladium by Electrolysis in Heavy Water, TP-108743. 1999, Electric Power Research Institute.
First Author: EPRI
EPRI sponsored an experimental program to investigate the trace element changes brought about in palladium after extensive electrolysis in heavy water electrolytes. Of particular interest were cathodes which had experienced episodes of excess heat production beyond all electrical and other inputs. This report details the careful analysis of a particular cathode by neutron activation (NAA) as compared with the identical simultaneous analysis of virgin palladium material from which the cathode was fabricated.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRItraceeleme.pdf
First Author: ERAB
A copy of the ERAB report has been prepared by the National Capital Area Skeptics (NCAS) organization (www.ncas.org). It is available here: http://www.ncas.org/erab/ This library contains a brief introduction to the report and a copy of the NCAS version of the ERAB report.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ERABreportofth.pdf
First Author: Escarpizo, B.
I. Introduction
Attempts to reproduce cold fusion results/experiments follow, at least, two possible directions:
a) Improvements of characteristics (efficiency and so on ) of detectors and reductions of background signals and noises.
b) Better knowledge of the system (electrolytic cell) i.e. of the cathode material and of the electrolysis itself.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=30
First Author: Escarpizo, B.
Deuterium concentration and distribution profiles in electrolytically deuterated Ti plates have been obtained by Elastic Recoil Detection (E.R.D. ) , Rutherford Back Scattering (R.B.S. ) and X-ray diffraction (XRD ) . It has been found that D/Ti ratio remains constant (~ 1.65) up to a penetration which depends on the electrolysis time and then it goes down steeply to ~0. 05. The formed deuteride (TiDx, x ~1.65) exhibits some preferred orientations and its texture depends on that of the original Ti plate. The relevance of these data in relation to electrolytic cold fusion experiments is discussed.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=33
First Author: Esko, E.
Independent analysis of Quantum Rabbit (QR) vacuum arc test samples from an experiment conducted on Sept. 27, 2011 revealed the anomalous appearance of potassium (K) and gold (Au). These anomalies appeared in a prior QR vacuum arc test and raise the possibility of low energy transmutation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=124
First Author: Essen, H.
We gathered in the Leonardo Corporation building where the 10 kW apparatus for anomalous energy production by nickel and hydrogen was demonstrated during a press conference on 14th of January. References [1] to [4] for the original papers describing the innovation are listed at the end. In the same building, two CHP facilities were located, based on biodiesel from waste which Andrea Rossi, prior to his present Ni-H activity, had developed.
The present test was done on a smaller device [5] than the 10 kW device that has been used earlier during the January press conference. One of the reasons for going to smaller dimensions is safety according to Rossi.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EssenHexperiment.pdf
First Author: Evan, D.
1194. Evans, P., Reply to patent office. 1996.
First Author: Evans, P.
1195. Evans, A.B., 4-Space Dirac Theory and LENR. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.
First Author: Evans, A. B.
A 4-space Dirac theory, which gives the same transition energies as the standard model, predicts specific distributions of virtual electrons and positrons accompanying bound electrons. If potential barriers are viewed stochastically, it seems possible that this has implications for LENR.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EvansABspacedirac.pdf
First Author: Ewing, R. I.
1197. Ewing, R.I., High-sensitivity neutron detectors used at Sandia National Laboratories to monitor and diagnose 'cold fusion' experiments: negative results. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 473.
First Author: Ewing, R. I.
1198. Ewing, R.I., et al., A sensitive multi-detector neutron counter used to monitor 'cold fusion' experiments in an underground laboratory: negative results and positive artifacts. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 1990. 37: p. 1165.
First Author: Ewing, R. I.
1199. Fallavier, J., et al., Srearch for Nuclear Fusion in Deuterated Targets under Cluster-Beam Impact. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 65(5): p. 621.
First Author: Fallavier, J.
1200. Faller, S.H., R.W. Holloway, and S.C. Lee, Investigation of cold fusion in heavy water. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989. 137(1): p. 9.
First Author: Faller, S. H.
1201. Fan, G.Y., et al. Production of Neutron and Tritium from D2O Electrolysis with Palladium Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Fan, G. Y.
Anomalous neutron burst and an increase in tritium concentration were observed simultaneously from heavy water electrolysis with palladium cathode. Consider with previous experimental results, we presumed that production of neutrons and tritium from D2O electrolysis depends heavily on the Constitution and the state of each cathode.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=237
First Author: Fang, P. H.
1203. Fang, P.H., Deuterium fusion through nonequilibrium induction. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 369.
First Author: Fang, P. H.
1204. Farkas, A., On the electrolytic separation of the hydrogen isotopes on a palladium cathode. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937. 33: p. 552.
First Author: Farkas, A.
1205. Farley, F.J.M., Cold fusion. New Scientist, 1991. 129(1756): p. 3.
First Author: Farley, F. J. M.
1206. Farrell, J.J., R.L. Mills, and W.R. Good, An Alternative Explanation of Extreme UltraViolet Emission From Dark Matter. 1993.
First Author: Farrell, J. J.
1207. Fateev, E.G., Possibilities for establishing the mechanism of neutron generation in deuterated materials under mechanical loading. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1995. 21(5): p. 373.
First Author: Fateev, E. G.
1208. Fauvarque, J., P. Clauzon, and G. Lalleve. Abnormal excess heat observed during Mizuno-type experiments. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Fauvarque, J.
A simple calorimeter has been designed that works at constant temperature; that of boiling water. Heat losses can be estimated accurately with an ohmic heater. As expected, losses are independent of the electric power input to the heater and the amount of evaporated water is linearly dependant on the power input. The device has been used to determine the heating power of a plasma electrolysis (the Ohmori-Mizuno experiment). We confirm that in this experiment, the heat output from electrolysis is greater than the electrical power input. The excess energy increases as the electrolysis voltage is increased from 200 V up to 350 V (400 W input). The excess energy may be as high as 120 W.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FauvarqueJabnormalex.pdf
First Author: Fauvarque, J.
Recently performed Mizuno-type experiments confirmed generation of excess heat but not at the rate reported in ref. 2 (Sotchi -ICCF13). The main reason for the discrepancy is now clear; the bandwidth of our Unigor wattmeter, used in old experiments, was insufficient for correcting measurements of highly fluctuating electric energies.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=96
First Author: Fayet, P.
1211. Featherstone, S., Can Andrea Rossi's Infinite-Energy Black Box Power The World--Or Just Scam It?, in Popular Science. 2012.
First Author: Featherstone, S.
1212. Feder, T., DOE Warms to Cold Fusion. Physics Today, 2004. April: p. 27.
First Author: Feder, T.
This is a short summary of Feder, T., DOE Warms to Cold Fusion. Physics Today, 2004. April: p. 27. The full article is available at the Physics Today website: http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-4/p27.html
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FederTdoewarmsto.pdf
First Author: Fedorovich, G. F.
1214. Fedorovich, G.V., Coulomb interaction in an E-cell. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., 1991. 36: p. 847.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1215. Fedorovich, G.V., The Coulomb interaction in the E-cell. Physica B, 1991. 172: p. 491.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1216. Fedorovich, G.V., Quantum-mechanical screening. Phys. Lett. A, 1992. 164: p. 149.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1217. Fedorovich, G.V., Nuclear fusion in crystal hydrides of light elements. Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 442.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1218. Fedorovich, G.V., A possible way to nuclear fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 288.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1219. Fedorovich, G.V., Parametric excitation of crystalline structures as a possible cause of high-energy emissions. Tech. Phys., 1993. 38(10): p. 866.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1220. Fedorovich, G.V., Screening of the Coulomb potential in a nondegenerate hydrogen isotope gas. Fusion Technol., 1994. 25: p. 120.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1221. Fedorovich, G.V., Ferroelectrics for Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 474.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1222. Fedorovich, G.V., The possible nature of cold fusion in the Earth's mantle. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: p. 1749.
First Author: Fedorovich, G. V.
1223. Feenstra, R., et al., Critical Point Lowering in Thin Pd-H Films. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1983. 13: p. L13.
First Author: Feenstra, R.
1224. Feenstra, R., et al., Gravimetrical Determination of Pressure-Composition Isotherms of Thin Pd-H Films. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1986. 16: p. 1953.
First Author: Feenstra, R.
1225. Feenstra, R., R. Griessen, and D.G. de Groot, Hydrogen Induced Lattice Expansion and Effective H-H Interaction in Single Phase PdHc. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1986. 16: p. 1933.
First Author: Feenstra, R.
1226. Fehn, T. and C.A. Schiller, Cold nuclear fusion and electrochemical measuring techniques. Chem.-Tech. (Heidelberg), 1989. 18: p. 72, 75, 77 (German).
First Author: Fehn, T.
1227. Felici, R., et al., In situ measurement of the deuterium (hydrogen) charging of a palladium electrode during electrolysis by energy dispersive x-ray diffraction. Rev. Sci. Instr., 1995. 66(5): p. 3344.
First Author: Felici, R.
1228. Feng, S., Enhancement of cold fusion rate by electron polarization in palladium deuterium solid. Solid State Commun., 1989. 72: p. 205.
First Author: Feng, S.
1229. Fernandez, F., et al. Nuclear Effects in Electrolytically Deuterated Ti and Pd Electrodes. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Fernandez, F.
1230. Fernandez, J.F., et al. Cubic-Tetragonal Phase Transition in TiDx (X> or = 1.7) and its Possible Relation to Cold Fusion Reactions. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Fernandez, J. F.
1231. Fernandez, J.F., F. Cuevas, and C. Sanchez, Deuterium concentration profiles in electrochemically deuterated titanium and their evolution after electrolysis. J. Alloys Comp., 1994. 205: p. 303.
First Author: Fernandez, J. F.
1232. Fernandez, J.F., F. Cuevas, and M. Alguero, Experimental investigation of neutron emissions during thermal cycling of TiDx (x = ca. 2.00). Fusion Technol., 1997. 31: p. 237.
First Author: Fernandez, J. F.
1233. Ferrari, C., et al., A calorimeter for the electrolytic cell and other open systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D, 1996. 18: p. 1333.
First Author: Ferrari, C.
1234. Feugeas, J., Comments on "Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 109.
First Author: Feugeas, J.
1235. Filimonov, V.A., Mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Pis`ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(20): p. 29 (in Russian).
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1236. Filimonov, V.A., On the probability of cold nuclear fusion. Pis`ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): p. 42 (in Russian).
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1237. Filimonov, V.A., Cold nuclear fusion: Its possibility in principle and means of realization. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., 1992. 37(6): p. 689.
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1238. Filimonov, V.A., On the probability of cold nuclear fusion implementation: Synergetic hypothesis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1992. 162: p. 99.
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1239. Filimonov, V.A. and V.A. Lishnevskii. Cold Fusion and Superfast Low-Temperature Chemical Processes in Solids: Common Basis for Understanding. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1240. Filimonov, V.A., Synergetic Activation Model: Key to Intense and Reproducible Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 455.
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1241. Filimonov, V.A. Neutrino-Driven Nuclear Reactions Of Cold Fusion And Transmutation. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Filimonov, V. A.
1242. Filippov, D., et al. On the possible magnetic mechanism of shortening the runaway of RBMK-1000 reactor at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Filippov, D.
1243. Filippov, D., A. Rukhadze, and L.I. Urutshoev. Effects of atomic electrons on nuclear stability and radioactive decay. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Filippov, D.
1. The only valid (necessary and sufficient) condition for b-stability of a nucleus is the minimum value of the mass of the atom (not of the nucleus) on the isobar line (that is, atomic weight = const). This condition holds true for all known isotopes without exception. 2. The condition of nuclear stability and the decay schemes of unstable nuclei depend on the state of the electron shells. Atom ionization and other perturbations in electron shells (caused, for example, by magnetic fields) not only changes the decay periods of unstable nuclei [1, 2], but also alters decay schemes [3] and modifies the stability condition. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FilippovDeffectsofa.pdf
First Author: Fimin, N. N.
1245. Fischer, U., H. JĂƒÂ¢ger, and W. Lochte-Holtgreven, Neutron Emission Observed During the Electrical Explosion of Deuterated Liquids of Metallic Conductivity. Phys. Lett. B, 1973. 44(2): p. 161.
First Author: Fischer, U.
1246. Fischer, U., H. JĂ¢â‚¬Â°ger, and W. Lochte-Holtgreven, Neutron Emission Observed During the Electrical Explosion of Deuterated Liquids of Metallic Conductivity. Phys. Lett. B, 1973. 44(2): p. 161.
First Author: Fischer, U.
1247. Fisher, A., Much Ado About. MOSAIC, 1990. 21(2): p. 13.
First Author: Fisher, A.
1248. Fisher, J.C., Polyneutrons as agents for cold nuclear reactions. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 511.
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
1249. Fisher, J.C., Liquid-drop model for extremely neutron rich nuclei. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 66.
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
1250. Fisher, J.C. Theory of Low-Temperature Particle Showers. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
A theoretical basis is offered for the remarkable observation by Oriani and Fisher [1] of a shower of about 250,000 energetic charged particles that occurred in the vapor of oxygen and hydrogen evolved from electrolysis. The shower was localized in space and in time, originating a few millimeters above the surface of a plastic detector chip and lasting for a few seconds. The responsible nuclear reactions must have been sustained by the vapor constituents.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FisherJCtheoryoflo.pdf
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
Polyneutron theory postulates that large clusters of neutrons are bound and stable against strong decay and that their interactions with ordinary nuclei are responsible for a new class of low-temperature nuclear phenomena. It is postulated that these clusters, also termed polyneutrons or neutron isotopes, grow to include hundreds of neutrons in chain reactions fueled by isotopes such as 2H, 18O, and 7Li.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FisherJCpolyneutroa.pdf
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
I suggest that neutron clusters of sufficient size are bound and stable against strong decay; and that they can react with ordinary nuclei by transferring neutrons to them, accepting neutrons from them, and binding with them to form composite nuclei. Implications of this enlarged scope of nuclear physics are explored, including a chain reaction with nuclear fuel 2H that produces energy, 4He, 3H, and a wide range of nuclear transmutations. Natural explanations emerge for these and other nuclear phenomena for which evidence has been accumulating over the past two decades.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FisherJCoutlineofp.pdf
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
Oriani has shown that electrolysis of ordinary water generates showers of energetic charged particles that can be detected outside the electrolysis cell. Here I attempt to confirm external radiation and to explore some of its properties. Possible sources of error are investigated. Preliminary experiments have not revealed showers, but they suggest that a flux of radiation may be emitted from the cell with an intensity that declines with distance from the cell. Further work with better control of environmental factors is required before a definitive statement can be made. Nuclear reactions and decay products that may be responsible for the radiation remain to be identified.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=71
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
Polyneutron theory is applied to experiments of Iwamura et al. that show evidence for titanium and for an anomalous iron isotope ratio in palladium cathodes following electrolysis. Theory and experiment are in reasonable agreement. Experiments are suggested for additional testing of the theory.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=7
First Author: Fisher, J. C.
Neutron isotopes are characterized and their reactions with ordinary isotopes are described. A theory of LENR processes emerges.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=190
First Author: Fishman, R. S.
1257. Fitzpatrick, T., Cold Fusion Meet Ends Without Agreement, in Salt Lake City Tribune. 1990: Salt Lake CityEditor.
First Author: Fitzpatrick, T.
1258. Flanagan, T.B. and F.A. Lewis, Hydrogen Absorption by Palladium in Aqueous Solution. Faraday Soc. Trans., 1959. 55: p. 1401.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1259. Flanagan, T.B. and F.A. Lewis, Electrode Potentials of the Palladium + Hydrogen System. Faraday Soc., 1959. 55: p. 1409.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1260. Flanagan, T.B., Absorption of Deuterium by Palladium. J. Phys. Chem., 1961. 65: p. 280.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1261. Flanagan, T.B. and J.W. Simon, Consequences of the Proton Model for Hydrogen Adsorption in the b Phase of the Hydrogen-Palladium System. J. Phys. Chem., 1966. 70: p. 3750.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1262. Flanagan, T.B., et al., The Effect of Lattice Defects on Hydrogen Solubility in Palladium, I. Experimentally Observed Solubility Enhancements and Thermodynamics of Absorption. J. Less-Common Met., 1979. 49: p. 13.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1263. Flanagan, T.B., et al., Isobaric and Isothermal Hysteresis in Metal Hydrides and Oxides. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1982. 82: p. 2589.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1264. Flanagan, T.B. and W.A. Oates, The Effect of Hysteresison the Phase Diagram of Pd-H. J. Less-Common Met., 1983. 92: p. 131.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1265. Flanagan, T.B., et al., Hydrogen Solubility in Ordered and Disordered Palladium alloys. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. B, 1986: p. 341.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1266. Flanagan, T.B. and W.A. Oates, The Palladium-Hydrogen System. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1991. 21: p. 269.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1267. Flanagan, T.B., W. Luo, and J.D. Clewley, Calorimetric enthalpies of absorption and desorption of protium and deuterium by palladium. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 42.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1268. Flanagan, T.B. and H. Noh, Thermodynamics and hysteresis for hydrogen solution and hydride formation in Pd-Ni alloys. Z. Naturforsch. A, 1995. 50: p. 475.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1269. Flanagan, T.B., D.L. Wang, and H. Noh, The effect of cycling through the hydride phase on isotherms for fcc Pd-rich alloys. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 216.
First Author: Flanagan, T. B.
1270. Flannigan, D.J. and K. Suslick, Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation (letter). Nature (London), 2005. 434.
First Author: Flannigan, D. J.
1271. Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, The behavior of microdisk and microring electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1987. 222: p. 107.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
1272. Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and M. Hawkins, Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 261: p. 301 and errata in Vol. 263.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
The strange behaviour of electrogenerated hydrogen dissolved in palladium has been studied for well over 100 years, and latterly these studies have been extended to deuterium and tritium [1]. For discharge of deuterium from alkaline solutions of heavy water we have to consider the reaction steps
The strange behaviour of electrogenerated hydrogen dissolved in palladium has been studied for well over 100 years, and latterly these studies have been extended to deuterium and tritium. For discharge of deuterium from alkaline solutions of heavy water we have to consider the reaction steps
D2O + e- → Dads + OD (i)
Dads + D2O + e- → D2 + OD (ii)
Dads → Dlattice (iii)
Dads + Dads → D2 (iv)
It is known that at potentials negative to + 50 mV on the reversible hydrogen scale, the lattice is in the β-phase, hydrogen is in the form of protons (as shown by the migration in an electric field) and is highly mobile (D = 10-7 cm2 s-1 for the α-phase at 300 K).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanelectroche.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
1274. Fleischmann, M. An Overview of Cold Fuson Phenomena. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
The present position of research in the field of Cold Fusion has already been outlined in two papers presented at this meeting. This report will therefore emphasize the early work and general considerations which led us to investigate the possibility of inducing nuclear reactions of D+ in palladium electrodes . . . This is followed by a brief assessment of the position reached at the end of the first year of research in this field as summarized by the papers presented at this conference.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmananoverview.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
It is shown that accurate values of the rates of enthalpy generation in the electrolysis of light and heavy water can be obtained from measurements in simple, single compartment Dewar type calorimeter cells. This precise evaluation of the rate of enthalpy generation relies on the non-linear regression fitting of the "black-box" model of the calorimeter to an extensive set of temperature time measurements. The method of data analysis gives a systematic underestimate of the enthalpy output and, in consequence, a slightly negative excess rate of enthalpy generation for an extensive set of blank experiments using both light and heavy water. By contrast, the electrolysis of heavy water at palladium electrodes shows a positive excess rate of enthalpy generation; this rate increases markedly with current density, reaching values of approximately 100 W cm^-3 at approximately 1 A cm^-2. It is also shown that prolonged polarization of palladium cathodes in heavy water leads to bursts in the rate of enthalpy generation; the thermal output of the cells exceeds the enthalpy input (or the total energy input) to the cells by factors in excess of 40 during these bursts. The total specific energy output during the bursts as well as the total specific energy output of fully charged electrodes subjected to prolonged polarization (5-50 MJ cm^-3) is 10^2 - 10^3 times larger than the enthalpy of reaction of chemical processes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmancalorimetr.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
In the development of any new area of research (and especially in one likely to arouse controversy!) it is desirable to achieve first of all a qualitative explanation of the demonstration of the phenomena invoked in the observations. It is the qualitative demonstrations which are unambiguous: the quantitative analyses of the experimental results can be the subject of debate but, if these quantitative analyses stand in opposition to the qualitative demonstration, then these methods of analysis must be judged to be incorrect.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanthepresent.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
It is shown that accurate values of the rates of enthalpy generation in the electrolysis of light and heavy water can be obtained from measurements in simple, single compartment Dewar type calorimeter cells. This precise evaluation of the rate of enthalpy generation relies on the non-linear regression fitting of the "black-box" model of the calorimeter to an extensive set of temperature time measurements. The method of data analysis gives a systematic underestimate of the enthalpy output and, in consequence, a slightly negative excess rate of enthalpy generation for an extensive set of blank experiments using both light and heavy water. By contrast, the electrolysis of heavy water at palladium electrodes shows a positive excess rate of enthalpy generation; this rate increases markedly with current density, reaching values of approximately 100 W cm^-3 at approximately 1 A cm^-2. It is also shown that prolonged polarization of palladium cathodes in heavy water leads to bursts in the rate of enthalpy generation; the thermal output of the cells exceeds the enthalpy input (or the total energy input) to the cells by factors in excess of 40 during these bursts. The total specific energy output during the bursts as well as the total specific energy output of fully charged electrodes subjected to prolonged polarization (5-50 MJ cm^-3) is 10^2 - 10^3 times larger than the enthalpy of reaction of chemical processes.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmancalorimetra.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
1279. Fleischmann, M., et al. Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O System: The Search for Simplicity and Accuracy. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
Our search for high levels of the rates of excess enthalpy generation in the Pd-D2O and Pd-alloy-D2O systems has been based inter alia on the following preconditions and suppositions:
(i) that it is necessary to use materials which will withstand the high stresses induced by the experiments;
(ii) given that (i) is assured, that it is necessary to adopt particular experimental protocols to achieve excess enthalpy generation at elevated temperatures;
(iii) that the protocols (ii) should ensure a high D/Pd ratio under all conditions;
(iv) that the protocols (ii) and (iii) should allow one to take advantage of "positive feedback" in the systems;
(v) that the systems are sensitive to "hidden state variables;"
(vi) that the state variables need to be further generalised to take account of cross-terms and of gradients with position.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceeding.pdf#page=23
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
1281. Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and G. Preparata, Possible theories of cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107: p. 143.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
Summary. -- We review some of the key facts in the phenomenology of Pd-hydrides usually referred to as «cold fusion». We conclude that all theoretical attempts that concentrate only on few-body interactions, both electromagnetic and nuclear, are probably insufficient to explain such phenomena. On the other hand we find good indications that theories describing collective, coherent interactions among elementary constituents leading to macroscopic quantum-mechanical effects belong to the class of possible theories of those phenomena.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanpossibleth.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
These two documents first appeared in the Internet sci.physics.fusion forum in 1993. The first was written by Douglas Morrison (CERN), and the second by Martin Fleischmann (Univ. Southhampton) and Stanley Pons (IMRA Europe). A version of this was published as: Fleischmann, M. and S. Pons, Reply to the critique by Morrison entitled ‘Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by FLeischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 187: p. 276. This debate refers mainly to paper "Calorimetry of the PD-D2O System: from Simplicity via Complications to Simplicity," published in Physics Letters A. A simlar paper was later published in the ICCF-3 conference proceedings and handed out by Fleischmann, which is on this web site.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanreplytothe.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
Introduction
At the beginning of any new and controversial field of investigation, we cannot tell which of the following two statements is true:
A. "Positive" conclusions are correct; "negative" results are due to bad experimentation.
B. "Negative" conclusions are correct; "positive" results are due to bad experimentation.
This is the basis of the Experimenters' Regress, a concept drawn from the field of the Sociology of Science, e.g. see ( 1 ). As scientists, we also need to examine the possible validity of the following statement (as well as its corollary) . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=169
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
We have already described elsewhere ( 1 ,2) some of the principles which have guided our search for the generation of high rates of excess enthalpy generation at elevated temperatures, say, up to the boiling points of the electrolytes (3,4) . One of these principles has been the prediction that the partial molar enthalpy of absorption of hydrogen (or deuterium) in palladium (5) will become positive at the high charging ratios (X = DlPd) required for excess enthalpy generation (6,7), see Fig 1.
Although a transition from exothermic to endothermic absorption is probably not a necessary condition for achieving excess enthalpy generation at elevated temperaturesl , such a transition will certainly facilitate the achievement of high charging ratios. For example, increases of temperature will then themselves lead to increases in X and thereby in the rates of excess enthalpy generation. These are the conditions required for the development of "positive feedback" and; in this paper, we report on two lines of investigation which have indicated the presence of these effects. We then outline the way in which our understanding of this phenomenon has guided our investigation of excess enthalpy generation at elevated temperatures.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=157
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
In reviewing first of all some of the early history of research into the nuclear reactions of D + compressed into host lattices we need to consider the applicability (or otherwise) of existing paradigms . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmancoldfusion.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
1287. Fleischmann, M., Reflections on the Sociology of Science and Social Responsibility in Science, in Relationship to Cold Fusion. Accountability Res., 2000. 8.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
Section 1. Introduction I have been asked on several occasions during the last ten years to provide a commentary on subjects such as the Sociology of Science, Social Responsibility in Science etc. with special reference to the topic of "Cold Fusion". I have always been reluctant to do so for two principal reasons. The first is that I believe that the consideration of these topics is premature. The reason is that I am convinced that there is much more information which bears on such topics which will be revealed in the fullness of time. Furthermore, there are aspects of the past history, developments and, indeed, of the science which I do not wish to discuss even at the present time. Inevitably, therefore, any such article will be incomplete, will lack focus and will be couched in rather general terms. This is the way the present article has turned out to be; in view of the evident deficiencies, it should only be taken as a first step in trying to develop a discussion of the important Social Issues.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanreflection.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
Some of the background work which led to the decision to investigate the behaviour of D+ electrochemically compressed into Pd host lattices is outlined. The key features of such "Cold Fusion" systems are described.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmansearchingf.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
The scheme of research which led to the start-up of the project now known as "Cold Fusion" is illustrated by Fig. 1. We note that it is commonly believed that there is absolutely no way of influencing Nuclear Processes by Chemical means: therefore, any results that demonstrate that this might be possible must be due to faulty experimentation, delusion, fraud etc. However, any enquiry as to the experimental foundation of the first statement in Fig. 1 is normally met by the response: "because quantum mechanics, Q.M., shows that this is so". We are driven to the conclusion that this first statement is just part of the belief-system of Natural Scientists and we naturally also have to ask the question; "what conclusion would we draw if we subject the statement to the dictates of Field Theory?"
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanbackground.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
Two criticisms which are frequently advanced to counter observations of the generation of excess enthalpy in the cathodic polarisations of Pd-based electrodes in D2O-based electrolytes (e.g. see (1), (2)) are usually based on the assertion that the isoperibolic calorimeters used in these studies are imprecise and inaccurate. Furthermore, any excess enthalpy generation is then attributed to the reduction of electrogenerated oxygen although such assertions have not been accompanied by appropriate measurements. There is naturally a link between these two assertions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmantheinstrum.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
1292. Fleischmann, M. and M. Miles, Thermal Behavior of the Polarized Pd/D2O System, P.A. Mosier-Boss, Editor. 2012, LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
The research in the thermal behavior of the polarized Pd/D-D2O system was, and still is, directed towards determining the conditions maximizing excess enthalpy production. At the present time, a sustained low grade heat source can be maintained for considerable periods of time.
Although the excess enthalpy production in these systems is generally accepted, there are still instances of misunderstanding even among seasoned scientists. In the series of papers entitled "Our penultimate papers on the isoperibolic calorimetry of the Pt/D2O and Pd/D2) systems", Prof. Fleischmann (and his collaborators) deals with the correct and incorrect interpretation of calorimetric data.
In a separate paper "More about positive feedback; more about boiling" Prof. Fleischmann discusses aspects of this system of interest to practical applications, viz the design of an effective energy source.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanthermalbeh.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
This report reviews research activities on the polarized Pd/D2O system. In contrast to the pioneering work of Fleischmann and his collaborators, we consider only events at, and/or, within Pd electrodes prepared by the co-deposition technique developed in this laboratory. Our effort proceeded along two paths: (i) investigation of thermal and nuclear events in the Pd host lattice and (ii) examination of the role of the interphase region. These paths were undertaken to assess the intensity of events and to provide some information on the factors controlling the initiation and maintenance of excess enthalpy generation, i.e., the "performance envelope".
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanexperiment.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
This is a collection of letters between Martin Fleischmann, the co-discoverer of cold fusion, and Melvin Miles, who was one of the first to replicate the effect at the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake laboratory. It also includes some correspondence with Stanley Pons and various other people. The collection spans 13 years, from 1992 to 2005. Fleischmann and Miles coauthored several papers, including some with other researchers associated with the U.S. Navy, notably Pamela Mosier-Boss, Stanislaw Szpak and Ashraf Imam. Most of these papers are about calorimetry.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmanlettersfroa.pdf
First Author: Fleischmann, M.
This is a letter from Martin Fleischmann to Melvin Miles, written in 1998. It is mainly a critique of a report by Saito et al. of the N.H.E. The introduction is by Miles.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Fleischmancritiqueof.pdf
First Author: Fleming, J. W.
1297. Flitt, H.J. and J. Bockris, Concerning Adsorbed and Absorbed Hydrogen on and in Ferrous Metals. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1982. 7: p. 411.
First Author: Flitt, H. J.
1298. Focardi, S., R. Habel, and F. Piantelli, Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1994. 107A: p. 163.
First Author: Focardi, S.
1299. Focardi, S., et al., Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1998. 111A: p. 1233.
First Author: Focardi, S.
Summary. -- Evidence of a large heat excess produced in Ni-H systems and details of the calorimetric measurements are reported in this paper. Two cells which ran for long periods (about 300 days) produced an energy excess of 600MJ and 900MJ, respectively.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FocardiSlargeexces.pdf
First Author: Focardi, S.
1301. Focardi, S., et al. Evidence of electromagnetic radiation from Ni-H Systems. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Focardi, S.
We report evidence of photon emission in three experiments with hydrogen loading of Ni slabs, during the degassing phase, when hydrogen was introduced into the cell, and during thermal cycling. In the first experiment we obtained excess power of about 20 W, while in the second experiment photon emission was observed instead of power production. In the third experiment, a Ni sample in hydrogen underwent thermal excitation and showed an increasing photon emission for a few hours.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FocardiSevidenceof.pdf
First Author: Focardi, S.
A process (international patent publication no WO 2009/125444 A1) capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process between nickel and hydrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Experimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the effect is justified on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical results. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude neutron and gamma rays emissions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FocardiSanewenergy.pdf
First Author: Foglio, P. A.
1304. Fonda, L. and G.L. Shaw. Flucturations and Nonreproducibility in Cold Fusion From Free Quark Catalysis. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Fonda, L.
1305. Fonda, L. and G.L. Shaw, Deuteron cold fusion by anti-diquark catalysis. Fizika (Zagreb), 1990. 22: p. 371.
First Author: Fonda, L.
1306. Forsley, L., et al. Analyzing Nuclear Ash from the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Radioactivity in Uranium and Thorium. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Forsley, L.
A proprietary electrolytic system for the reduction of radioactivity in uranium and thorium was evaluated from June through December 1 996. An exhaustive analysis of reaction materials taken before, during and after the experiments was carried out. These tests involved trace metals analysis via Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Energy Dispersive Atomic Xray (ED AX) analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (lCPIMS). Additional tests involved high resolution mass spectroscopy of evolved gasses and reaction products, allowing isotopic diff erentiation, and high resolution gamma spectroscopy. Neutrons were searched for via 235U fission fragments and n-gamma reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=128
First Author: Forsley, L.
Conclusion
* Multiple Nuclear Channels * Fast protons * Fast neutrons * Collateral Damage * Tritium previously observed * Elemental transmutation * Aneutronic Thermal Channel
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ForsleyLnuclearpro.pdf
First Author: Forsley, L.
Fast fission, Fusion, LANR, NASA, Space power
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=104
First Author: Fou, C.
1310. Fou, C., Coulomb Field for LENR in Solid. Infinite Energy, 2007. 12(71): p. 25.
First Author: Fou, C.
1311. Fou, C. Investigation of Deuteron-Deuteron Cold Fusion in a Cavity. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Fou, C.
A cavity in a solid, first of all, serves as a place of confinement for a Deuterium molecule. Two deuterons in the molecule are trapped together in close proximity. Thus, they may engage in 'Low Energy Nuclear Reaction' which requires longer time, unlike collision type of nuclear reaction. Secondly, the electric field in the cavity (to be shown below) superimposed on this deuteron-pair would lower the Coulomb barrier between them facilitating a 'Low Energy Fusion' reaction. Furthermore, neutron exchange reaction between two deuterons (in an analogous manner like the electron exchange that forms a Deuterium molecule) is like a 'Long Range' force (as compared to the range of nuclear force) that can pull two deuterons together. This range is longer than that of the pi-plus exchange nuclear force between a proton and a neutron, because neutrons are charge neutral. [1] Longer reaction time; [2] Lowered Coulomb Barrier; [3] Longer range are the necessary conditions for (d-d) 'Cold Fusion'.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FouCinvestigat.pdf
First Author: Fowler, W. A.
1313. Fowler, W.A., G.R. Caughlan, and B.A. Zimmermann, Thermonuclear Reaction Rates. Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys., 1967. 5: p. 525.
First Author: Fowler, W. A.
1314. Fowler, W.A., Cold fusion results still unexplained. Nature (London), 1989. 339(6223): p. 345.
First Author: Fowler, W. A.
1315. Fowler, M. and T.N. Claytor, Development of a Sensitive Detection System for the Measurement of Trace Amounts of 4He in Deuterium, Hydrogen, and Other Gasses. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2019. 29: p. 298-308.
First Author: Fowler, M.
Many LENR systems have been reported to generate small amounts of 4He from experiments that employ deuterium as part of the experiment. There are few analytical methods that can detect trace amounts of 4He in the presence of D2. Most commercial magnetic sector mass spectrometers are large and expensive and, while they have excellent ?m/m resolution, they still require some additional separation of He, such as a getter system to achieve ppb sensitivity. We have developed a lower cost, compact system that allows us to measure 4He down to sub ppm levels in D2 and other gasses. This system utilizes a column of activated carbon cooled with liquid nitrogen (LN2) that effectively absorbs everything but helium. Post absorption, the system uses an MKS Microvision residual gas analyzer (RGA) and a Stanford Research Systems (SRS) RS 100 RGA to check for helium purity. The helium eluted from the column is quantified by a small magnetic sector mass spectrometer tuned to mass 4. A typical sample size required to achieve ppb sensitivity to 4He is 50 cm3 at 50 Torr. Calibrations have been done with air, 4He in D2 at various concentrations and show a 3% variation from standard sample to standard sample. We will discuss the typical operation of this instrument and show results from various calibrations using different carrier gases.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=307
First Author: Fox, H.
1317. Fox, H. Cold Nuclear Fusion & Enhanced Energy Devices: A Progress Report. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.
First Author: Fox, H.
1318. Fox, H., Comments on 'Experiments of one-point cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24: p. 347.
First Author: Fox, H.
1319. Fox, H. Cold Nuclear Fusion, Space Energy Devices & Commercialization. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Fox, H.
1320. Fox, H. A Survey of Current International "Cold Fusion" Research. in IECEC Conference. 1995. Paper #95-247.
First Author: Fox, H.
1321. Fox, H. and R.W. Bass. Cold versus hot fusion deuterium branching ratios. in Proceedings of 16th International Symposium on Fusion Engineering. 1995. IEEE.
First Author: Fox, H.
1322. Fox, H., Cold Fusion and the Coulomb Barrier. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 23.
First Author: Fox, H.
1323. Fox, H., R.W. Bass, and S.X. Jin, Plasma-injected transmutation. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 222.
First Author: Fox, H.
1324. Fox, H., Charge clusters in operation. Infinite Energy, 1997. 2(12): p. 62.
First Author: Fox, H.
1325. Fox, H., Do Thorium Daughter Products Explain LENT-1 Experiments? J. New Energy, 1997. 2(3/4): p. 20.
First Author: Fox, H.
1326. Fox, H. and S.X. Jin, Operating the LENT-1 transmutation reactor: Preliminary report. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 110.
First Author: Fox, H.
1327. Fox, H. and S.X. Jin, Operating the LENT-1 Transmutation Reactor: A Preliminary Report. J. New Energy, 1997. 2(2): p. 110.
First Author: Fox, H.
1328. Fox, H., New-Energy Anomalies. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 47.
First Author: Fox, H.
1329. Fox, H. and S.X. Jin, Low-energy nuclear reactions and high-density charge clusters. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): p. 26.
First Author: Fox, H.
1330. Fralick, G.C., A.J. Decker, and J.W. Blue, Results Of An Attempt To Measure Increased Rates Of The Reaction 2D + 2D --> 3He + n In A Nonelectrochemical Cold Fusion Experiment. 1989, NASA: Cleveland, OH.
First Author: Fralick, G. C.
An experiment was performed at the Lewis Research Center to look for evidence of deuterium fusion in palladium. The experiment, which involved introducing deuterium into the palladium filter of a hydrogen purifier, was designed to detect neutrons produced in the reaction
2D + 2D → 3He + n
as well as heat production. The neutron counts for deuterium did not differ significantly from background or from the counts for a hydrogen control. Heat production was detected when deuterium, but not hydrogen, was pumped from the purifier.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FralickGCresultsofa.pdf
First Author: Fralick, G. C.
Excess heat experiments were performed at NASA using a Johnson Matthey HP Series palladium membrane hydrogen purifier.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FralickGClenratgrcp.pdf
First Author: Fralick, G. C.
BACKGROUND: Changes from 1989 to 2009
* Previous NASA D-Pd experiment (Fralick, et al.; 1989) looked for neutrons (saw none) -but saw anomalous heating * NASA H2O-Ni-K2CO3 Electrolytic Cell experiment (Niedra et al,1996) Apparent current-dependent excess heat consistent as heat from hydrogen-oxygen recombination * NASA Sonoluminescence Experiment (Wrbanek, et al) - Cratering seen with heavy water, not seen with light water * After 1989, Cold Fusion research evolved into research in "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions" (LENR), primarily at U.S. Navy, DARPA & various Universities
2009: NASA IPP-sponsored effort to:
-- Repeat the initial tests to investigate this anomalous heat -- Apply GRC’s instrumentation expertise to improve the diagnostics for this experiment -- Establish credible framework for future work in LENR
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FralickGClenratgrcpa.pdf
First Author: Frattolillo, A.
The problems arising from the techniques of measurement so far used to detect 4He in the gases coming out from Fleishmann-Pons cells are discussed. Innovative solutions are proposed. The results of extensive tests carried out with a facility built at ENEA Frascati are reported, which prove the ability of this equipment to overcome the problems discussed in this paper.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Frattolillexperiment.pdf
First Author: Frazier, G. A.
1335. Frazier, C.L., et al., Updates on LENR Experiments from Around the World. Infinite Energy, 2022. 27(161).
First Author: Frazier, C. L.
In anticipation of ICCF24 in July 2022, Infinite Energy reached out to over 40 experimentalists doing work in low energy nuclear reactions (LENR, or cold fusion). We asked for a short overview of recent and current experimental efforts. Preparing short summaries of work in a complex field is not an easy task, and IE appreciates that so many were able to respond. Not everyone was able to participate in this survey of work being done around the world—some for privileged reasons, some for personal reasons, some (like a few of our Russian colleagues) because communication to their part of the world from our part of the world has been difficult. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FrazierCLupdatesonl.pdf
First Author: Fredericks, K.
Low-energy nuclear reaction experiments using photographic emulsions, including those by Urutskoev, et.al, Ivoilov, and others have shown unique particle tracks. Analysis of a sample population of these types of tracks suggests detection of magnetically charged particles with faster-than-light velocities. Particle kinetic energy was estimated from energy deposition and momentum was estimated from track curvature in magnetic fields. Measured values were plotted on a kinetic energy versus momentum graph and were found to fall in the v > c region. Track curvature was found to be parabolic, which is a signature for monopoles. Using the classical theory of tachyons, the plane of parabolic curvature suggests electrically charged tachyons detected as slower-than-light monopoles. Preliminary lower limits for particle mass are found. Further study is suggested to broaden this search.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=210
First Author: Fredericks, K.
In the literature of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), particle tracks in photographic emulsions (and other materials) associated with certain electrical discharges have been reported. Some Russian and French researchers have considered these particles to be magnetic monopoles. The mechanisms of energy deposition and track formation, while among the most important properties, are contradictory and the least understood of all of the observations. Our method of producing these tracks differs markedly from most other studies in that no electrical discharge is used as a source. Rather, tracks are created with a simple uniform exposure to photons. This simpler method of producing exactly the same tracks supports a more comprehensive exploration of particle track properties. Out of 750 exposures with this method, elliptic particle tracks were detected, 22 of which were compared to Bohr–Sommerfeld electron orbits in an idealized model. Ellipses fitted to the tracks were found to have quantized semi-major axis sizes with ratios of ? n2/a2 to corresponding Bohr–Sommerfeld hydrogen ellipses. This prompts inquiry relevant to magnetic monopoles due to the n2/a2 force difference between magnetic charge and electric charge using the Schwinger quantization condition. Analogy with the electron indicates that the elliptic tracks could be created by a bound magnetically charged particle with mass mm = 1.45 × 10^-3 eV/c2, yet with superluminal velocities. Using a modified extended relativity model, mm becomes the relativistic mass of a superluminal electron, with m0 = 5.11 × 10^5 eV/c2, the fine structure constant becomes a mass ratio and charge quantization is the result of two states of the electron. Relevance of this new model is considered in light of the observed inconsistencies in track formation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=151
First Author: Frederico, T.
1339. Freedman, S. and D. Krakauer, Biases in cold fusion data. (Scientific correspondence). Nature (London), 1990. 343: p. 703.
First Author: Freedman, S.
1340. Freire, L.O. and D.A. de Andrade, Preliminary survey on cold fusion: It's not pathological science and may require revision of nuclear theory. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2021. 903: p. 115871.
First Author: Freire, L. O.
Since 1989 the announcement of "cold fusion" by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleishmann, "cold fusion" field has been surrounded by controversy. After three decades, this field is alive and has produced thousands of publications, most in dedicated periodic and conferences. This work aims at checking whether "cold fusion" fits in pathological science traits. For each type of experiment and year, this work counted the distinct research groups results (success or failure). Experimental results from many research groups suggest that nuclear reactions in solids are more complex than fusion (it is not only fusion) and that they need energy triggers like background radiation, meaning chemical configurations alone do not seem to generate nuclear reactions. Some types of experiments present rising trends (the field does not fit in pathological science model) and have potential to bring disruptive technologies. If confirmed, experimental results will require revisions of accepted nuclear models.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572665721008973
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FreireLOpreliminar.pdf
First Author: French, D.
1342. French, D., Patents and Cold Fusion. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2014. 13.
First Author: French, D.
Patents are available for any arrangement that exploits Cold Fusion. The arrangement must incorporate a feature which is new. Furthermore, the Patent Office may require proof that the procedures defined in the patent actually work. And the description must be sufficient to enable others to duplicate the invention.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FrenchDpatentsand.pdf
First Author: French, D.
Patents can be obtained in the field of Cold Fusion/LENR but they will be specific to the arrangements that they describe. Proper patent drafting requires close cooperation between the inventor and attorney, with the inventor understanding the principles of claim drafting. Reference is made to the Andrea Rossi patent obtained before the US patent office and to the European patent obtained by Fleischmann and Pons before the European patent office with examples of claims for analysis.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf#page=103
First Author: Friedmann, H.
1345. Frisone, F., Study of the probability of interaction between the plasmons of metal and deuterons. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1996. 18D: p. 1279.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1346. Frisone, F. Can Impurities Within a Deuterated Crystalline Lattice Have an Effect Favouring Cold Fusion? in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
First Author: Frisone, F.
A summarized analysis of the influence that different concentrations of impurities in the crystal lattice can have on the phenomenon of catalyzed deuteron fusion. The numerical calculation carried out for Pd. Pt and Ni at fixed lattice-temperatures, varying the level of impurity between 0.28% and 0.72%, shows that increasing the level of the impurity increases the probability of penetrating the Coulomb barrier. This result can be interpreted by considering the trend of the potential which describes the effective interaction between deuterons within a metal: in effect, it shows that the coupling between plasmons and deuterons, in the presence of impurities, is able not only to reduce the thickness of the Coulomb barrier but also to lower its height K in various types of deuterated lattices.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=133
First Author: Frisone, F.
1348. Frisone, F. Fusion reaction within a microcrack in a crystalline lattice at room temperature. in AIP Conf. Proc. 513(Nuclear and Condensed Matter Physics). 2000.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1349. Frisone, F. Probability of Deuteron Plasmon Fusion at Room Temperature within Microcracks of Crystalline Lattices with Deuterium Loading. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1350. Frisone, F., Deuteron Interaction Within a Microcrack in a Lattice at Room Temperature. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(2 (March)).
First Author: Frisone, F.
1351. Frisone, F., Theoretical model of the probability of fusion between deuterons within deformed crystalline lattices with microcracks at room temperature. Fusion Sci. & Technol., 2001. 40: p. 139.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1352. Frisone, F. Theoretical Model Of The Probability Of Fusion Between Deuterons Within Deformed Lattices With Micro-Cracks At Room Temperature. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1353. Frisone, F. Theoretical Comparison Between Semi-Classic And Quantum Tunneling Effect. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1354. Frisone, F. Theoretical Comparison Between Semi-Classic And Quantum Tunneling Effect Any Application Coherence Theory On The Tumor (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Frisone, F.
1355. Frisone, F. Theoretical Hypothesis of a Double Barrier Regarding the D-D Interaction in a Pd Lattice: A Possible Explanation of Cold Fusion Experiment Failures. in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
First Author: Frisone, F.
During the past 15 years, disputable experimental evidence has built up for low energy nuclear reaction phenomena (LENR) in specialized heavy hydrogen systems [1-4]. Actually, we cannot say that a new branch of science is beginning. In spite of experimental contributions, the real problem is that there is no theoretical explanation for LENR. In this work, we analyze the deuteron-deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of the coherence theory of nuclear and condensed matter [5] and, using this general theoretical framework accepted from ‘cold fusion scientists’, we will show the low occurrence probability of fusion phenomena. In fact, in the coherence approach, the D-D potential exhibits double barrier features and, in this way, the D-D fusion is inhibited.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=103
First Author: Frisone, F.
In this paper are illustrated the main features of tunneling traveling between two deuterons within a lattice. Considering the screening effect due lattice electrons, we compare the d-d fusion rate evaluated from different authors assuming different screening efficiency and different d-d potentials. Then, we propose an effective potential which describe very well the attractive contribute due to plasmon exchange between two deuterons and by means of it we will compute the d-d fusion rates for different energy values. Finally the good agreement between theoretical and experimental results proves the reality of cold fusion phenomena and the reliability of our model.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=22
First Author: Frisone, F.
In the last decades, an indisputable experimental evidence was built up for Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction (LERN) phenomena in specialized heavy hydrogen systems. Actually, the real problem is that, the theoretical statements of LERN are not known; in fact, no new branch of science has begun, yet. In this work, we seek to analyse the deuteron-deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of Preparata model of palladium lattice and we will show the occurrence probability of fusion phenomena according to more accurate, but not claimed, experiments, in order to demonstrate theoretically the possibility of cold fusion. Further, we focus on tunnelling the Coulomb barrier existent between two deuterons. Analysing the possible contributions of lattice on improving the tunnelling probability, we will find that there is a real mechanism through which this probability could be increased: this mechanism is the screening effect due to d-shell electrons of palladium lattice. Finally the good agreement between theoretical and experimental results proves the reality of cold fusion phenomena and the reliability of our model.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=33
First Author: Frisone, F.
We have analysed the possibility that the coefficient of lattice deformation, linked to the formation of microcracks at room temperature and low energies, could influence the process of fusion. The calculated probability of fusion within a microcrack, in the presence of D2 loading at room temperature and for impure metals, shows moderately elevated values compared with the probability of fusion on the surface. For all the temperatures in the 150-350 K range and for all the energies between 150 and 250 eV, the formation of microcracks increases the probability of fusion compared to non-deformed lattices, and also reduces the thickness of the Coulomb barrier. Using the trend of the curve of potential to evaluate the influence of the concentration of impurities, a very high barrier is found within the pure lattice (J 0.25%). However, under the same thermodynamic conditions, the probability of fusion in the impure metal (J 0.75%) could be higher, with a total energy less than the potential so that the tunneling effect is amplified. Finally, we analysed the influence of forced D2 loading on the process.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=47
First Author: Frisone, F.
In the last two decades, irrefutable experimental evidence has shown that Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) occur in specialized heavy hydrogen systems. Nevertheless, we are still confronted with a problem: the theoretical basis of LENR are not known and, as a matter of fact, little research has been carried out on this subject. In this work we seek to analyse the deuteron-deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of Preparata’s model of the palladium lattice [5,15]. We will also show the occurrence probability of fusion phenomena according to more accurate experiments [6]. We are not going to use any of the research models which have been previously followed in this field. Our aim is to demonstrate the theoretical possibility of cold fusion. Moreover, we will focus on tunneling the existent Coulomb barrier between two deuterons. Analysing the possible contributions of the lattice to the improvement of the tunneling probability, we find that there is a real mechanism through which this probability could be increased: this mechanism is the screening effect due to d-shell electrons of palladium lattice. The accordance between theoretical and experimental results will prove the reality of cold fusion phenomena and show the reliability of our model.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FrisoneFthecoulomb.pdf
First Author: Frisone, F.
In this paper, we wish to demonstrate that the deformation of the crystalline lattice, at room temperature, can influence the process of fusion of the deuterons introduced into the lattice by deuterium loading. In fact, calculating the probability of deuteron-plasmon fusion within a micro-crack, showed, together with the enhancement of the tunnelling effect, an increase of at least 1-3 orders of magnitude compared to the probability of fusion on the surface of the lattice. These phenomena open the way to the theoretical hypothesis that a kind of chain reaction, catalysed by the micro-cracks produced in the structure as a result of deuterium loading, can favour the process.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=129
First Author: Frisone, F.
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the Coulomb barrier has variations in both time and space. Further, in this paper, we have taken the interaction between deuteron-optical photons, we want to clarify this point, of course, these photons have a vibrational frequency of interest because it was discovered that the interaction between photons and deuterons causes the Coulomb barrier is not static, that has of oscillations in different directions within the lattice. So we can conclude that this phenomenon of cold fusion that breaks new ground in modern nuclear physics. In recent years, over 20 years, have seen thousands of experiments and theoretical models to explain the phenomenon of fusion at low energy (LENR) in specialized heavy hydrogen systems. We can say that a new possible way to obtain nuclear energy without waste is emerging. Nevertheless in spite of experimental contributions, the theoretical framework is not known. In this work, we try to explain the deuteron-deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of the coherence theory of nuclear and condensed matter. The coherence model of condensed matter affirms that within a deuteron-loaded palladium lattice there are three different plasmas: electrons, ions and deuterons plasma. Then, according to the loading percentage x = D/Pd, the ions deuterium can take place on the octahedrical sites or in the tetrahedral in the (1,0,0)-plane. In the coherence theory it is called ß-plasma the deuterons plasma in the octahedral site and ? -plasma which in tetrahedral. We propose a general model of effective local time-dependent deuteron-deuteron potential, that takes into account the electrons and ions plasma oscillations. The main features of this potential are extracted by means of many-body theory considering the interaction deuteron-phonon-deuteron. In fact the phonon exchange produces a attractive component between two deuteron within the D2 molecular. This attractive force is able to reduce the inter-nuclear distance from about 0.7 to 0.16 Ĺ. It means that the lattice strongly modifies the nuclear environment with respect to free space. In this way according to deuterons energy, loading percentage and plasma frequency we are able to predict high o low tunneling probability. The fusion rates (s-1) computed vary from 10^-70 to 10^-17 and also a set of other mechanism, which could be enhanced these values, are proposed. In this way we hope that by means of this approach in the future will be possible to realize and control the nuclear exothermic reactions that take place in the condensed matter in order to obtain clean energy.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=7
First Author: Frisone, F.
In this work we try to explain the deuteron–deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of the coherence theory of nuclear and condensed matter. The coherence model of condensed matter affirms that within a deuteron-loaded palladium lattice there are three different plasmas: electrons, ions and deuterons plasma. Then, according to the loading percentage x = D/Pd, the ions deuterium can take place on the octahedrical sites or in the tetrahedral in the (1,0,0)-plane. In the coherence theory it is called ß-plasma the deuterons plasma in the octahedral site and ?-plasma which in tetrahedral. We propose a general model of effective local time-dependent deuteron–deuteron potential, that takes into account the electrons and ions plasma oscillations. The main features of this potential are extracted by means of many-body theory considering the interaction deuteron–phonon–deuteron. In fact the phonon exchange produces a attractive component between two deuteron within the D2 molecular. This attractive force is able to reduce the inter-nuclear distance from about 0.7 to 0.16 Ĺ. It means that the lattice strongly modifies the nuclear environment with respect to free space. In this way according to deuterons energy, loading percentage and plasma frequency we are able to predict high o low tunneling probability.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedp.pdf#page=32
First Author: Frodl, P.
1364. Frolov, A.M. and V.H. Smith, On stimulated nuclear fusion in the cold generalized DT hydrides of fissionable elements. Phys. Lett. A, 1994. 196: p. 217.
First Author: Frolov, A. M.
1365. Fromm, E. and E. Gebhardt, Gases and Carbon in Metals. 1976: Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
First Author: Fromm, E.
1366. Fujii, Y., et al. Anomalous Neutron Burst in Heavy Water Electrolysis. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.
First Author: Fujii, Y.
Anomalous neutron burst has been detected in heavy water electrolysis using a Pd cathode. The burst events occurred five times periodically for ca. 140 hours. The numbers of the burst neutrons increased gradualy from 5.3 sigma (the 1st event/l0min. ) to 135 sigma (the 5th event/10min. ) and the last event continued for 50 min. and gave 1779 neutrons to the five 3He neutron countors of 1% detection efficiency. The reproducibility has been examined three times, but any further event did not occurred.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=96
First Author: Fujii, M.
We observed three neutron trains continuing 2 or 3 h as the excess flux during electrolysis of due to rated alcoholic electrolyte at low temperature range with Pd cathode for 1878 h. those were 22 counts/2h and two times of 27 counts/3h in the average background counts of 4/h. We could not find any excess in other time intervals between 28.6 ms and 1878h. The production rates of the 22 and 27 pounds were 6.3 × 10-24 and 4.5 × 10-24/d-d/s during the 2 and 3h, respectively. The confidence level of neutron emission for the 22/2h and 27/3h were 88% and 59%, respectively, established from the statistics. And for the total of the three trains, the confidence level became 98%.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=219
First Author: Fujii, M.
The heat balance under electrolysis in 1M Li2SO4 light water solutions was measured using Pd rods or Pd coated Ni (Pd/Ni) rods for cathode. We detected large excess heat of more than 10% in 6 of 28 experiments. However, in many other experiments, no excess or only small excess heat was observed. In most cases the excess heat was 5% or less. In order to confirm the excess heat, we have to find the reason why these differences take place.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/FujiiMheatmeasur.pdf
First Author: Fujita, S.
1370. Fujiwara, M. and K. Sakuta. Statistically Significant Increase in Neutron Counts for Palladium Plate Filled with Deuterons by Electrolysis. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Fujiwara, M.
The comparison of the neutron count rate was executed among the Pd states different in the absorbed deuteron amounts. Charge and discharge of deuterons to the Pd plate was repeated cyclically by electrolysis. Highly significant difference of 1% level in statistics was observed between filled and emptied states in one sample among the four samples tested. This excess neutron count rate corresponds to the fusion rate of 0.8×10^ -23 fusions/deuteron pair/sec.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=229
First Author: Fukada, S.
1372. Fukada, S., et al., Measurement of exoelectrons from palladium and palladium deuteride with gas proportional counter. J. Alloys Comp., 1994. 204: p. 223.
First Author: Fukada, S.
1373. Fukai, Y., From Metal Hydrides to the Metal-Hydrogen System. J. Less-Common Met., 1991. 172-174: p. 8.
First Author: Fukai, Y.
1374. Fukai, Y. Some Properties of the Fe-H System at High Pressures and Temperatures. and their Implications for the Earth's Core. in High-Pressure Research: Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences. 1992. Terra Scientific Publishing Co, Tokyo.
First Author: Fukai, Y.
1375. Fukai, Y. The ABC's of the Hydrogen-Metal System. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Fukai, Y.
Some basic properties of the hydrogen- metal system are described with particular attention paid to the availability of close D-D pairs in metals. A brief description is also given of the behavior of energetic D+ ions during their passage through a metal lattice.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=13
First Author: Fukai, Y.
1377. Fukai, Y., Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials II Some Unsolved Problems of Hydrogen in Metals, ed. M. Doyama, et al. 1993: Elsevier Sci. PubFukai, Y.
First Author: Fukai, Y.
1378. Fukai, Y., Present status on cold fusion. Nippon Butsuri Gakkaishi, 1993. 48(5): p. 354 (in Japanese).
First Author: Fukai, Y.
1379. Fukai, Y. and N. Okuma, Formation of superabundant vacancies in Pd hydride under high hydrogen pressures. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994. 73: p. 1640.
First Author: Fukai, Y.
1380. Fukuhara, M., Possible dynamic interaction of deuterons between tetrahedral and octahedral interstices of palladium lattice at cryogenic temperatures. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 151.
First Author: Fukuhara, M.
1381. Fukuhara, M. Possible Nuclear Transmutation Of Nitrogen In The Earth's Atmosphere. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.
First Author: Fukuhara, M.
1382. Fukuoka, H., et al. Measurements of excess heat and nuclear products in Pd-D2O system using twin open type electrolysis cells. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
First Author: Fukuoka, H.
Measurements of excess heat, X-rays and neutrons to study possible correlation between excess heat and nuclear products during the electrolysis of LiOD heavy water electrolyte using Pd cathodes were carried out. Two open type electrochemical cells with two sets of X-ray and neutron detection systems were formed to be twin type. Therefore, two experiments being carried out by two cells at the same time were compared at any time and false signals in coincidence for two cells were able to be rejected as accidental noises. No excess heats were observed out of seven runs after ICCF5. But weak excess X-rays and neutron burst were observed at the same time in one case. And only soft Xrays were detected during electrolysis of heavy water using Pd cathodes in two cases and one case for electrolysis of light water.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=24
First Author: Fukushima, K.
Phenomena of sono-Iuminescence now appear before the footlights. Recently direct measurement of the temperature of a hot spot created in a liquid by applying a supersonic field was carried out and very large values, T ~ 0.5 eV, were obtained.
It seems, therefore, to be an urgent problem to determine the upper bound for temperatures and densities realizable in the hot spot, in connection with cold fusion. In this paper we calculate it by use of the bubble dynamics so far developed by many authors and estimate the fusion rate per bubble.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=345
First Author: Fukushima, K.
We proposed the sonofusion at ICCF3 and theoretically predicted by use of a simplified model that the temperature of gas within a supersonic cavity reaches more than 10^8 K if the initial radius of the cavity is less than 10 µm, that is temperatures high enough for the occurrence of hot fusion.
In the present paper we consider a more realistic model by taking into account the compressibility of liquid and search for the optimum values of supersonic parameters for getting high gas-temperature. In addition the stability of a spherical cavity is examined.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=330
First Author: Fullenwider, M.
1386. Fullenwider, M., A Method for the Determination of Energy Gaps in Hydrogen-Metal Systems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1986. 285: p. 285.
First Author: Fullenwider, M.
1387. Fulvio, F. Theoretical model on the relationship between low energies in the probability of deuterium nuclei cold fusion. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Fulvio, F.
1388. Gabovich, A.M., Possibility of cold fusion in palladium deuterides: screening effects and connection to superconducting properties. Philos. Mag. B, 1997. 76: p. 107.
First Author: Gabovich, A. M.
1389. Gai, M., et al., Upper limits on neutron and gamma-ray emission from cold fusion. Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 29.
First Author: Gai, M.
1390. Gai, M., et al., Upper limits on emission rates of neutrons and gamma-rays from 'cold fusion' in deuterated metals. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 217.
First Author: Gai, M.
1391. Gajda, M. and J. Rafelski, Jovian limits on conventional fusion. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1991. 17: p. 653.
First Author: Gajda, M.
1392. Gajewski, R., Investigation of some aspects of cold fusion. 1989.
First Author: Gajewski, R.
1393. Gajewski, R., Fuzja, nadzieja czy iluzja? (Nuclear fusion, hope or illusion?). Postepy Fiz., 1991. 42: p. 85 (in Polish).
First Author: Gajewski, R.
1394. Galushkin, N.E., N.N. Yazvinskaya, and D.N. Galushkin, Mechanism of thermal runaway as a cause of Fleischmann-Pons effect. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2020. 870: p. 114237.
First Author: Galushkin, Nikolay E.
1395. Gamarra, N., Erroneous Predictions. Library of Congress, 1967.
First Author: Gamarra, N.
1396. Gamberale, L., D. Garbelli, and G. Piana. Measurement of heat capacity of PdHx. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Gamberale, L.
We present experimental data on heat capacity and thermal coefficient of resistance of PdHx system at loading ratio 0<x<0.93 at room temperature. To this purpose a dynamic measurement method has been devised. Data confirm the existence of a phase transition around x; 0.7 (gamma phase).
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GamberaleLmeasuremen.pdf
First Author: Gamberale, L.
I show that the experimental protocol used by Defkalion Green Technologies (DGT) is not reliable to demonstrate the production of large amounts of energy with the use of the reactor R5. Experimental tests
carried out using the same measurement system used by DGT in public demonstrations show that the measurement of excess of thermal energy carried out following the experimental protocol of DGT is obtainable regardless of the use of H2 and of the high voltage excitation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GamberaleLfinaltechn.pdf
First Author: Gammon, B. E.
1399. Gann, V.V. and V.I. Pokhodyashchii, Metastable bound states of deuterium in palladium and its role in cold nuclear fusion. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990(1): p. 89 (in Russian).
First Author: Gann, V. V.
1400. Ganz, J. and J. Newman, Cold Fusion : Will It Be Harnessed?, in High Technology Careers Magazine. 1989. p. 60.
First Author: Ganz, J.
1401. Gao, J., W.-S. Zhang, and J.-J. Zhang, Effects of D/Pd Ratio and Cathode Pretreatments on Excess Heat in Closed Pd|D2O+D2SO4 Electrolytic Cells. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 24: p. 42-59.
First Author: Gao, J.
The resistance method was used in situ to determine the D/Pd ratio in the cathode of Pd|D2O+D2SO4 electrolytic-calorimetric systems. Thirty-three experimental runs with excess heat production indicated that there is no clear correlation between the excess power and the D/Pd ratio. Most excess heat occurs when the ratio is 0.5 < D/Pd < 0.7. Three different cathode pretreatments were tested. It is found that the excess heat reproducibility rate is 2/11 (18%), 21/32 (66%) and 25/50 (50%), and maximum excess power of 45 +/1 18 mW, 117 +/- 24 mW and 128 +/- 19 mW were achieved for samples etched in aqua regia, heated in D2SO4 and open electrolyzed in D2SO4, respectively, based on 93 runs of calorimetry with 25 Pd plates. This indicates that heating and open electrolyzing in D2SO4 are effective methods of pretreatment for excess heat production in subsequent electrolysis. Surface characterizations with 3D non-contact optical profiling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were performed for Pd samples of cold rolled, pretreated and electrolyzed. The results showed that the surface roughness of palladium increases prominently after pretreatment. New element silver was detected on Pd surface after electrolysis.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=54
First Author: Gareev, F.
1403. Gareev, F. and I. Zhidkova. New Cooperative Mechanisms of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Using Superlow Energy External Field. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Gareev, F.
1404. Gareev, F., G. Gareeva, and I. Zhidkova. Quantization of Atomic and Nuclear Rest Masses. in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.
First Author: Gareev, F.
A review of possible stimulation mechanisms of LENR (low energy nuclear reaction) is presented in [1, 2, 3]. We have concluded that transmutation of nuclei at low energies and excess heat is possible in the framework of the known fundamental physical laws, the universal cooperative resonance synchronization principle [1], and different enhancement mechanisms of reaction processes. . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=138
First Author: Gareev, F.
The experimental existence of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) is well established and obtained results have been published in over 3000 scientific papers. Nevertheless there is no widely accepted theoretical mechanism for LENR.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=122
First Author: Garfinkle, M.
1407. Garg, A.B., et al. Protocol for Controlled and Rapid Loading/Unloading of H2/D2 Gas in Self Heated Pd Wires to Trigger Nuclear Events. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
First Author: Garg, A. B.
It has now been established that during electrolysis of LiOD using Pd cathodes a threshold loading ratio of at least 0.85 needs to be achieved before excess heat production can be expected, However for emission of neutrons and tritium and possibly charged particles and transmutation products too much lower D/Pd ratios, in the region of 0.4 to 0.7 appears to be adequate. This has been independently corroborated in a variety of electrolytic and gas loading experiments. It is not so much the magnitudes of the steady state loading ratio, but rather creation of non-equilibrium conditions which facilitates rapid migration/transport of deuterons within the Pd lattice that seems to be required. With this in view a systematic study has been undertaken using electrically self-heated 0.1 25 mm dia Pd wires in H2/D2 atmospheres to optimize the conditions under wh ich rap id load ing/unloading or H2 or D2 can be achieved. Pd wire was of 99.9% purity and was procured from Lieco Industries USA.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=266
First Author: Garwin, R. L.
1409. Garwin, R.L., SRI Deuterated Metals Project. 1993, Thomas J. Watson Research Center: Yorktown Heights, NY.
First Author: Garwin, R. L.
1410. Gdowski, G.E., T.E. Felter, and R.H. Stulen, Effect of Surface Temperature on the Sorption of Hydrogen by Pd(111). Surf. Sci. Lett., 1987. 181: p. L147.
First Author: Gdowski, G. E.
1411. Gentsch, H., DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1991. 95: p. 1283 (in German).
First Author: Gentsch, H.
1412. Gentsch, H., Reply to: R. Behrisch, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 733 [1992]. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992. 96: p. 734 (in German).
First Author: Gentsch, H.
1413. George, R., The cold fusion phenomenon -- An interview with Dr. Mahadeva Srinivasan, in Cold Fusion. 1994.
First Author: George, R.
Dr. Mahadeva Srinivasan was the head of the Neutron Physics Division and an Associate Director of the Physics Group of BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center) in Mumbai (Bombay), India when this interview was held on March 1, 1994 at SRI International in Menlo Park, California. At that time he was a visiting scientist there, participating in the Cold Fusion experiments underway at the laboratories of the Energy Research Center.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GeorgeRthecoldfus.pdf
First Author: George, R.
1415. George, R. and R. Stringham, Technical report on the demonstration of new technology producing heat and nuclear products via cavitation induced micro-fusion in E-quest sciences Mark II research device. 1996.
First Author: George, R.
1416. George, R., Observations of helium bubbles in thin palladium metal foil using scanning electron microscopy. 1997.
First Author: George, R.
1417. Gerischer, H., Memorandum on the Present State of Knowledge on Cold Fusion, J. Bockris, Editor. 1991.
First Author: Gerischer, H.
"In spite of my earlier conclusion, -- and that of the majority of scientists, -- that the phenomena reported by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989 depended either on measurement errors or were of chemical origin, there is now undoubtedly overwhelming indications that nuclear processes take place in the metal alloys." Professor Heinz Gerischer
COLD FUSION John O’M. Bockris Chemistry Dept., Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843
October 30, 1991
A memorandum has been written on the present state of cold fusion research as of October, 1991, by Professor Heinz Gerischer. The significance of this memorandum arises from Professor Gerischer’s status. He is widely recognized to be the leading physical electrochemist in Europe and would vie for the title on a still wider basis. Apart from his long term involvement in electrochemistry he is well known as a physical chemist of the highest standing and was, until 1988, the Director of the Max Planck Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin.
[Note. This document was misfiled. The LENR-CANR.org filename is incorrect, but since it has been on file for many years, we will not change it. This paper confused with an another paper by Gerischer in the ICCF-2 proceedings, which is here: http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=480]
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GerischerHiscoldfusi.pdf
First Author: Gerischer, H.
Having received, at short notice, the invitation to attend the second international conference on cold fusion as a sceptical observer, I began to study some of the papers which have appeared since the fall of 1989 after which I had stopped following the publications in this area. Being sceptical from the beginning, the many negative reports from renowned laboratories seemed to confirm that the disputed claims of cold fusion occurring in a solid were, unfortunately, based on the erroneous interpretation of ill-defined experiments. I now realize that in the meantime many new positive results have been published which can not be pushed aside quite so easily. Two reviews, currently in the course of publication, were very helpful and yielded much information on the present situation. These are the reviews of M. Srinivasan and E. Storms. Together with my reading and the lectures given on the first days of the conference, I eventually felt able to present my impressions in a lecture on the last day of the conference, as the organizers had requested. I am aware that all the arguments pro and contra the reality of cold fusion have been pointed out by others before. The first part of my contribution to the report of this conference is therefore mainly a reminder of the problems. In the second part I raise some questions seen with the eyes of a physical chemist being specially experienced in electrochemistry.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=480
First Author: Gerlovin, I. L.
1420. Gernert, N. and R.M. Shaubach, Nascent Hydrogen: An Energy Source. 1993, Department of the Air Force.
First Author: Gernert, N.
Anomalous heat was measured from a reaction of atomic hydrogen in contact with potassium carbonate on a nickel surface. The nickel surface consisted of 500 feet of 0.0625 inch diameter tubing wrapped in a coil. The coil was inserted into a pressure vessel containing a light water solution of potassium carbonate. The tubing and solution were heated to a steady state temperature of 249°C using an FR heater. Hydrogen at 1100 psig was applied to the inside of the tubing. After the application of hydrogen, a 32°C increase in temperature of the cell was measured which corresponds to 25 watts of heat. Heat production under these conditions is predicted by the theory of Mills where a new species of hydrogen is produced that has a lower energy state then normal hydrogen. ESCA analyses, done independently by Lehigh University, have found the predicted 55 eV signature of this new species of hydrogen. Work is continuing at Thermacore with internal funding to bring this technology to the marketplace.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GernertNnascenthyd.pdf
First Author: Gerstein, S. S.
1422. Ghosh, S.K., H.K. Saidhukhan, and A.K. Dhara, A Theory of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Deuterium Loaded Palladium, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. C 4.
First Author: Ghosh, S. K.
1423. Ghosh, S.K., H.K. Sadhukhan, and A.K. Dhara, A theory of cold nuclear fusion in deuterium-loaded palladium. Pramana, 1989. 33: p. L339.
First Author: Ghosh, S. K.
1424. Gibb, T.R.P., Lattice-Distension and the Magnetic Susceptibility of Palladium Hydride. 1966.
First Author: Gibb, T. R. P.
1425. Gibbs, M., Cold Fusion Gets a Little More Real [Updated], in Forbes. 2012.
First Author: Gibbs, M.
1426. Gibney, E., Google revives controversial cold-fusion experiments. Nature, 2019. 569(611).
First Author: Gibney, E.
1427. Gieryn, T.F., "The Social Dimensions of Science", The ballad of Pons and Fleischmann: Experiment and narrative in the (un)making of cold fusion, ed. E. McMullin. 1992: U. Notre Dame Press, Gieryn, T.F. 214.
First Author: Gieryn, T. F.
1428. Gillespie, L.J. and W.R. Downs, The Palladium-Deuterium Equilibrium. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1937. 61: p. 2494.
First Author: Gillespie, L. J.
1429. Gillespie, D.J., et al., A search for anomalies in the palladium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 526.
First Author: Gillespie, D. J.
1430. Gimpel, R. Multicell Reactors. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.
First Author: Gimpel, R.
A growing body of experimental evidence in this last decade has shown that some types of low-energy-induced nuclear reactions are possible. Key cathode characteristics considered important for these non-Joule heating reactions, as documented in a US patent application, are discussed. These concepts are incorporated into an electrolytic reactor system to encourage these reactions while discourage Joule heating of the electrolyte. However, even the more efficient reactor designs appear to have diminishing returns upon scale up. The MultiCell unit’s unique design allows for repetitive replication of the unit (much like a component on a circuit board or computer chip) to acquire the desired power output while still maintaining the efficiency of the small MultiCell unit. The design uses a plurality of small cells arranged in an interconnected array, wherein each cell is characterized by having a relatively small cathode separated from a relatively large anode by a small gap.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GimpelRmulticellr.pdf
First Author: Giordano, N.
1432. Gittus, J. and J. Bockris, Explanations of cold fusion (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 105 (Scientific Correspondence).
First Author: Gittus, J.
1433. Gluck, P., Understanding Reproducibility: Topology Is The Key. Fusion Facts, 1992. 3(11).
First Author: Gluck, P.
Lack of reproducibility was a kind of original sin and a rich source of troubles, despair and skeptics from the start of the cold fusion story. Now the situation is much improved, but the progress has resulted mainly from trial and error experiments and not from cause-effect considerations, principles, models or theories. This statement is valid even for the newly born light-water excess energy experiments [1]. The most developed theories, e.g. the T.R.M. model of Bush [2] must be combined with purely empirical descriptions of know-how and engineering data as those of Cravens [3] for electrochemical cells. Scaramuzzi [4] for gas-metal systems, Mills [5] (the experimental part) and Mallove [1] for light water experiments. An example of spectacular irreproducibility was obtained by the scientists of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center [6,7]: "not only are the anomalous fusion reactions found to take place in only a very few chips (obtained from the same piece of titanium) but even in those chips, tritium production is restricted to a small number of selected localized ‘hot spots' only..."
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GluckPunderstand.pdf
First Author: Gluck, P.
1435. Gluck, P. Cold Fusion - A Logical Network Approach. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.
First Author: Gluck, P.
1436. Gluck, P., A new definition for 'chemical element? Chem. Innov., 2001. 31(10): p. 44.
First Author: Gluck, P.
1437. Godes, R. Quantum Fusion Hypothesis. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.
First Author: Godes, R.
The field of cold fusion is not "fusion" as the current establishment defines it.
A basic tenant of research is that correlation does not equal causation. The current assumption of Deuterium Deuterium (DD) fusion based on the excellent work of Dr. Michael McKubre showing a near perfect match of excess heat to helium produced is only a correlation. The assumption of DD fusion may be fallacious and leading to a dead end. In many cases the Pons Fleischmann reaction starts with deuterium and ends with helium. This would seem to indicate DD fusion, but this is assuming that correlation equals causation.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GodesRquantumfus.pdf
First Author: Godes, R.
We have run over 150 experiments using two different cell/calorimeter designs. Excess power has always been seen using Q pulses tuned to the resonance of palladium and nickel hydrides in pressurized vessels. Excess energies of up to 100% have been seen using this excitation method.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GodesRcontrolled.pdf
First Author: Godshall, N. A.
1440. Goedkoop, J.A., Koude kernfusie in de vaste stof?" (Cold nuclear fusion in solids?). Energiespektrum, 1989. 13: p. 156 (in Dutch).
First Author: Goedkoop, J. A.
1441. Gold, T., New ideas in science. J. Sci. Expl., 1989. 3(2): p. 103.
First Author: Gold, T.
1442. Goldanskii, V.I. and F.I. Dalidchik, Mechanism of solid-state fusion (Title given by Letters editor). Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 231.
First Author: Goldanskii, V. I.
1443. Goldanskii, V.I. and F.I. Dalidchik, On the possibilities of 'cold enhancement' of nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. B, 1990. 234: p. 465.
First Author: Goldanskii, V. I.
1444. Goloborodsky, B., V. Ovchinnikov, and V. Semionkin, Long-Range Effects in the FePd2Au Alloy Under Ion Bombardment. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39(3 (May)).
First Author: Goloborodsky, B.
1445. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., A possible mechanism for cold nuclear fusion. J. Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1989(6): p. 56 (In Russian).
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1446. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1989. 307: p. 99 (in Russian).
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1447. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Correlation between nuclear, acoustic, and electromagnetic emissions during the electrolytic saturation of palladium with deuterium. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(8): p. 31.
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1448. Golubnichii, P.I., et al. Observation of Nuclear Particles and Their Correlation with Acoustic and Electromagnetic Emission from Palladium Targets Loaded by Deuterium. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1449. Golubnichii, P.I., et al. Recording of Neutron and Acoustic Emissions From Palladium Target in a Low-Background Underground Experiment. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1450. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Verification of the accelerator model for low-temperature nuclear fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990. 9: p. 16.
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1451. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Detection of neutrons and tritium from solid palladium targets by electrolytic deuterium charging. Pis`ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(21): p. 46 (in Russian).
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1452. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Proton emission in low-temperature nuclear fusion. Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1991. 12: p. 6.
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1453. Golubnichii, P.I., et al., Correlated neutron and acoustic emission from a deuterium-saturated palladium target. JETP Lett., 1991. 53: p. 122.
First Author: Golubnichii, P. I.
1454. Goncharov, A.I. and V.A. Kirkinskii. Theoretical Modeling Of Electron Flow Action On Probability Of Nuclear Fusion Of Deuterons. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.
First Author: Goncharov, A. I.
1455. Goncharov, A.I. and V.A. Kirkinskii, Formation of Hydrogen Miniatoms in the Medium of Free Electrons-the Key to the Mechanism of Low-energy Nuclear Reactions. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2022. 36: p. 203-209.
First Author: Goncharov, A. I.
We have modeled the behavior of hydrogen atoms in the flow of free electrons in metals by the molecular dynamic method. The trajectories of the particles were calculated by numerically solving a system of differential equations of mechanics. Relativistic equations were used, and the interaction of particles was considered Coulombic without taking into account magnetic effects. About 104 stories were modeled, each of them containing up to 100 collisions of free electrons with a hydrogen atom. The total number of simulated atoms that experienced collisions was ~ 10^6. Dynamic modeling revealed the formation of neutral particles consisting of protons (deuterons) with an electron rotating around them in nonstationary, close to elliptical orbits with an apogee to a distance of less than 10^-11 cm and to a perigee of ~ 10^-12 cm. These particles, which are continuously changing in size and shape, are up to 3 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller than ordinary hydrogen atoms, and 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than neutrons. Such nonstationary hydrogen miniatoms can exist for a short time (on our estimate, up to ~ 10^-12 sec.) in the environment of free electrons of metals, easily move in them and, like neutrons, approach the nuclei of isotopes of hydrogen or other elements at a distance at which nuclear fusion reactions or transmutation of elements are possible due to the tunneling effect. Taking into account the formation of such hydrogen miniatoms the previously calculated rate of low-energy nuclear reactions in metals1^-6 increases more than by 5 – 6 orders of magnitude, that is, to values corresponding to experimental data. Formation of hydrogen miniatoms in the medium of free electrons is of primary importance in the mechanism of low-energy nuclear reactions.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=213
First Author: Good, W. R.
1457. Goods, S.H. and S.E. Guthrie, Mechanical Properties of Palladium and Palladium Hydride. 1991.
First Author: Goods, S. H.
1458. Goodstein, D., Pariah Science. Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? The American Scholar, 1994. 63(4): p. 527.
First Author: Goodstein, D.
1459. Goodstein, D., Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? Accountability Res., 2000. 8.
First Author: Goodstein, D.
The article that follows was written in 1994, and first appeared in The American Scholar (vol. 63 p. 527). In the three years since then much has happened, but little has changed. There have been reports of increasingly reliable production of excess heat, and of the detection of 4He residue, and much more. Nevertheless, the most remarkable fact remains that cold fusion has neither been accepted by mainstream science, nor has it withered away. The general situation that the article describes still seems to be in place today.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GoodsteinDwhateverha.pdf
First Author: Goodwin, I.
1461. Goon, E.J., The Non-Stoichiometry of Lathanum Hydride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1959. 63: p. 2018.
First Author: Goon, E. J.
1462. Gordon, F. and H.J. Whitehouse, Lattice Energy Converter (LEC) (PowerPoint slides), in LENR Workshop in memory of Dr. M. Srinivasan. 2021: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.
First Author: Gordon, F.
A Lattice Energy Converter (LEC):
* Will spontaneously initiate the production of ionizing radiation and electrical energy based only on the thermal energy in its palladium lattice that is occluded with hydrogen or deuterium
* Produces sustained ionizing radiation and electrical energy when the lattice material is in fluidic contact with a gas containing hydrogen or deuterium
* Does not require naturally radioactive materials
* Mechanically simple to construct and test but the physics of its operation is not fully understood
* Easy to replicate
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GordonFlatticeene.pdf
First Author: Gordon, F.
Multiple implementations of a Lattice Energy Converter (LEC) have demonstrated the ability to self-initiate and self-sustain the production of a voltage and current over extended periods of time. A LEC converts the internal energy within the lattice of some materials, such as palladium, or of gases occluded within the lattice, such as hydrogen or deuterium, into ionizing radiation and electrical energy. Experiments include tests where the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the LEC were measured when an external voltage/current was applied, as well as other I-V tests where the spontaneous LEC voltage was measured as a function of temperature and resistance. LEC voltage and current has been shown to increasewith increased temperature. The electrical power produced by a LEC is similar to that produced by a nuclear battery however, a LEC does not require radioactive materials. While the energy levels produced to date are several orders of magnitude below those required formost power sources, the calculated flux of ionizing radiation necessary to produce the experimentally measured voltage and currentwould require the equivalent of several curies of radiation. These results have been independently replicated by two individuals. A video of the Lattice Energy Converter presentation, from the 2021 LENR workshop in honor of Dr. Srinivasan, is available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4dzTWY_aWM This paper expands on the YouTube video presentation with additional analysis that supports the observed experimental results.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzh.pdf#page=36
First Author: Gordon, F.
Continuing development of Lattice Energy Converter (LEC) technology has resulted in both experimental and theoretical advancements. Replicated experimental results and analysis for a LEC wherein a codeposited palladium-hydrogen working electrode produced spontaneous and sustained electrical energy attributed to ionizing radiation have been previously reported. Herein is reported the use of a working electrode comprised of codeposited iron-hydrogen from an aqueous solution of FeCl2 which demonstrated similar capabilities to produce spontaneous and sustained electrical energy as well as ionizing radiation. These results also have been replicated. http://ikkem.com/iccf23/PPT/Invited%20Gordon%20ICCF%2023%20LEC%20T5.MP4. This paper updates the presentation at the workshop in honor of Dr. Srinivasan in January 2021 which is available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4dzTWY_aWM This paper provides additional analysis that supports the observed experi- mental results from both presentations.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=11
First Author: Gorodetskii, V. G.
1466. Goryachev, I.V. Registration of synthesis of 45Rh102 in media of excited nuclei of 28Ni58. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.
First Author: Goryachev, I. V.
For the purpose of searching for heavy nuclei generated in the result of low energy nuclear processes we used samples of 28Ni58 which were bombarded with 27 MeV electrons from the Resonance accelerator MI-30. The samples of nickel of 48 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick were irradiated with electrons to the level of absorbed energy of around 2.5 106 J/cm^3 which is approximately 5 times exceeds the minimum specific energy at which as it followed from the authors' theoretical model the process of generating transmuted elements will become quite noticeable.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GoryachevIregistrati.pdf
First Author: Goryachev, I. V.
During a number of years there were carried out experiments to investigate interactions of excited substances with radiation, gravity and other kinds of fields. Converting atoms of the substances into excited state was fulfilled by means of bombarding the samples used with intensive beams of electrons with energy of 27 MeV and the accompanying bremsstrahlung generated by the electrons in the substances and intermediate targets.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GoryachevIabnormalre.pdf
First Author: Goryachev, I. V.
We can not help remembering that in the Soviet Union investigations of a number of abnormal phenomena which later were related to the problem of Cold Nuclear Fusion were carried out long before Fleischmann and Pons announced their experiments at the American University of Utah.
At present these kind of research works are widely carried on in Russia despite the absence of any state support and while part of the official scientific community remains skeptical.
In total there are more than 30 groups of scientists engaged in research in this field in Russia . . .
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GoryachevIorganizati.pdf
First Author: Gottesfeld, S.
1470. Gottesfeld, S., et al., Experiments and nuclear measurements in search of cold fusion processes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 287.
First Author: Gottesfeld, S.
1471. Gou, Q., Z. Zhu, and Q. Zhang, Possible mechanism of cold fusion and experimental research. Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao, 1990. 7: p. 1491 (in Chinese).
First Author: Gou, Q.
1472. Gou, Q., Further discussion on the mechanism of cold fusion and cold fusion materials. Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys., 1998. 15(1): p. 7 (in Chinese).
First Author: Gou, Q.
1473. Govorov, B.V., et al., Neutron Emission from Palladium Alloys Saturated with Deuterium. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1990. 64(2): p. 287.
First Author: Govorov, B. V.
1474. Govorukha, V. and O. Tashyrev, Novel Biotechnologies for Purification of Radioactive Waste Water. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2019. 28: p. 53-55.
First Author: Govorukha, V.
Extended abstract.
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedza.pdf#page=59