Complete Bibliography

The current (September) issue of the Berichte of the German Chemical Society contains a paper by Profs. F. Paneth and K. Peters on "The Transformation of Hydrogen into Helium," in which they describe in outline how they have succeeded in detecting the presence of a very minute amounts of helium, of the order of one hundred millionth of a cubic centimeter, derived from hydrogen which had been absorbed by finely divided palladium at ordinary temperature.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PanethFthepublica.pdf#page=24

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/editorials.pdf

4. Cold Fusion Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, ed. J.P. Biberian. 2020: Elsevier.

5. Abbenseth, R. and H. Wipf, Thermal Expansion and Lattice Anharmonicity of Pd-H and Pd-D Alloys. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1980. 10: p. 353.

6. ABC, "Good Morning America". 1994.

7. Abell, G.C. and A. Attalla, NMR Evidence for Solid-Fluid Transition Near 250 K of 3He Bubbles in Palladium Tritide. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987. 59(9): p. 995.

8. Abell, G.C., et al., Helium release from aged palladium tritide. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(2): p. 1220.

9. Aben, P.C. and W.G. Burgers, Surface Structure and Electrochemical Potential of Palladium while Absorbing Hydrogen in Aqueous Solution. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1989. 56: p. 1989.

10. Aberdam, D., et al., Limits on neutron emission following deuterium absorption into palladium and titanium. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 65(10): p. 1196.

11. Abriola, D., et al., Examination of nuclear measurement conditions in cold fusion experiments. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 265: p. 355.

12. AbuTaha, A.F., Cold fusion - engineering perspectives. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 391.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AbuTahaAFcoldfusion.pdf

14. Abyaneh, M., et al. Concerning the Modeling of Systems in Terms of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): The Special Case of "Cold Fusion". in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

15. Accomazzi, P., Binuclear Atoms: A Model to Explain Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 25: p. 68-75.

In this paper we show that the helium-like hydrogen spectra obtained by Randell L. Mills and ultra-dense hydrogen obtained by Holmlid can be interpreted as experimental evidence of Binuclear Atoms. The hydrogen Binuclear Atom, a model proposed 25 years ago, is a metastable configuration in which the two nuclei are held together at a very short distance in an atom-like configuration. This should be a distinctive configuration of the hydrogen molecule where nuclei are characterized by a high kinetic energy, and nuclear motion is coupled with electronic motion. This is a completely different model from the usual Born-Oppenheimer picture of atoms and molecules we are used to, where nuclei oscillate about their equilibrium positions and electronic motion is decoupled from the nuclear one. The identification of helium-like hydrogen spectra and ultra-dense hydrogen as Binuclear Atoms has a strong impact on one of the main objections to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR): the overcoming of the Coulomb barrier thus identifying a sound mechanism for the occurrence of LENR. This work is not conclusive. The only goal of this work is to focus the attention of people interested in LENR mechanism on this subject, and encourage them to take this hypothesis more seriously.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf#page=74

17. Adachi, G., H. Sakaguchi, and K. Nagao, (3)He and (4)He from D2 absorbed in LaNi5. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1992. 181: p. 469.

Helium isotopes from D2 gas absorbed by LaNi5 were analyzed with a noble gas mass spectrometer to search for evidence of cold fusion. The ratio of 3He to 4He in the sample gas obtained after repeated temperature cycling for about 30 days was different from that in the sample gas before treatment. Increases in 3He were observed in two experiments using different reaction vessels, indicating that a nuclear reaction may have occurred.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdachiGheandhefro.pdf

The problem of supercompression of a solid target to a collapse state is considered. The basic principles of construction and the parameters of an experimental setup ensuring such a supercompression are described. The model and method of creation and evolution of superheavy nuclear clusters with 250<A<500 and A>3000-5000 in the controlled collapse zone and in the volume of a remote accumulating screen are discussed. The evolution of such clusters results in the synthesis of isotopes with 1<A<500 and with anomalous spatial distribution in the volume of a remote screen. These phenomena were interpreted on the basis of the idea of the formation of a self-organizing and self-supporting collapse of the electron-nucleus plasma under the action of a coherent driver up to a state close to the nuclear substance.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdamenkoSexperiment.pdf

20. Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. Observation And Modeling Of The Ordered Motion Of Hypothetical Magnetically Charged Particles On The Multilayer Surface And The Problem Of Low-Energy Fusion. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

21. Adamenko, S. and V. Vysotskii. The possible mechanism of creation of light magnetic monopoles in strong magnetic field of a laboratory system. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

In this work the reasons and mechanism of the creation of unknown magneto-charged particles, which were observed in experiments on supercompression of condensed target in Kiev Electrodynamics Laboratory "Proton-21", are discussed. It is shown that these particles are most probably the hypothetical light magnetic monopoles that were introduced by George Lochak as magneto-excited neutrinos. The parameters of these particles (including mass of monopole and both size and binding energy of monopole-antimonopole pair) and the method of their creation are discussed and calculated.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdamenkoSthepossibl.pdf

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdamenkoSVmechanismo.pdf

24. Adler, P.N., R.L. Schulte, and H. Margolin, Deuterium surface segregation in titanium alloys. Metal. Trans., 1990. 21A: p. 2003.

25. Adzic, R.R., et al. Tritium Measurements and Deuterium Loading in D2O Electrolysis With a Palladium Cathode. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Measurements have been performed to check on the Fleischmann-Pons (F-P) phenomena. They involved 1) measurements of tritium in the cell solution and the gas above it; and 2) determination of the D/Pd ratio by coulometry. Enhancement of tritium in the D2O solution was found in these two open glass cells, as well as in another four cells with Ni-anodes. The largest enhancement factor found was ~50. The neutron measurements were inconclusive.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AdzicRRtritiummea.pdf

27. Affatato, S., et al. Measurement of a Very Low Neutron Background Within a Significant Gamma-Ray Environment by Means of a Coincidence Spectrometer with n-g Pulse-Shape Discrimination. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

28. Afonichev, D. Ascending Diffusion Or Transmutation. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

In any field of investigations new ideas in combination with newly developed equipment can provide advance results. In view of arising interest to cold nuclear fusion (CNF) [1] and searches for consequences of its occurrence the study of the interaction of hydrogen with metals has coincided with the wide spread of the micro-probe X-ray spectrum analysis. This analysis is performed during measurements of alloying element concentration [1] with resolution of about 1x1 µm2.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AfonichevDascendingd.pdf

In the process of deformation at a temperature T=710°C of titanium alloy samples preliminarily saturated by deuterium a radiation, which is not a neutron flow was detected. Electromagnetic radiation in the range of radio frequencies was detected in titanium alloy samples in the process of their saturation by deuterium. The probable mechanism of its occurrence may be a retardation of charged particles in the metallic matrix.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AfonichevDhighfreque.pdf

On the basis of the results of our previous experiments on deformation of deuterium saturated titanium alloy samples and saturation of titanium alloys, the mechanism of cold nuclear fusion proceeding via the tritium channel is proposed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AfonichevDaboutprodu.pdf

We report on the results of experimental observation of interaction of deuterons in a palladium membrane in deuterium gas under the pressure of P=0,07 Mpa. The temperature fluctuation with an amplitude of Delta T= 4 / 5°C was observed. After a 42 hour experiment, a significant increase in the number of of tritium (3T) atoms, N>109, has been revealed, while no traces of 4He have been found.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=54

33. Agelao, G. and M.C. Romano, Heat and helium production during exothermic reactions between gases through palladium geometrical elements loaded with hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 2000. 38: p. 224.

In this research, the effect of the shape of hydrogen loaded palladium elements on exothermic reactions between gases is shown. It was found that an element with parts of its surface next to each other spontaneously triggers reactions, whereas an element whose surfaces are not next to each other needs outside triggering. The heat developed makes the temperature of the elements rise even by a few hundredths of a degree centigrade. Through photographic techniques, it was shown that the elements, when releasing heat, emit radiation connected to nuclear fusion reactions. These reactions, confirmed also by the analysis of the used hydrogen, showed helium formation. All these tests have confirmed the reproducibility of the phenomenon.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AgelaoGheatandhel.pdf

A new set of measurements of neutron emission from gas (D2 and H2) loaded Ti and Pd systems has been carried out in the TOFUS experiment. The temperature and pressure controls of the gas loading apparatus were improved. The results concerning the Ti/D system show the presence of a small 2.5 MeV neutron emission, with a signal having a statistical significance of ~ 5 sigma. The results on the Pd/D system doesn't show a statistically significant signal (less ~ 2 sigma).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=172

36. Agnello, M., et al. Improvement of the TOFUS Apparatus. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

The TOFUS experiment was started in order to detect 2.45 Me V neutrons emitted from a Ti/D system in the gas phase. Improvements in the electronics of the neutron detector, based on the double scattering technique, and in the performances of a new cell are described.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=264

38. Ahern, B.S. Energy Localization The key to Understanding Energy in Nanotechnology & Nature (PowerPoint slides). in International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Symposium, ILENRS-12. 2012. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185.

Nature assembles ordered structures out of chaos without a temperature gradient or energy input. Systems generally go from ordered to chaotic. How does nature go from the chaotic to ordered?

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AhernBSenergyloca.pdf

40. Aickin, M., et al., Book Reviews. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2008. 22(3).

41. Aiello, S., et al., Nuclear fusion experiment in palladium charged by deuterium gas. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 115.

42. Aina, R. and U. Mastromatteo. Investigation of anomalous densities of high-energy alpha-particles tracks in CR-39 detectors during electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

No meaningful evidence of specific particle emission with E>2.5 MeV during D2O electrolysis (comparable track count), with or without Pd codeposition.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AinaRinvestigat.pdf

Electrolysis of D2O and H2O solutions is carried out under several DC current patterns using a Ni film cathode. A CR-39 track detector is set in close contact with the cathode to detect an energetic charged particle. An impressive increasing in number of etch pit is occasionally observed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=16

Examination of the temperature dependency on counting efficiency of a NE213 liquid scintillator showed that the efficiency decreased with the detector temperature. This was explained as a decrease in fluorescence emission of the scintillator with the temperature increase. Therefore, correction is needed for background data in electrolysis experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=310

46. Al Katrib, A.K. and D.J. Nagel. Can Water be the Origin of Excess Energy? in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

This study was initiated due to the concern of some critics of LENR research that small energy changes in many H2O or D2O molecules in electrochemical cells can explain observed excess heat. More than three hundred LENR papers from 1989 to 2008 that reported excess energy were acquired and reviewed to extract quantitative results and other information. Excess energies and cell volumes were found in 17 papers. These data were used to compute eV per water molecule values. Most experiments showed excess energy outputs that would lead to ratios below the vibrational energy of water molecules at room temperature (0.04 eV/molecule). However, 65% of the papers, which reported both excess energies and cell volumes, indicated values significantly higher. The highest reported value was 42.6 eV/molecule. Eleven ratios are far beyond what is plausible for water to be the source of anomalous heat. Therefore, it is concluded that some unknown rearrangement of water molecules in many LENR experiments is not the source of excess heat.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=109

Results of isotopic and elemental composition analyses of fuel and matter near the active zone of nickel–hydrogen reactors before and after experiment with the integral excess energy up to 790 MJ are presented. No significant changes in the isotopic composition of nickel or lithium were observed. A significant increase in the concentration of impurities of a number of nuclides has been observed not only in fuel but also in structural elements adjacent to the active zones of the reactors.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf#page=37

49. Alber, D., et al., Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1989. 333: p. 319.

50. Alberg, M.A., et al., Upper limits to fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen molecules in palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. 41: p. 2544.

51. Albers, P., et al., Investigations of palladium catalysts on different carbon supports. J. Catal., 1999. 181: p. 145.

52. Albertini, G. and M. Rogante, Beyond Hydrogen Loading. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2020. 30: p. 36-43.

While experimental and technological attention is focused on the operational methods for hydrogen loading in metals and on the observed anomalies with respect to well-established rules, we aim to remark that these methods and these consequences can be seen as a part of a more general problem. In fact, most of the experiments and deductions of material sciences are based on the assumption that space–time is flat and isotropic (Minkowskian). After discarding this assumption, a theory of Deformed Space Time (DST) was developed in the last decades. Following this theory, experimental results were obtained which are not predicted by the Standard Model. The DST-theory concerns the fundamental interactions and in particular the nuclear ones, that can play the main role in the observed anomalies. In order to consider a nuclear reaction as a DST-reaction, four main phenomenological features were deduced: occurrence of an energy threshold; change of atomic weight; absence of gamma radiation; anisotropic emission of nuclear particles in intense beams having a very short life span. From the experimental point of view, rather than looking for fortuitous events that produce the conditions for DST-reactions, more systematic research can be undertaken by following the above reported four general rules. In particular, the occurrence of thresholds can correspond to a latency time, required to reach the energy density necessary to deform space–time. The absence of gamma radiation cannot be considered as a sign that nuclear reactions are not present; in fact, in absence of detected gamma radiation, elements were found which were not present before the reaction. The nuclear emissions, which are anisotropic and impulsive, can be difficult to detect with the traditional methods, thus inducing incertitude on the occurring reactions. Finally, a rapid variation of energy density is an experimental common factor of DST-reactions. Thus, the DST-theory can be the leading theory in the design of the experiment and in the interpretation of its experimental results.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzc.pdf#page=41

54. Alekseev, V.A., et al., Tritium production in the interaction of dense streams of deuterium plama with metal surfaces. Tech. Phys. Lett., 1995. 21: p. 231.

55. Alessandrello, A., et al., Search for cold fusion induced by electrolysis in palladium. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. A103: p. 1617.

56. Alexander, K.F., Cold nuclear fusion. Wissensch. Fortschr., 1989. 39: p. 9 (in German).

57. Alexandrov, D. Heavy Electrons in Nano-Structure Clusters of Disordered Solids. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

The existence of heavy electrons is found theoretically in nano-structure clusters of disordered solids. The basis of the investigation is the electron band structures of disordered semiconductors previously determined by the author. The existence of electron energy pockets is found for the electrons in the conduction bands of these semiconductors that are nano-confining potential valleys of dimensions in the range of the primitive cell. The electron wave function of the confined electron is determined in when the electron interacts with local electrical field that is external for the energy pocket, and the average velocity of the electron is found. An expression for electron mass of an electron localized in pocket is derived. It is found that this electron mass is greater than the electron mass at rest and the confined electrons are designated heavy electrons. The possibility of interactions of protons with heavy electrons is discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Alexandrovheavyelect.pdf

Theoretical outcomes and their connections with the experimental outcomes i) Increase of the temperature (T) increases the probabilities for both fusion reactions – it is connected with the experimental facts that the concentrations of both 4He and 3He increase with the increase of the temperature; ii) Increase of the kinetic energies of the interacting nuclei (D and D, and D and H) increases the probability for both fusion reactions – it is connected with the experimental facts that the concentrations of both 4He and 3He increase with the increase of the plasma voltage; Iii) The released energies of the fusion reactions partially destroy the crystal lattice making that the corresponding regions not to be able to participate in immediate further reactions – it corresponds to the cyclic change of the temperature that was observed experimentally, i.e. time for recovery of the crystal lattice is needed in order fusion reactions to be re-established again; iv) Any partial destroy of the crystal lattice (mechanical or as result of fusion reaction) brings the corresponding destroyed regions out of order regarding the fusion reaction.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Alexandrovcoldfusion.pdf

60. Alguero, M., et al. An Experimental Method to Measure the Rate of H(D)-Absorption by a Pd Cathode During the Electrolysis of an Aqueous Solution: Advantages and Disadvantages. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

An experimental set up to measure the rate of BCD) uptake by a Pd cathode during the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte has been built and its behavior is analyzed. The experimental procedure is based on the pressure changes that take place within a closed electrolytic cell during the hydride (deuteride) formation. Calibration of the system has been done by accomplishing electrolysis with two Pl electrodes and the error sources have been studied. A protocol to be used in Pd hydrogenation (deuteration) is defined. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of this experimental m ethod against measurements of the Pd electric resistance variations are briefly discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=246

An explanation is proposed for the time dependence of the neutron emission transient observed after interrupting the electrolysis in Fleischmann-Pons-type experiments with titanium cathodes. It is suggested that the time structure of the neutron emission is related to a reduction of active volume (i.e., the volume with a loading ratio higher than the critical value necessary for cold fusion to take place) in the deuterated titanium. This reduction occurs during the postelectrolysis time due to deuterium transport from the TiDx delta-phase layer to the undeuterated bulk of the cathode. Calculations of the active volume decrease are done by using the Wagner model.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AlgueroManinterpre.pdf

63. Altaiskii, M.V., et al., Fluctuational enhancement of quantum mechanical and wave barrier penetrability and some physical consequences. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1990. 52(1): p. 78 (in Russian).

64. Amato, I., Cold Fusion Keeps Its Head Just Above Water. Science News, 1989. 13: p. 278.

65. Amato, I., Cold Fusion Saga: Trials and Tribulations. Science News, 1990. 137(24): p. 374.

66. Amato, I., Cold Fusion:Wanted Dead And Alive, in Science News. 1990. p. 14.

67. Amato, I., If Not Cold Fusion, Try Fracto-Fusion? Science News, 1990. 137: p. 87.

68. Amato, I., Cluster Fusion: Close But No Cigar. Science, 1992. 256(5054): p. 178.

69. Ambadkar, A. and J. Dash, Electrolysis Of D2O With A Palladium Cathode Compared With Electrolysis Of H2O With A Platinum Electrode: Procedure And Experimental Details. 2003, Portland State University: Porland, OR.

A description of experimental procedures used by Ambadkar and Dash at the Low Energy Nuclear Laboratory (LENL), Portland State University.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AmbadkarAelectrolys.pdf

Construction of the experimental cell:

1. Electrodes:

i. Start with a 25mm wide & 0.5mm thick palladium (Pd) foil(Alfa Aesar stock # 11514) and cold roll it into a 0.35mm thick foil. Cut a 25mm x 25mm piece from this foil.
ii. Punch a hole about 4mm from one of the sides of this foil. Almm diameter Pd wire about 10cm long (flattened at one end for about 2 cm) is inserted into this hole and bent over the other side to form a U shape. This portion is then spot welded to the Pd foil. This is used as the cathode.
iii. For the anode, use a 25mm x 25mm x 0.1mm Pt . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AmbadkarAelectrolysa.pdf

1. Introduction One of our hydropower plants (Masjed - E - Soleyman, Iran) has four Francis turbines. Two units on the right side (looking downstream) share a common penstock and a common long tailrace tunnel, and the other two units on the left also share a penstock and tailrace tunnel. Upon commissioning of one unit, the hydraulic transient in the draft tube during load rejection above 75% was excessive. It was apparent that the guide vane closing law that had been adopted would result in water column separation during load rejection at full power. Tests with a slower closing rate showed that the risk of column separation was reduced, but a violent surge developed in the draft tube close to maximum over speed. The energy level and cavity volume that are produced are much more than those of regular TCB (Transient Cavitation Bubbles) experiments, and therefore, we should expect more intense effects than a regular TCB jet produces.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AminiFproduction.pdf

The cavitation bubble resonator (CBR) can be used as a new coupling technique. The purpose of this paper is to study coupled SPR-CBR, coupled CBR-Nickel and coupled CBR-Biochemical. It is expected the cavitation bubble resonator assists a pseudo coupling process. The design of nano CBR cell can play a significant role in the sciences of therapeutic drugs and power generation.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AminiFthestudyof.pdf

74. An, X.-W., et al., Calorimetric investigation of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Thermochim. Acta, 1991. 183: p. 107-115.

75. Andermann, G. A New Theoretical Model (Nu-Q) for Rationalizing Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Events Observed in Deuterium Loaded Pd Cathodes. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

A model is proposed based on di-neutrons. NUt to rationalize most of the high energy and some of the low energy events observed in electrochemically induced . cold fusion'. Using pressure induced electron capture (EC) by deuterons as the triggering mechanism for the creation of NUt this model calls for the absorption of Nu by deuterons. creating a highly unstable isotope Quatrium. Q*, which decays instantly to yield tri tium and neutrons. Because of electron spin considerations the dominant EC mechanism is shown to yield two kinds of Nu. namely, a low lying NUL and a less stable higher lying Nu H. Thus. the Nu-Q* mechanism is shown to yield a doublet in the gamma ray spectrum. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=314

77. Anderson, D.M. and J. Bockris, Cold Fusion at Texas A&M. Science, 1990. 249: p. 463.

78. Anderson, G.C., Clandestine NSF Panel Warms to Cold Fusion. The Scientist, 1989.

79. Anderson, I.S., D.K. Ross, and C.J. Carlile, The Structure of the g Phase of Palladium Deuteride. Phys. Lett. A, 1978. 68: p. 249.

80. Anderson, J., et al., Letters and Response about Cold Fusion at Texas A&M. Science, 1990. 249: p. 463-465.

81. Anderson, M., Big Idea: Bring Back the "Cold Fusion" Dream, in Discover Magazine. 2012.

82. Anderson, R.E., et al. Neutron Measurements in Search of Cold Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndersonREneutronmea.pdf

84. Andreani, R., La fusione 'fredda'" ("'Cold' fusion"). Energ. Nucl. (Rome), 1989. 6: p. 8 (in Italian).

85. Andresen, B.D., et al., Potentially explosive organic reaction mechanisms in Pd/D2O electrochemical cells. Chem. Health Safety, 1994. 1: p. 44.

86. Andrianov, B.A., Natural Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Reaction. Infinite Energy, 2014(114).

A hypothesis is put forward explaining a superpower flash, a shock wave and instant evaporation of most of the Chelyabinsk meteor by the emergence of conditions for a low energy fusion exothermic reaction between Mg and Si nuclei contained in olivine and pyroxene, which were found in the meteorite. The possible initiators of that reaction are considered. They are supposed as common for the known experiments of similar type.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBnaturallow.pdf

In the context of hypotheses about probable realization of low energy nuclear fusion reactions (LENR) there have been considered common features joining such seemingly alien to one another objects as meteorites, fulgurites and also the products of volcanic activity on Jupiter’s satellite Io. Common for all of them is the combination of great values of pressure, temperature and electric current density. The most probable LENR for the Chelyabinsk meteor could be the reaction between magnesium and silicon nuclei contained in olivine and pyroxene, which were found in the meteorite. As a result of lightning strike quartz sand turns into fulgurite in which one can find metallic spheroids of troilite, alpha iron and shreibersite. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBprobablepr.pdf

As a continuation of the author’s hypotheses about iron and sulfur formation in Kolyma fulgurite as a result of LENRfusion of two 28/14Si or two 16/8O nuclei, a common origin mechanism for phosphorus, manganese and titanium was retraced in fulgurites and magmatic spheroids. A manganese nucleus is formed at a fusion of 27/13Al and 28/14Si nuclei, and a titanium nucleus at a fusion of two 23/11Na nuclei. The appearance of nickel isotopes was explained in iron meteorites. On the basis of introduced reactions a hypothesis of planetary cores formation was put forward.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBfulgurites.pdf

A hypothesis is put forward explaining the origin of chemical elements in polymetallic nodules on the ocean bottom as a result of bacteria activity initiating low energy nuclear fusion reactions (LENR). As is known, sea water, bottom deposits and suspensions contain Na, Cl, Ca, K, Mg, Li, Al, Si, B, P, F and S. From this set of elements the formation ways are shown not only for iron and manganese, but also for Ti, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Mo, Ga, Ge, Se, Br, Zr, Sr, Y, Nb, In, Sn, Sb, W, Hf, Re, Ag, Pd, Rh, Cd, Sc, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Nd and Sm. The origin of listed elements occurs with the active bacteria participation as a result of heat-generating LENR mainly by electron capture from inner atomic layers without additional external expenditure of energy, any radioactive materials or hard radiation. This allows us to naturally explain the emergence in nodules of stable isotopes of many elements which are really present there.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AndrianovBprobablemi.pdf

The production and detection of neutrons in the so called "cold fusion" phenomena is claimed since the first announcement by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989. In the last twenty years the same claim has been made by other authors despite they were operating under different experimental conditions. However, most of the scientific community is yet sceptic about the actual emission of neutrons from events that in a more general statement are known as "low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter" (CMNS) and the methods adopted by the various authors are often subjected to several criticisms. Indeed CMNS phenomena are rather complex and relate with several different subjects so synergy among various experts is necessary. Among these subjects, neutron detections requires a particular care and expertise because the measurements are carried out with a very low signal to noise ratio. In this paper a very brief review of the main physical laws and basic detection principles for neutrons are addressed. It is not in the author’s intention to investigate whether or not neutrons are actually emitted in CMNS phenomena, however, some tips that could allow to unambiguous measurement of neutrons from a CMNS type experiment will be addressed too.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=26

In this paper a very brief review of the main physical laws and basic detection principles for neutrons are addressed. The main issues to be faced when measuring pulsed "neutron emission", as claimed in most experiments, are addressed too. It is not in the author's intention to investigate whether or not neutrons are actually emitted in CMNS phenomena, however, an "ideal"; experiment that could allow to unambiguous measurement of neutrons from a CMNS type experiment will be outlined.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AngeloneMneutrondet.pdf

93. Antanasijevic, R.D., et al. "Cold Fusion" in Terms of New Quantum Chemistry: The Role of Magnetic Interactions in Dense Physica Media. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

Various recently reported "break even" in different types of "cold fusion" experiments have a common physical origin if one assumes that one should add, in dense states, the action of magnetic interactions of oriented nuclear spins to the usual Coulomb forces. In that case one is led to predict a) the existence of new "tight" quantum molecular states (associated to new "tight" Bohr orbits) which correspond to the emission of X--ray lines and excess energy b) the associated apparition of a certain amount of nuclear fusion reactions due to those magnetic interactions and enhanced tunneling by strong electron concentrations. They appear in the form of neutron (or ?) bursts and various types of "ashes" of particular nuclear fusion reactions in electrolysis, glow discharge, capillary devices, resonance sonoluminescence and plasma discharge experiments. They both contribute to observable energy excess in amounts which vary which chosen set-ups. To explore this assumption two experiments are presented here i.e. 1) discharge experiments in plasma focus and "capillary fusion" devices (i.e. nuclear fusion) of 10^8 neutrons/burst 2) X-ray measurements in deuterium plasma focus which confirm the existence of new Bohr orbits. New possible experiments to check it are also briefly discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=312

The theoretical interpretation of recently observed "excess heat" (i.e. break-even) in low intensity electrolytic and discharge experiments (with both deuterium and hydrogen) as resulting from a new type of non-nuclear quantum phenomena (i.e. spin-spin and spin-orbit couplings added to the usual Coulomb potential in specially structured dense media) leads to the prediction that "fusion ashes" of deuterium (or deuterium compounds now in vanishingly small quantities) will grow with the current intensity input, thus increasing the excess energy output. Totest this prediction one can study the dynamic offusion reactions in simple capacitor bank discharges into deuterated media, both in plasma focus (PF) and capillary fusion (CF) type experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Antanasijepreliminar.pdf

96. Antonov, V.E., et al., The Pd-Pt-H System: Phase Transformations at High Pressure and Superconductivity. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1993. 78: p. 137.

97. Antonov, V.E., et al., Phasometric T-P Diagram of the Rh-H System up to 400 C and Pressure of 67 kbar. Doky. Akad. Sci. SSSR, 1979. 248: p. 131.

98. Antonov, V.E., et al., The Solubility of Hydrogen in the Platinum Metals under High Pressure. Platinum Met. Rev., 1984. 28: p. 158.

99. Anufriev, G.S. and B.S. Boltenkov, Helium isotopes and hydrogen in aluminium and other metals. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1991. 56(2): p. 73 (in Russian).

100. Aoki, T., Y. Kurata, and H. Ebihara. Study of Concentrations of Helium and Tritium in Electrolytic Cells with Excess Heat Generation. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Concentrations of helium and tritium in gas and liquid phases in calorimetric cells with excess heat generations were measured. Values of factor F (nuclear ash) defined as ratio of amount of heat released by particular nuclear reactions to the excess heat, were calculated to be F(He in gas phase) ~ (4±16) x 10^-3 and F(T in liquid phase) ~ (8±6) x 10^-10, and upper limit of F(T in gas phase) ~ 1 x10^-6. These extremely small values suggested either that (1) the nuclear reactions might occur in deep inside of the Pd cathode, or (2) the major amount of the detected excess heat could not match with the heat expected from the nuclear reactions if the reactions occurred on the surface of Pd cathodes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AokiTstudyofcon.pdf

An experiment on the neutron emission from the single crystals of the sodium tungsten bronze (Na x WO3, x=0.9) was started to check the reproducibility. After applying the cathodic treatment to the crystals in a heating chamber, the neutron emission had been expected in the instants of pressurizing and depressurizing the deuterium gas. However, the weighted mean values of the measured neutron counting rates at these moments were in agreement with those of the background rates.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=306

Nuclear products which were caused by the D + D nuclear fusion reaction were searched in electrolytic cells and in gas phase of Pd + D systems. Measurements of nuclear products were made for gamma-ray, neutron, tritium and helium. To detect neutron, liquid scintillation and 3He counters were used. For gamma-ray measurement, a NaI detector was used. For tritium concentration measurement in gas phase, a gas proportional chamber was fabricated and operated in low background level. The signals of those detectors were fed to Pulse Height Analyzer and recorded as energy spectra which were carefully compared with background spectra. A different type of neutron hunting was also tried in the instants of pressurizing and depressurizing the deuterium gas in crystal. A large size crystal of tungsten bronze was prepared for the experiment.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AokiTsearchforna.pdf

104. Apak, R., Conformism in chemistry and the results. Kim. Sanayi, 1989. 31: p. 157-8 (in Turkish, Engl. abstr.).

105. Apicella, M., et al. Reproducibility of Excess of Power and Evidence of 4He in Palladium Foils Loaded with Deuterium (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

This presentation was given at the March APS meeting in Los Angeles, CA, March 24, 2005. Published by www.newenergytimes.com. Topics covered include: Material Science & Excess of Power Reproducibility, Surface Electronic Excitations with Lasers Trigger, Excess Power Reproducibility, Experimental Results

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApicellaMreproducib.pdf

Recent research activity at ENEA, in the field of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, has been oriented to material science and Laser triggering in order to increase the reproducibility of excess of power production during loading of palladium with deuterium. Isoperibolic calorimetry in gas phase, isoperibolic and flow calorimetry with electrochemical systems have been carried out. Nuclear ashes detection was done by means of high resolution and high sensitivity mass spectrometer. Material science studies allowed to obtain a palladium showing high solubility for hydrogen isotopes and giving deuterium concentration at equilibrium larger than 0.95 (as D/Pd atomic fraction) with a reproducibility larger than 90%. Excess of power production by using the above-mentioned material achieves a reproducibility up to 30% without triggering. Laser irradiation with a proper polarization seems to have a significant role in further increasing of the excess of power production reproducibility. Heat bursts exhibit an integrated energy at least 10 times greater than the sum of all possible chemical reactions within a closed cell. The energy gain calculated at the end of the experiments is observed with deuterium but not with hydrogen. Preliminary measurements give a 4He signal in reasonable agreement with the expected values by assuming a D + D = 4He + heat (24 MeV for event) reaction.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApicellaMsomerecent.pdf

The detection of transmutations in Fleischmann and Pons experiments is a critical issue in order to assess the nuclear origin of the excess heat production. A very accurate study in this field has been carried out in ENEA, aimed to investigate the possible occurrence of nuclear transmutation in nickel hydride thin films. The research work, which took several years and involved an international collaboration between many research laboratories, came to the conclusion that the experiments didn’t produce any evidence of transmutation experiments, pointing out the importance of using state of the art instrumentation in performing such a kind of study.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=44

SUMMARY * Mass spectrometry - potentiality of the technique - details on the measurement * Critical aspects and experimental requirements for: - mass spectrometer - measurment apparatus * Experimental set up at ENEA and some results

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApicellaMmassspectr.pdf

110. Appleby, A.J., et al. Anomalous Calorimetric Results During Long-Term Evolution of Deuterium on Palladium from Alkaline Deuteroxide Electrolyte. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Convincing evidence of anomalous thermal fluxes from palladium cathodes in LiOD solutions is provided. When combined with other evidence for tritium formation, these argue for the existence of solid state nuclear processes in this system. Compared with previous work, effects are only seen at a relatively low level, and they appear to decrease with decreasing electrode surface/volume ratio. They are also observed in a sealed cell with internal gas recombination, which requires no thermodynamic corrections. The effect of lithium ion is seen to be specific, and the effect seems to involve only the palladium surface layers.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ApplebyAJanomalousc.pdf

112. APS, Information from the APS meeting in Baltimore, May 1-2, 1989. 1989.

Cold fusion was announced by Fleischmann and Pons (F&P) on March 28, 1989. Fifty-three days later, the American Physical Society (APS) held an annual meeting in Baltimore, MD, in May 1989. It included some presentations on cold fusion. Some were during the regular session, but most were during a Special Session on cold fusion. A panel press conference was held after the special session. This document includes some newspaper articles covering the cold fusion session, the transcript of the press conference, and the abstracts submitted to the special session.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/APSinformatio.pdf

114. Arapi, A., et al. Experimental observation of the new elements production in the deuterated and/or hydride palladium electrodes, exposed to low energy DC glow discharge. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

Elemental and isotopic structures of the palladium cathode before and after experiment under DC glow discharge were investigated by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Production of new elements with various atomic masses and impurities increase were surveyed. By analyzing obtained results, it was found that beryllium and nickel for deuterium-palladium system, and lithium, nickel and barium for hydrogen-palladium system, were generated during glow discharge experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArapiAexperiment.pdf

116. Arata, Y., The Formation Of "Solid Deuterium" Solidified Inside Crystal Lattice And Intense Solid-State Nuclear Fusion ("Cold Fusion'"). Il Nuovo Saggiatore, 2004.

117. Arata, Y. Development of "DS-Reactor" as the practical reactor of "Cold Fusion" based on the "DS-Cell" with "DS-Cathode". in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Lecture slides describing a gas-loaded version of Arata’s double-structured cathode.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYdevelopmenb.pdf

119. Arata, Y. and C. Zhang, Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in highly deuterated Pd-black by the new detecting methodology. J. High Temp. Soc., 1997. 23: p. 110 (in Japanese).

120. Arata, Y. and Y. Zhang. Development of Compact Nuclear Fusion Reactor Using Solid Pycnodeuterium as Nuclear Fuel. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

Based on the functioning of Pd black inside a DS-Cathode, which has produced irrefutable evidence for the existence of solid nuclear fusion, new materials were developed to absorb abundant D/H atoms, up to levels as high as 300% of Pd number. These absorbed atoms were solidified densely inside each unit cell of the host lattice as solid-state "Pycnodeuterium" or "Pycnohydrogen." Stimulation energy with Pycnodeuterium easily caused intense solid-state nuclear fusion, whereas with Pycnohydrogen no reaction occurred. As the result, it was clarified that Pycnodeuterium is by far the best nuclear fuel compared to all other nuclear fuels.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYdevelopmena.pdf

122. Arata, Y. and Y. Zhang. Establishment of the "Solid Fusion" Reactor. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

123. Arata, Y., Y. Zhang, and X. Wang. Production of Helium and Energy in the "Solid Fusion" (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Conclusion: (1) Either excess energy or helium of the ZrNiPd powder is always about ten times higher than that of the ZrPd powder. (2) By using the weight 16 [g] of the ZrNiPd powder, the excess power 4 [watt] lasted stably for one hour, only less than one gram palladium was consumed. Its cost is lower than the ZrPd powder. We choose the ZrNiPd powder as a good material for the solid fusion. (3) The concentration of helium was very successful. These results indicate that the reacted gas of "solid nuclear fusion" can serve as a source of helium production.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYproduction.pdf

In this paper, a new type "Solid Fusion Reactor" has been developed to test the existence of solid state nuclear fusion ("Solid Fusion"): reproducible experiments have been made at room temperature and without external power input. (Both of the energy and helium generation affected by the reactor structure, gas flow rate, powder weight, and cooling condition were studied.) Deuterium gas loading processes of two types of nano material (ZrO2Pd35 and ZrO2Ni30Pd5) were studied respectively in this paper. The results showed the energy produced in ZrNiPd powder is higher than in ZrPd powder. Helium as an important evidence of solid-state fusion was detected by mass analyzer "QMS". As results, "Solid Fusion" has been confirmed by the helium existence.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=116

126. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of an intense cold fusion reaction. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 95.

127. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Achievement of intense 'cold' fusion reaction. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1990. 66: p. 1.

128. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Corroborating evidence for 'cold' fusion reaction. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1990. 66(B): p. 110.

It was acknowleged that a "cold" fusion reaction is not caused by only an intense "on-off effect" in deuterized palladium (Pd), but also even with a weak "on-off effect". In addition to the Pd-cathode, the authors used Ni-cathode plasma-spray coated with Pd-powder. We found that this new-cathode was able to produce a "cold" fusion reaction of long duration, and this results will open a new field of study.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYcorroborat.pdf

130. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, 'Cold' fusion in deuterated complex cathode. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1992. 67((5)): p. 432 (in Japanese).

131. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. "Cold" Fusion in a Complex Cathode. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

A new cathode was developed, consisting of a nickel ride with a palladium layer applied by plasma spraying, the palladium layer activates the surface functions of the deuteride it cathode. High reproducibility of a "cold" fusion reaction is confirmed by using this cathode.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=180

133. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Excess heat in a double structure deuterated cathode. Kaku Yugo Kenkyu, 1993. 69((8)): p. 963 (in Japanese).

134. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, A new energy caused by "Spillover-deuterium". Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1994. 70 ser. B: p. 106.

135. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, A new energy generated in DS-cathode with 'Pd-black'. Koon Gakkaishi, 1994. 20(4): p. 148 (in Japanese).

Abstract: It was verified that a new kind of energy is caused by "Spillover-Deuterium" generated in a double structure (DS)-cathode with "Pd-black". Using this cathode, the authors confirmed the sustained production of a significantly abnormal amount of energy over a period of several months that could not be ascribed to chemical reaction energy. The chemical reaction energy of 0.1 [mol] Pd-black used is only 4[kJ], but more than 200[MJ] of excess energy was continuously produced for over 3000 [hr] at an average rate of 50-100 [kJ/hr] using a DS-cathode with a same quantity of Pd-black. Intermittent operation over a period of two years using this structure proved the complete reproducibility of these results.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanewenergy.pdf

137. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Cold fusion caused by 'lattice quake'. Koon Gakkaishi, 1995. 21: p. 43 (in Japanese).

138. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Cold fusion reactions driven by 'Latticequake'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1995. 71: p. 98.

139. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Excess Heat and Mechanism in Cold Fusion Reaction. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

The authors have proposed a new "Model" which can reasonably explain the existence of Cold Fusion Reaction and also verify the generation of tremendous excess energy in the DS-cathode, which is fifty thousand times higher than chemical reaction energy. The new model is named "Latticequake Model". Cold fusion is caused by high energy deuterium similar to "hot" fusion.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=290

141. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Achievement of Solid-State Plasma Fusion ("Cold Fusion"). in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

In a series of studies, a significantly large amount of helium (^4He/D, = (1-0.2)~10^-2, D2: "fuel" :He: "ash") was clearly detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) as the deuterium nuclear reaction product ("ash") released from the highly deuterated palladium host-solid (Pd-black = 0.04 [mu]: distributed 0.02 - 0.06 [mu) that had produced large amounts of anomalous excess energy (200 - 500 [MJ/cm^3) through long period such as 5000 [hrs], when it was heated in a high vacuum (~10^4 [torr]), high temperature (3000 [deg C]).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=144

143. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Generation and mechanism of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion"). Koon Gakkaishi, 1996. 22(1): p. 29 (Japanese).

144. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Helium (4He, 3He) within deuterated Pd-black. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: p. 1.

145. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Solid-state plasma fusion ('cold fusion'). J. High Temp. Soc., 1997. 23 (special volume): p. 1-56.

146. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Anomalous 'deuterium-reaction energies' within solid. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1998. 74 B: p. 155.

Both D2O-cell and H2O-cell are constructed with the same Double Structure Cathode (DS-cathode) and connected in series as a "Double-cell" to examine the energy generation under the same electrolytic current. D20-cell generates tremendously excess energy during a long period such as over several thousand hours, but any energy is never generated in H2O-cell when the chemical energy is subtracted in both cells. Furthermore, "Mixed-cell" blended with D2O and H2O electrolytes (D2O /H2O=2 in weight) also generates an excess energy, but with the considerably different characteristics from D2O-cell.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanomalousda.pdf

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins: Both D2O-cell and H2O-cell are constructed with the same Double Structure Cathode (DS-cathode), and connected in series as a "Double-cell" to examine the energy generation under the same electrolytic current. D2O-cell generates tremendously excess energy during a long. Such as over several thousand hours, but any energy is never generated in H2O-cell when the chemical energy is subtracted in both cells. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanomalousd.pdf

Abstract: Observations were made of the abundant production of gaseous 4He inside a double-structure Pd cathode ("DS-cathode") which continuously had released excess heat of about 5~ 10 W over 2,000 hrs in the electrolysis of D2O. These 4He atoms were found from the inner atmosphere within the DS-cath­ode included the highly deuterated Pd fine powders.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanomalousp.pdf

150. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Definitive difference between [DS-D2O] and [Bulk-D2O] cells in 'deuterium-reaction'. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1999. 75 Ser. B: p. 71.

151. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Observation of Anomalous Heat Release and Helium-4 Production from Highly Deuterated Fine Particles. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1999. 38: p. L774.

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins: Observations were made of the anomalous production of 4He atoms as well as the anomalous heat release when Pd fine particles are highly deuterated inside an enclosed Pd metal vessel used as a cathode in electrolysis of D2O. A mass analysis of the remnant Pd powders after the 2000-hr heat production revealed substantial production of 4He atoms.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYobservatio.pdf

153. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Sono Implantation of Hydrogen and Deuterium from Water into Metallic Fine Powders. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

154. Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Formation of Condensed Metallic Deuterium Lattice and Nuclear Fusion. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 2002. 78(Ser. B): p. 57.

Abstract: It was confirmed that nanometer-sized metal powder (atom clusters or simply clusters) can absorb an extremely large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms more than 300% against the number density of host metal. Within such clusters, the bonding potential widely changes from the center region to peripheral ones, so that the zig-zag atom-chains are always formed dynamically around the average position of atoms and the degree of filling up of the constituent atoms for the fcc type metal reduces to about 0.64 from 0.74 in bulk metal, i.e., vacant space increases to 0.36 from 0.26. As a result, a large amount of deuterium/hydrogen atoms are instantly dissolved into such host-clusters at room temperature. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYformationo.pdf

156. Arista, N.R., A. Gras-Marti, and R.A. Baragiola, Screening effects in nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes in dense media. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1989. 40: p. 6873.

157. Armacanqui, M.E. and R.A. Oriani, Anomalies Accompanying the Cathodic Charging of Some bcc Metals. Corrosion, 1985. 41: p. 287.

158. Armacanqui, M.E. and R.A. Oriani, The Decrease of Lattice Parameter of Thin Films Caused by Cathodic Charging of Hydrogen. Scr. Metall., 1985. 19: p. 525.

The phenomena that take place when some b.c.c, metals are cathodically charged with hydrogen are being studied by x-ray diffraction, and some preliminary results and a plausible explanation have been reported (i). Briefly, the lattice parmeter calculated from Bragg peaks obtained from diffraction by metal near the surface of the sheet opposite the charging surface increases at a rate that is extremely low in view of the known diffusivity of hydrogen in the metal. In addition, different Bragg reflections lead to different values of lattice parameters and to different time dependencies; also, grain rotation occurs. The suggested mechanism for these phenomena involves large amounts of plastic deformation caused by stress generation caused by hydrogen concentration gradients. We report here an additional phenomenon that occurs in thin metal films sputtered upon a much thicker metal substrata when the latter is cathodically charged with hydrogen. A provisional explanation is offered.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Armacanquithedecreas.pdf

Hydrogen charging of Ti-3OMo plates (where the composition is in approximate weight per cent) sputtered with thin films of iron, tantalum or titanium results in an increase or decrease in the film lattice parameter, depending on the circumstances. Films thinner than 200 nm show continuous decreases in lattice parameter during charging, whereas relatively thick films show positive changes in the lattice parameter. The decrease in the lattice parameter of the film metal is a consequence of fine-scale plastic deformation caused by the hydrogen charging. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Armacanquilatticeexp.pdf

Electrolytic charging of hydrogen in to one side of polycrystalline b.c.c. Ti-30Mo plates (where the composition is given in approximate weight per cent) is found to generate dislocations at which the hydrogen atoms are trapped during their diffusion across the metal thickness. The defect generation is a result of stresses arising from the hydrogen concentration gradient at the entry surface. The generation of dislocations occurs on initiating the charging and persists thereafter with emission of dislocations towards the far side of the plate. As a consequence, slip lines and subgrains are formed at the entry and far sides. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Armacanquiplasticdef.pdf

162. Armstrong, R.D., Editorial:The Cold Fusion Debate. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1287.

163. Armstrong, R.D., et al., A long-term calorimetric study of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cube cathodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 272: p. 293.

164. Armstrong, R.D., et al., Some aspects of thermal energy generation during the electrolysis of D2O using a palladium cathode. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1319.

165. Arnikar, H.J., 'Cold fusion' - a misnomer. Indian J. Chem. Sci., 1990. 4: p. 65.

166. Arnold, W.R., et al., Cross Sections for the Reactions D-T, D-He ,T-He, He-He below 120 kev. Phys. Rev., 1954. 93: p. 483.

167. Arnoult, W. and R.B. McLellan, The Solubility of Carbon in Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium and Rhenium. Scr. Metall., 1972. 6: p. 1013.

168. ARPA-E. Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Workshop program with links. 2021.

The objective of this workshop was to explore compelling R&D opportunities in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) [1], in support of developing metrics for a potential ARPA-E R&D program in LENR. Despite a large body of empirical evidence for LENR that has been reported internationally over the past 30+ years in both published and unpublished materials, as well as multiple books, there still does not exist a widely accepted, on-demand, repeatable LENR experiment nor a sound theoretical basis. This has led to a stalemate where adequate funding is not accessible to establish irrefutable evidence and understanding of LENR, and lack of the latter precludes the field from accessing adequate funding. Building on and leveraging the most promising recent developments in LENR research, ARPA-E envisions a potential two-phase approach toward breaking this stalemate . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ARPAElowenergyn.pdf

170. Asami, N. and K. Matsui, Research and development for new hydrogen energy. Mater. Adv. Energy Systems & Fission and Fusion Eng., 1994. 7: p. 119.

171. Asami, N., K. Matsui, and F. Hasegawa. Present Status and the Perspective of New Hydrogen Energy Project. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

A research and development project, named as 'New Hydrogen Energy', has started in Japan in November, 1993, to confirm the excess heat generation during electrolysis with Pd-LiOD system as the first priority objective. The project has been supported by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and major industries in Japan, and new laboratory was established in Sapporo. Present status and the perspectives of the project will be reported together with main technical results. Two types of electrolysis cells, namely, open type cell system from IMRA- Europe, Inc. and the fuel cell type cell systems from IMRA- Japan, Inc. , were installed in NHE Sapporo laboratory and the experiments have started from February 1994 to demonstrate the NHE-phenomena. Correlationships among maximum attainable DlPd ratio, deuterium absorption and desorption and the characteristics of various palladium sources and treatments have been studied and analysed based on the resultsof the material observations and instrumentational analysis such as O/M , SEM , XRD, AES , SIMS and EPMA. The laboratory will be reinforced by introducing of mass flow calorimetry systems, and reaction products detection systems towards an interim review scheduled in late 1995. This R&D program has been conducted under the consignment of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=103

Studies on several kinds of palladium cathodes have been conducted using electrochemical cells using LiOD/D20 electrolyte to necessary and sufficient conditions for attaining high deuterium loading. Comparative observations of microstructure and analysis of surface impurities have been carried out on palladium specimens with various pre-electrolysis treatments. Single crystal samples of Pd absorbed deuterium rather slowly, but nevertheless reached comparatively high 0.89 D/Pd loading ratio. Many fine slip band structures were observed on the surface, and several micro-cracks existed in the crystal of post electrolysis specimens. High purity (>99.99%) polycrystalline Pd samples with surface purification treatment such as annealing at 850-1000 C in ultrahigh vacuum, also showed high (0.91 in max.) loading characteristics. Thermal etching effects were observed on the surface of annealed specimens at higher temperatures and high vacuum conditions. Surface microcracks along the grain boundaries as well as blistering of the electrode surface were observed in some cases. Surface impurities analysis showed that Li atoms penetrate into the Pd cathode to a depth of several hundred to a thousand Angstroms from the surface. From these observations and analysis of various processed and treated Pd specimens, the material characteristics of Pd cathode achieving high loading ratio are discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=82

Studies on several kinds of palladium cathodes have been conducted in electrochemical cells using LiOD/D O electrolyte to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for attaining high deuterium loading. Comparative observations of the microstructure and analysis of surface impurities have been carried out on palladium specimens with various pre-electrolysis treatments and post electrolysis. From the observations and analysis of various processed and treated Pd specimens, the material characteristics of a Pd cathode achieving high loading ratios (D/Pd.0.85) are discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AsamiNmaterialch.pdf

Abstract We have presumed that achieving high reproducibility of the anomalous effect may depend upon reproducible high loading ratios of deuterium in the Palladium. By modification of the working process, heat treatment, surface treatment, and the electrolysis conditions, the deuterium loading up to 0.9~0.96 was achieved with relatively high reproducibility. Detail features of the loading and deloading process were observed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and by in-situ optical micrographs during electrolysis. Crystal phase and lattice parameter changes were also measured to find any new phase by the in-situ X-ray diffraction system which was newly developed at the NHE-Lab. The phase transition of α-β during the loading and unloading process was well identified, however no new phase was observed up to a loading ratio of about 0.90.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AsamiNmaterialbe.pdf

We have pesumed that achieving high reproducibility of the anomalous effect may depend upon reproducible high loading ratios of deuterium in the palladium. By modification of the working procress, heat treatment, surface treatment, and the electrolysis conditioas,the deuterium loading up to 0.9-0.96 was achieved with relatively high reproducibility. Detail features of the loading and deloading process was observed by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and by in-situ optical micrographs during electrolysis. Crystal phase and lattice parameter changes we also measured to find any new phase by the in-situ X- ray diffraction systen which was newly developed at the NHE Lab.The phase transition of the a-b duringthe Ioading and unloading process was well identified. However no new phase was observed up to a loading ratio of about 0.90.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=15

177. Asami, T., Study on the Phenomenon Reported "Neutron Generation at Room Temperature in a Cylinder Packed with Titanium Shavings and Pressurized Deuterium Gas". J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 5: p. 7-16.

This paper describes the analysis and study of the neutron generation experiment performed under pressurized and/or evacuated conditions between room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, using titanium shavings and deuterium gas packed in a cylinder. To clarify the mechanism of this phenomenon, the author has studied the experiment taking into account the characteristics of the phase equilibrium, the metal crystal construction, the theory of chemical bond and the first principle molecular orbital calculation. From the result of this study, it seems that the same phenomenon will happen in a similar experiment performed using another electron deficient metal with a suitable crystal construction.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedd.pdf#page=13

In a previous paper, the Coulomb and nuclear forces between deuteron–deuteron (d–d) particles using the Coulomb formula and the Yukawa formula were calculated and compared. The force of each of them was evaluated in accordance with the distance between them, near the surface of an atomic nucleus. As a result, it was found that there were two regions. One of them is the stronger Coulomb force region and the other is the stronger nuclear force region. At the boundary of these regions, both forces are equal to each other. It appears that if the adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy 2 and the desorbed free deuteron are placed in a suitable magnetic field, both the electron in the adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy 2 and the desorbed free deuteron are influenced by the magnetic lines of force. The author deemed that there might be an aperture of the energy barrier. If there is the aperture of such an energy barrier, there must be a possibility for two deuterium nuclei to collide and produce nuclear fusion without being under tremendous high temperatures. To confirm this possibility, the author has studied and evaluated the behavior of the charged particle and calculated the working force under the homogeneous and stable magnetic field. As an example, under this influence in the magnetic field, the working force, the behavior of a deuteron, a co-existing deuteron and an adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy have been analyzed. However, the working force to the particle, the Lorentz force, is very small compared to the Coulomb force. The motion of the charged particle and the electron orbital plane in an adsorbed deuterium atom in ligancy 2 in the magnetic field is the preferable direction. To analyze the possibility of nuclear fusion at room temperature, it is thought that a more advantageous circumstance than that proposed in this paper should be prepared.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf#page=149

In this paper, the authors have intended to ascertain the driving force for an adsorbed deuterium atom or a deuteron to collide in titanium crystal. Recent simulation analysis results, related to the predicted cluster or cell models of deuterium atoms adsorbed in titanium crystal, together with the related calculations by Coulomb formula and Yukawa formula were investigated. Coulomb force working between deuteron–deuteron (d–d) particles is compared with the nuclear force working between them. The change of the force to each of them is evaluated in accordance with the distance between them, near the surface of the atomic nucleus. Taking into account the results of previous studies, it seems that nuclear fusion will occur occasionally without adding any specified energy. We think that there is a possibility of a collision of free deuterons through the medium of a negative charge in a deuterium atom in ligancy 2. On the other hand, we think that if a suitable amount of energy, which is far smaller than that of high temperature nuclear fusion, such as the irradiation of the alternative electromagnetic wave, for example, is supplied to adsorbed deuterium atoms and desorbed deuterons in the titanium (Ti) shavings packed in the experimental cylinder under a pressurized or evacuation condition with a suitable temperature rise, then there also will be a higher probability of nuclear fusion being achieved.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedq.pdf#page=29

Following the previous study of the state of deuterium atoms in the titanium crystal (J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 5 ( 2011 ) 7), in this paper, the authors have analyzed the state of the deuterium atom in a tetrahedron cage, using the first principle molecular orbital calculation. In the simulation analysis of the tetrahedron cage, it is indicated that the titanium pair causes the deuterium atom to have ligancy 2 in the cage with two hydrogen atoms. If neutron generation occurs, we can deduce from the past experimental results that it occurs after a small increase of kinetic energy of deuterium atoms. This suggests that the quantity of neutron generated may increase if we can give kinetic energy to the adsorbed deuterium atoms in the titanium crystal by another means other than a temperature rise, at a suitable temperature and pressure. The authors propose a new experimental apparatus which appears to promote and increase the neutron generation.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedh.pdf#page=6

An experimental device of cold fusion phenomena has been developed. Feature of the device is precise calorimetry and simultaneous measurement of excess heat, neutron and gamma-ray emitted from the electrolysis cell. The deuterium loading ratio of the palladium cathode can be measured simultaneously. The galvanostatic electrolysis of heavy water with Pd cathode and Pt anode has been carried out in a closed cell with recombination catalyst. For precise excess heat measurement, the flow calorimetry method were adopted. Obtained accuracy of the calorimetry system was ±0.2W at up to 10W of applied power. The electrolysis cell was set in shielding and neutron emission was detected by an NE-213 liquid scintillation counter and a He-3 proportional detector. Gamma-ray emission was measured with the Ge(Li) semiconductor detector. Electric resistance of the palladium cathode and pressure of the gas phase in the electrolytic cell were measured simultaneously to evaluate the deuterium loading ratio. D/Pd ratio evaluated by each method has reached approximately 0.87. With these in-situ measurements of heat, neutron and gamma-ray, no remarkable cold fusion phenomena have been observed up to the present time.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=137

183. Assenbaum, H.J., K. Langanke, and C. Rolfs, Effects of Electron Screening on Low-Energy Fusion Cross Sections. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1987. 327: p. 461.

184. Astakhov, I.I., et al., An attempt to detect neutron and gamma radiations in heavy water electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Electrochim. Acta, 1991. 36(7): p. 1127.

185. Astakhov, I.I., et al., Diffusion of hydrogen isotopes in palladium hydride and deuteride in the presence of lithium. Russ. J. Electrochem., 1994. 30: p. 1379.

186. Attas, E.M., et al., Solar flares and 'cold fusion'. Nature (London), 1990. 344: p. 390.

187. Augustynski, J., Commentaire: Pourquoi les experiences de 'fusion froide' de deuterium sont-elles si difficiles a reproduire. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 99 (in French).

188. Augustynski, J., M. Ulmann, and J. Liu, Electrochemical measurements on palladium cathodes in LiOD/D2O solutions related to the 'cold fusion experiments'. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 355.

189. Ault, M.R., Cold fusion: the story behind the headlines. Radiat. Prot. Manage., 1990. 8((3)): p. 49.

190. Avino, P., et al. Impurity measurements by instrumental neutron activation analysis on palladium, nickel and copper thin-films (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

AIM OF THE WORK Series of experiments analyzing the materials and substances with the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) for both choosing the purest materials and discarding the others, and checking the blanks, and investigating elements present in electrodes after the test. Preliminarily, some candidate materials to be used in the experiments were analyzed by INAA; after, electrode blanks and electrolyte solutions were analyzed, and finally, the electrodes used and the electrolyte solutions exhausted as well. Electrolysis experiments on mono- and multi-layered thin films of Pd and Ni; possibility of observation of new atomic species; some species could be produced by nuclear transmutation in condensed matter.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/AvinoPimpurityme.pdf

192. Azizi, O., et al., Progress towards understanding anomalous heat effect in metal deuterides. Curr. Sci., 2015. 108(4).

193. Azizi, O., et al., Effect of Cathode Pretreatment and Chemical Additives on H/D Absorption into Palladium via Electrochemical Permeation. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 19.

In this study, we applied a variety of palladium pretreatment methods, including nitric acid etching, Aqua regia etching and electrochemical oxidation/reduction to determine the effect of cathode initial condition on hydrogen absorption into palladium during the loading process. The electrochemical behavior of palladium was characterized using electrochemical permeation, electrochemical desorption, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The hydrogen diffusion coefficient in palladium membrane was obtained using the time-lag method. The lattice diffusivity of hydrogen as well as the amounts and distribution of the diffused and trapped hydrogen were analyzed using the desorption rate of hydrogen. We also investigated the effect of pyridine, a permeation promoter on hydrogen absorption in palladium membranes. Electrochemical parameters of double layer capacitance, charge transfer resistance and surface roughness were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for both treated and untreated cathodes. This study shows that the ability to load Pd with hydrogen is only mildly affected by surface pretreatment and the chemical additives, and therefore, we consider the pretreatments a second order effect regarding the ability to load.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=9

195. Azzarone, D., F. Fontana, and D. Garbelli. Hydrogen/Deuterium Loading in Thin Palladium Wires. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

196. Babu, K.S.C., et al., On the formation of palladium deuteride and its relationship to suspected cold fusion. Adv. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 8 Hydrogen Energy Prog. VIII, Vol. 2): p. 1051.

197. Bacchi, S., Coletanea de artigos sobre o aparelho de fusao a frio Rossi. 2011, LENR-CANR.org.

Some articles and papers about the Rossi device translated into Portuguese.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BacchiScoletanead.pdf

199. Bae, Y.K., D.D. Lorents, and S.E. Young, Experimental confirmation of cluster-impact fusion. Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 1991. 44: p. R4091.

200. Bagnulo, L.H. Crack-fusion: a Plausible Explanation of Cold Fusion. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Possible dynamics are here and hypothesized on "cold fusion" in readily absorb it if metals, such as Palladium or Titanium, or Hydrogen and its isotopes, the absorption at high density level by these metals of mixtures of said isotopes (especially Deuterium and Tritium) and their successive liberation within the internal cracks of the metal mass where pressures exceeding 10^12 atm are expected to be created such that they generate fusion phenomena in accordance with the probable explosive sequence as follows: the formation of molecules, the increase in pressure, the formation of plasma, nuclear fusion.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=282

202. Baird, J.K., Isotope effect in hydrogen atom diffusion in metals. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994. submitted.

203. Balabanov, N.P., Hypothesis to explain electrochemically induced nuclear fusion. Nauchni Tr., Plovdivski Univ., 1989. 26(4): p. 247 (in Bulgarian).

204. Balbaa, I.S., et al., The Effect of Lattice Distortions on the X-Ray Measurement of Lattice Parameters for PdHx: I. Empirical Relationships. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1987. 17: p. 2041.

205. Baldo, M. Enhancement of Fusion Rate Induced by the Collective Electron Excitations. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

After the claimed experimental evidence of deuteron cold fusion reported in the literature, a large amount of theoretical work has been done, either to support the possibility of this unexpected phenomenon, either to present arguments against it. The paper by Legget and Baym appears of fundamental relevance to this respect. In that work a rigorous upper bound is given for the fusion rate of deuterons embedded in a crystal, which is too small to be compatible with the claimed experimental values. The upper bound is expressed mainly in terms of the chemical potential of neutral helium atoms and deuteron molecules with respect to a crystal of Palladium, or in general of the absorbing material. The smallness of this upper bound is a consequence of the small value of the chemical potential of neutral helium atoms. The latter has been taken to be close to zero, according to the experimental evidence. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=202

207. Balej, J. and J. Divisek, Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode, Part I. Theoretical relations. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1989. 278: p. 85.

208. Balescu, R., Some like it cool. Phys. Mag, 1989. 11: p. 3 (French).

209. Balian, R., J.P. Blaizot, and P. Bonche, Cold fusion in a dense electron gas. J. Phys. France, 1989. 50: p. 2307.

210. Balin, D.V., et al., Experimental Investigation of the Muon Catalyzed d-d Fusion. Phys. Lett. B, 1984. 141(3/4): p. 173.

211. Balke, B., et al., Limits on neutron emission from 'cold fusion' in metal hydrides. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1990. C42: p. 30.

212. Ball, P., Lessons from cold fusion, 30 years on. Nature, 2019. 569(601).

213. Ban, M. Tunnel Resonance Of Electron Wave And Force Of Fluctuation. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

214. Banas, J., et al., Geophysical aspects of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter. Nucl. Geophys., 1989. 3: p. 321.

215. Baranov, D., et al. Experimental Testing of the Erzion Model by Reacting of Electron Flux on the Target. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

216. Baranov, D., et al. Investigation of the Erzion-Nuclear Transformation by Ion Beams. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

217. Baranova, R.V., et al., Crystal Structure of Pd Hydride with Primitive Cubic Lattice. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr., 1980. 25: p. 736.

218. Baranowski, B., High Pressure Research on Palladium-Hydrogen Systems. Pt. Met. Rev., 1972. 16-17: p. 10.

219. Baranowski, B., Investigation of some metal-hydrogen systems in the high pressure region. Journal of the Less Common Metals, 1984. 101: p. 115-129.

220. Baranowski, B., S.M. Filipek, and W. Raczynski, Electrolytic charging of palladium by deuterium at normal and high pressure conditions. Pol. J. Chem., 1994. 68: p. 845.

221. Baranowski, B., et al., Search for 'cold fusion' in some Me-D systems at high pressures of gaseous deuterium. J. Less-Common Met., 1990. 158: p. 347.

Metallic palladium and nickel were treated with gaseous deuterium at 298 K to pressures of 3.1 GPa and 1.0 GPa respectively. The high concentrated deuterides did not exhibit, at long time equilibrium as well as in dynamic conditions, evidence of neutron emission nor evolution of heat due to possible "cold fusion". The volume concentrations of deuterium definitely exceeded those achieved by electrolytic charging. Electrical resistance measurements of palladium deuteride up to 3.1 GPa of gaseous deuterium indicated a further uptake of deuterium above the estimated stoichiometry of octahedral vacancies. A partial filling up of tetrahedral vacancies probably takes place. Electrolytic charging in high pressures of gaseous deuterium did not improve the negative observations above. Thus the observations of Fleischmann and Pons are not confirmed at higher volume concentrations of deuterium in the palladium and nickel lattice as well in equilibrium as in dynamic conditions (phase transitions, high pressure electrolysis).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Baranowskisearchforc.pdf

223. Baranowski, B. and S. Majorowski, Activation Volume for Hydrogen Diffusion in Palladium Hydride. J. Less-Common Met., 1984. 98: p. L27.

224. Baranowski, B., T. Skoskiewicz, and A.W. Szafranski, The Metallic Behavior of Hydrogen in Palladium. Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys., 1975. 1: p. 296.

225. Baranowski, B. and R. Wisniewski, The Electrical Resistance of Palladium and Palladium-Gold Alloy (50 wt% Au and Pd) in Gaseous Hydrogen up to 24000 at at 25 deg C. Phys. Stat. Sol. A, 1969. 35: p. 593.

226. Barbieri, G., A. Caravella, and E. Drioli. Concentration Polarization in hydrogen permeation through self-supported Pd-based membranes (PowerPoint slides). in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Concentration polarization present in any membrane separation affects the system performance depending on the membrane permeance, i.e., a higher permeance leads to a higher polarization. Hydrogen transport in Pd-based supported membranes was described by means of a model [1] considering several elementary steps of the permeation process, improving what done by Ward and Dao for self-supported membranes. The model includes the external mass transfer in the multicomponent gaseous phases on both membrane sides, described by the Stefan-Maxwell equations. The transport of the multicomponent mixture in the multilayered porous support was also considered and described by means of the Dusty Gas Model, which takes into account Knudsen, Poiseuille and ordinary diffusion. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BarbieriGconcentrat.pdf

228. Barham, O. US Navy HIVER an Active Solid-State Energy Research Program. in ICCF24 Solid-state Energy Summit. 2022. Mountain View, CA: US Navy NSWC-IHD.

229. Barham, O., et al. HIVER Electrochemistry Energy Project Update. in ARPA-E LENR Workshop. 2021. Navsea Warfare Centers.

LENR Field Issues & Potential Solutions • Lack of acceptance of thermal (heat) results – Many calorimeter designs – Need academics from top research universities • Lack of acceptance of nuclear (particle) results – Additional detection schemes – Multiple, redundant, detectors • Lack of acceptance of RF coupling to heat/particles – Wider listening band – Rigorous hypotheses / potential causes . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BarhamOhiverelect.pdf

231. Barker, W.A., Method for enhancing alpha decay in radioactive materials. 1991: US 5,076,971.

232. Barnhart, B., et al., Technology Forecast: Worldwide Research on Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Increasing and Gaining Acceptance. 2009, Defense Intelligence Agency.

Scientists worldwide have been quietly investigating low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) for the past 20 years. Researchers in this controversial field are now claiming paradigm-shifting results, including generation of large amounts of excess heat, nuclear activity and transmutation of elements. Although no current theory exists to explain all the reported phenomena, some scientists now believe quantum-level nuclear reactions may be occurring. DIA assesses with high con fidence that if LENR can produce nuclear-origin energy at room temperatures, this disruptive technology could revolutionize energy production and storage, since nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per unit mass than do any known chemical fuel.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BarnhartBtechnology.pdf

234. Barrowes, S.C. and H.E. Bergeson. Linear, High Precision, Redundant Calorimeter. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1994. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

235. Bartalucci, S., V. Vysotskii, and M. Vysotskyy, A Search for Correlated Quantum States in Nuclear Reactions: First Exciting Results From an Experimental Test. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2022. 36: p. 130-136.

The first experimental test of the Correlated-Coherent quantum States (CCS) model is described in this paper, showing its poten- tialities in the explanation of anomalous effects in nuclear physics and astrophysics. Some very interesting events, which cannot be ascribed to background, have been observed. The occurrence of nuclear reactions at very low energy is a clear indication of a strong enhancement of Coulomb barrier transmissivity. Some technical issues, which are related to this difficult experiment are discussed, and possible suggestions for the next activity on this topic are also presented.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=140

237. Barton, J.C., J.A.S. Green, and F.A. Lewis, Changes of Electrode Potential and Electrical Resistance as a Function of the Hydrogen Content of some Pd+Ni and Pd+Rh alloys. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1965.

238. Barton, J.C., W.F.N. Leitch, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladized Palladium Electrodes Following Immersion in Oxidizing Solutions. Electrochim. Acta, 1966. 11: p. 1171.

239. Barton, J.C. and F.A. Lewis, Interface Impedance and the Apparent Electrical Resistance of Palladium Hydrides in Aqueous Solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1962. 58: p. 103.

240. Barton, J.C., F.A. Lewis, and I. Woodward, Hysteresis of the Relationships Between Electrical Resistance and Hydrogen Content of Palladium. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963. 59: p. 1201.

241. Barts, B.I., D.B. Barts, and A.A. Grinenko, Theory of nuclear reactions with the participation of slow charged particles in solids. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. Originally Oin: Yad. Fiz. 55 [1992] 79., 1992. 55: p. 45.

242. Barut, A.O., Prediction of new tightly-bound states of H2+ (D2+) and 'cold fusion' experiments. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990. 15: p. 907.

243. Barwick, S.W., et al., Search for 0.8 MeV (3)He nuclei emitted from Pd and Ti exposed to high pressure D2. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 273.

244. Bashkirov, Y.A., et al., Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water. Pis`ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): p. 51 (in Russian).

245. Bashko, V.A., et al., Study of the nuclear fusion reaction in palladium by the emission of neutrons upon electrolysis". Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved., 1996. 2(56): p. 54.

246. Bass, R.W. On Empirical System ID, Possible External Electromagnetic/Electronuclear Stimulation/Actuation and Automatic Feedback Control of Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

This paper reviews some basic results from modern systems theory, which may prove useful to experimenters researching the cold fusion phenomenon from the point of view of attempting to learn how to stimulate, initiate, regulate, control by command at will, and terminate excess enthalpy, rate of tritium production, neutron count, etc.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWonempirica.pdf

248. Bass, R.W. Is the Coulomb Fusion "Barrier" a Resonantly Transparent Mirror? Refutation of the Conventional Cold Fusion 'QM-Impossibility' "Proof". in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

249. Bass, R.W. A Semi-Classical Quantized Theory of Lattice Induced Nuclear Transformations. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

250. Bass, R.W., Experimental Evidence Favoring Brightsen's Nucleon Cluster Model. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 59.

Brightsen’s Nucleon Cluster Model (NCM) predicts that a relatively low-energy photon can stimulate a nuclear transmutation under certain specified conditions. Examination of an experiment by Lin & Bockris demonstrates that the transmutation of mercury-201 to gold-197 induced by a mere exothermic chemical reaction (burning gunpowder) is an actual concrete example of a novel process predicted by the NCM.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWexperiment.pdf

252. Bass, R.W., Parmenter's Fundamental Breakthrough Contributions. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(21): p. 45.

Noting Dr. Parmenter's acknowledgment to me at the end of his seminal paper, Dr. Mallove has asked me for a prefatory critique. Frankly I feel like a kindergarten finger-painting dauber asked to appraise a Rembrandt! In fact, in 1994 I applied seriously for a humble programmer's job at the Univ. of Arizona in hopes that by moving to Tucson I might be able to audit some of Parmenter's courses: I am awed by his mastery of the three-dimensional details, not only of Quantum Mechanics (QM) [which I know only as a 1-D point-particle theory] but of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), Nuclear Physics, and Solid-State Physics. I accepted this assignment only in hopes of nudging people like Dr. Barry Merriman of UCLA and Dr. Jim Peebles of Princeton to consider Parmenter's contributions with the serious care which they manifestly deserve. I'd also hope that in the next issue of IE we receive comments on this milestone theoretical tour de force by all of the dozen other expert theoreticians mentioned below.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWparmenters.pdf

The following protocol is designed to be intuitively convincing to a layman who, if told that needles 2, 3 and 4 have been pulsed with constant-voltage DC-electricity for twice, thrice and quadruple the amount of time as needle 1, and then measured to contain twice, thrice and quadruple the amount of He4 as the first needle, will instantly reject any doubt that the electrical pulse was creating He4 from some form of nuclear-chemistry process whose action was directly proportional to the amount of DC electrical energy used. At the same time, the protocol is sufficiently statistically sophisticated in its rigorous application of Experiment Design theory as to satisfy the most skeptical and informed critic.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWfivefrozen.pdf

The 1993 point-particle, 1-D semi-classical quantum-mechanical theory of resonant transparency of the Coulomb barrier [1], though admittedly crude, has some plausibility as to relevance and adequacy because it predicts quantitatively different results for lattices of protons versus deuterons embedded in host lattices of palladium versus nickel. Specifically it predicts that cold fusion is likely with Ni cathodes and electrolysis with either ordinary or heavy water, whereas it is likely only for heavy-water electrolysis with Pd cathodes. The question of whether or not this 1993 theory has any predictive power regarding the 2003 Letts-Cravens effect is considered and answered as: "partially." That is, the "optimal" range of wavelengths includes that discovered by Letts and Cravens, but because of the possibility of multi-photon reactions it does not uniquely single out their 680 nm as best, which would require a more detailed model (including e.g. cathode temperature) than provided by the simplified 1993 theory.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWoptimallas.pdf

Cold Fusion: experimental "facts" assumed herein: * Deuterons in Palladium and Nickel lattices can fuse to create Helium nuclei and heat in the form of lattice vibrations * Protons in Nickel lattices can fuse to create Deuterium nuclei and heat in the form of lattice vibrations

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWdoconjectu.pdf

TOPOLOTRON CHALLENGE # 1 * Bass published words "kidney-bean" & "bean-shaped cross-section" on page 1,239 of November, 1971, Bulletin of American Physical Society (APS) . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWuntriedopt.pdf

What is meant in this context by "conventionally viable"? 1. Every concept & technique used is found in standard works on Quantum Mechanics and Solid State Physics & Nuclear Physics. 2. A practitioner of accepted scientific usages will find nothing legitimately objectionable. 3. Straightforward calculations actually PREDICT that under appropriate conditions Cold Fusion must occur despite Huizenga’s alleged requirement of '3 miracles' that are required.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWtheonlycon.pdf

259. Bass, R.W. and M.C.H. McKubre. Generalized cause and effect demonstration protocol. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

It is universally accepted, even by nonscientists, that if the measured output from a physical system is double, triple, or quadruple that obtained when the measured stimulus/input is doubled, tripled, or quadrupled then there is a "cause and effect relationship" between the input and output (e.g. total energy input versus excess energy [or nuclear ash] output in a cold fusion experiment). How does one quantify this scientifically, when random process disturbances and random measurement noises preclude perfect linearity? This question is answered under the assumption of Gaussian (or "normal") departures from ideal linearity regarding t hetwo mentioned statistical aspects. This is a generalization of the protocol propose dby Bass [1], which is more realistically flexible in several respects. An arbitrary number N >= 3 of similarly prepared samples is allowed, and neither the voltage nor the current is required to be constant. However, the previous protocol may be recovered as a special case when N = 5.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BassRWgeneralize.pdf

261. Basteev, A.V. and L.A. Nechiporenko, Activation of solid-phase deflagration of hydrogen-containing energy-storing substances. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1994. 19: p. 739.

262. Batalla, E., E.G. Zwartz, and B.A. Judd, In-situ X-ray diffraction of palladium cathodes in electrolytic cells. Solid State Commun., 1989. 71: p. 805.

263. Battaglia, A., et al., Neutron emission in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1999. 112 A: p. 921.

neutron emission during energy production in Ni-H systems at about 700 kelvin. Neutrons were detected directly by He3 counters and indirectly by gold activation.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BattagliaAneutronemi.pdf

Abstract ‘Pathological’ science implies scientific misconduct: it should nothappen and the scientists concerned ought to know better. However, thereare no clear and generally agreed definitions of pathological science or ofscientific misconduct. The canonical exemplars of pathological science inchemistry (N-rays, polywater) as well as the recent case of cold fusion inelectrochemistry involved research practices not clearly distinguishable fromthose in (revolutionary) science. The concept of ‘pathological science’ wasput forth nearly half a century ago in a seminar and lacks justification incontemporary understanding of science studies (history, philosophy, andsociology of science). It is time to abandon the phrase.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BauerHpathologic.pdf

266. Baurichter, A., et al., Search for cold fusion in palladium. Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter, 1989. 76: p. 1.

267. Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Model of Catalytic Nuclear Transmutation and Its Interpretation of Ball-Lightning and Other Anomalous Geophysical Phenomena. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

The principles that underlie the Erzion Model of catalytic nuclear transmutation are described. The Erzion Model permits the main anomalous features of Cold Fusion to be readily interpreted. Ball-lightning and some other anomalous geophysical phenomena are interpreted in terms of this model. The fundamental and applied problems resolved with Erzion Model are indicated.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=411

Spin and Parity Preservation Lows were used for erzion-nuclear reaction probability analysis. it was shown for instance on some nuclei that not all erzion-nuclear reactions can run with zero spin and in this case cross-sections of such reactions become rather small . This analysis is able to divide all of them by priority degree. As supposed before it was found that erzion-nuclear reactions on deuterium, protium and tritium have best priority degree what is in best accordance with all Cold Fusion experimental results. Some recommendations on best chemical elements for using in Cold Fusion experiments are done .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=437

270. Bazhutov, Y. Erzion Model Features In Cold Nuclear Transmutation Experiments. in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

I describe the history of Erzion Model from its appearance in Cosmic Rays in 1982 and its development to explain the main features of Cold Fusion Experiments. Erzion Model can explain in principle many problems in Astrophysics and Geophysics, such as: 1) Dark matter in Universe; 2) Solar neutrino problem; 3) Jupiter energetic unbalance; 4) Tritium & He3 abundance in volcano products; 5) Ball-lightning & forest fire nature amongst others. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=21

272. Bazhutov, Y., Erzion model interpretation of the experiments with hydrogen loading of various metals. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2014. 13.

The short review of Cold Nuclear Transmutation investigation for 22 years after its discovery is presented. It is shown the main physical results of Rossi-Focardi and our experiment with the hydrogen loading of various metals. It is proposed the Erzion Model of Catalytic Nuclear Transmutation for theoretical explanation of the generation of excess heat, new chemical elements and isotopes, X-ray and neutron bursts radiation in these experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=39

274. Bazhutov, Y., et al., Investigation of Radiation Effects in Loading Ni, Be and LaNi5 by Hydrogen. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2014. 13.

The installation permitting to investigate gamma, x-ray and neutron radiations emitted by metals loaded with protium-deuterium mixture at temperature up to 750°C and pressure up to 100 bars is created. It was discovered that LaNi5 powder, nickel and beryllium are radiated presumably X-rays and neutrons. Radiation emission occurs in the form of short bursts or series of bursts lasting up to several tens minutes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=29

276. Bazhutov, Y., et al., Calorimetric and Radiation Diagnostics of Water Solutions Under Intense Light Irradiation. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 19.

A series of experiments with light irradiation of saltwater solutions and alkalis in special vessels was performed. The sources of irradiation were: a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, a matrix of LEDs, and a laser. All of them were in the red wavelength. Possible calorimetric diagnostics and nuclear radiation (gamma rays, X-rays, and neutrons) were monitored. Liquid scintillation diagnostics of tritium were used. Gamma-ray radiation detection with an NaI scintillation detector, and X-ray radiation detection with Geiger counters was performed. No such radiation was observed. Excess heat was not detected in any experiment. Neutrons were measured with help of 3He counters placed in a paraffin barrel. Small neutron emissions (up to 100 neutrons) was observed in the form of a series of short bursts (lasting a few milliseconds) during some minutes at the background level. The generation of tritium after LED lamp and matrix of LEDs irradiation of water solutions LiOH and Na2CO3has been demonstrated in some experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=18

278. Bazhutov, Y. and V.P. Koretsky. Possibility of Radioactive Waste Utilization in Terms of the Erzion Model. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

The possibility of transmutation of twenty six elements which form the main part of radioactive wastes is analysed in terms of the Erzion Model. The final products of the transmutation reactions are examined. It is concluded that practically all of the radio nuclides may be utilized.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=417

Neutrons were recorded during 20 hours on the level of 30-100010 background excess and statistical reliability from 3 sigma to 12 sigma after 131 hours of ultrasonic cavitation of some salt water solutions and liquid mixtures. The duration of the neutron generation changed in 0,5 - 8 hour period and the neutron intensity ranged up to 10 n/s, the order more than our predecessors achieved. The event trust was confirmed with the impulse spectrum of the He-3 neutron counter.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=427

High statistical (>30) and systematic confidence levels have been reached in recording the nuclear products (tritium, neutron emission, and radiocarbon) that occurred in the Yusmar hydrofacility working fluid as predicted by the Erzion model for catalyzed transmutation of nuclei. The pending extension of the Erzion model research is expected to improve the Yusmar properties relevant to energy.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=402

282. Bazhutov, Y. and E. Pletnikov. Search For Erzion Nuclear Catalysis Chains From Cosmic Ray Erzions Stopping In Organic Scintillator. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

283. Bazhutov, Y., et al. Interpretation of cold nuclear fusion by means of erzion catalysis. in Fiz. Plazmy Nekotor. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz. M. 1990.

284. Bearden, T.E., Use of Asymmetrical Regauging and Multivalued Potentials to Achieve Over-Unity Electromagnetic Engines. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(2): p. 60.

285. Bearden, T.E., EM Corrections Enabling a Practical Unified Field Theory with Emphasis on Time-Charging Interactions of Longitudinal EM Waves. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(2/3): p. 12.

286. Bearden, T.E., Purported Over-Unity Results by Hewlett Packard. J. New Energy, 1998. 3(1): p. 98.

287. Beaudette, C.G., Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed. 2002, Concord, NH: Oak Grove Press.

This document contains extracts from the book, and the author’s description of the book: This book tells the history of the strangest event in modern science. In 1989 the University of Utah announced a new experiment by electrochemists Professors Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons that demonstrates table top nuclear fusion at extremely low levels, and substantial anomalous (unexplained, excess) heat energy (power) with no dangerous radiation. This story, written for the college reader without scientific training, presents the abundant replication of excess heat results by many laboratories in several countries. Excess heat research, referred to as cold fusion research, is presently an empirical science known as low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). While the book illustrates much progress, the specific reactions that produce the heat energy still await discovery. . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeaudetteCexcessheat.pdf

During 2004, the Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE/OS) initiated and completed a peer-review of the field in science known as cold-fusion research (CFR). The DOE/OS selected eighteen Reviewers for their expertise in the relevant scientific specialties. Remaining largely anonymous, they studied a collection of papers about the field selected and prepared by several of the scientists who have been active in CFR for the past sixteen y ears. Those scientists also presented selected accomplishments to some of the Reviewers during a one day meeting. The following three questions (paraphrased) were asked of the Reviewers: (1) Is there evidence of low-energy-nuclear-reactions (LENR), (2) do such reactions really occur, and (3) should research efforts be continued?

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeaudetteCresponseto.pdf

290. Beddingfield, D.H., et al. Characterization of Charged Particle Bursts from Deuterium Loaded Thin Titanium Foils. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Following our recently reported observation of intense bursts of charged particles from deuterium gas load thin Titanium foils, we conducted a relatively exhaustive analysis of the samples involved in this study .in order to better understand the gas loading process, to characterize the elemental and structural properties of the samples, and to ascertain, if possible, any differences between those samples which evinced particle bursts and those which did not. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=114

The following critique of Dr. Edmund Storms’ recent observations and theory, "Cold Fusion from a Chemist’s Point of View," can be called un-critical, in the sense that his arguments appear to be fully defensible, at least within a narrow focus. There is little to dispute within what Storms presents -- but the problem, if there is one, goes to the validity of any underlying premise of simplification, which can be called "parsimony" or "Ockham’s razor."

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeeneJcritiqueof.pdf

293. Begley, S., et al., The Race for Fusion, and The Follies of Science, in Newsweek. 1989. p. 49.

294. Begley, S., E. Jones, and T. Waldorf, A Sun in a Test Tube?, in Newsweek. 1989. p. 58.

295. Behrisch, R., Comment on: H. Gentsch, DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor, Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem. 95, 1283 [1991]. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1992. 96: p. 733 (in German).

296. Behrisch, R., et al., Search for fusion reactions between deuterium atoms implanted into titanium. Nucl. Fusion, 1989. 29(7): p. 1187.

297. Beiting, E., Investigation of the nickel-hydrogen anomalous heat effect. 2017, Report No. ATR-2017-01760: The Aerospace Corporation.

Experimental work was undertaken to reproduce a specific observation of the gas-phase Anomalous Heat Effect (AHE)*. This task required the production of a quantity of heat energy by a mass of material so small that the origin of the energy cannot be attributable to a chemical process. The gas-phase form of AHE is difficult to reproduce and hence lacks a measure of credibility. The goal is to enhance its credibility by reproducing results first demonstrated in Japan and later reproduced in the U.S. by a solitary investigator. The technique heated nanometer-sized Ni:Pd particles (20:1 molar ratio) embedded in micron-sized particles of an inert refractory of ZrO2. It was not within the purview of this work to investigate the physical origin of the AHE effect or speculate on its source.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BeitingEinvestigat.pdf

Instrumentation developed to measure heat power from a high-temperature reactor for experimental trials lasting several weeks is being applied to gas-phase Ni/H2 LENR. We developed a reactor that can maintain and record temperatures in excess of 1200° C while monitoring pressures exceeding 7 bar. This reactor is inserted into a flowing-fluid calorimeter that allows both temperature rise and flow rate of the cooling fluid to be redundantly measured by different physical principles. A computerized data acquisition system was written to automate the collection of more than 20 physical parameters with simultaneous numerical and dual graphical displays comprising both a strip chart and complete history of key parameters. Initial studies of the absorption of light hydrogen (H2) by nickel are presented.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=50

300. Bellanger, G. and J.J. Rameau, Determination of tritium adsorption and diffusion parameters in a palladium-silver alloy by electrochemical impedance analysis. Fusion Technol., 1997. 32: p. 94.

301. Bellini, M., L. Casetti, and M. Rosa-Clot, Nuclear Fusion in Excited Hydrogen Molecules. Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 1990. 337: p. 207.

302. Belov, A.S., V.E. Kusik, and Y.V. Ryabov, The nuclear fusion for the reactions (2)H(d,n)(3)He,(2)H(d,gamma)(4)He at low deuterons energy and 'cold' nuclear fusion. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1990. A103: p. 1647.

Summary. -- The measurements of (d + d)-fusion on palladium target saturated with gaseous deuterium were taken at the energy of incident deuterons from 6 keV to 20 keV. The results are in good agreement with the known data about (d + d) cross-sections, extrapolated to the low-energy region. The possible "cold" nuclear fusion contribution to (d + d) cross-sections at low energy were not observed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BelovASthenuclear.pdf

304. Belzner, A., et al., Recent results on mixed conductors containing hydrogen or deuterium. Solid State Ionics, 1990. 40/41: p. 519.

305. Belzner, A., et al., Two fast mixed-conductor systems: deuterium and hydrogen in palladium - thermal measurements and experimental considerations. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 219.

Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced on March 23, 1989 that they had performed electrochemical experiments involving the insertion of deuterium into palladium that produced excess heat generation, neutrons, gamma rays, and tritium. They claimed that these experimental observations could not be explained by any known chemical or electrochemical effect, and must be due to some previously unrecognized form of atomic fusion. This announcement, made after receiving confirmation of the acceptance of a reviewed paper, which appeared in the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry roughly two and a half weeks later, (1) received an immense amount of attention, for if found to be correct, it might represent a very important breakthrough in the search for a source of energy that is widely available, relatively inexpensive, and not accompanied by severe radiation hazards or environmental pollution.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BelznerAtwofastmix.pdf

At present, mechanical characterisation of engineered surfaces is gaining more and more interest for the growing industrial application of surface modification and coating techniques, which are usually applied to improve either surface mechanical or functional performances (i.e hardness, load bearing capacity, wear resistance, surface free energy and chemical reactivity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, . . .). Furthermore, it has to be considered that the development of nanostructured materials and the growing use and application of nano-systems and nano-structures make the use of advanced procedures for nano-scale mechanical characterisation strictly necessary; in other cases, mechanical behaviour can be strongly influenced by microstructural and size effects (grain size, defects, interfaces, porosity,…), so multi-scale characterisation procedures are strongly needed for a determination of the correct correlation function among process parameters, surface properties and in-service performances.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BemporadEintegrated.pdf

In the present paper, we will give a brief overview about the synergic use of two high resolution techniques with focus on applications on thin coatings: Focused Ion Beam (coupled with electron beam) imaging, milling and deposition technique (briefly called FIB) and Nanoindentation. After a basic description of both techniques (architecture, probe-sample interaction basics and operation modes), we will demonstrate effectiveness of this approach for microstructural investigation on very small samples without any sample preparation or preprocessing by presenting two case studies: (i) Analysis of residual stresses of engineered surfaces by coupling focused ion beam controlled material removal and nanoindentation testing, and (ii) Nano-mechanical characterization of sputtered niobium thin films for application in accelerating cavities.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=219

309. Benesh, C.J. and J.P. Vary, Fusion rates of squeezed and screened hydrogenic nuclei. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(2): p. R495.

310. Benetskii, B.A., A.V. Klyachko, and A.I. Rozantsev, An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion in a condensed medium. Ratk. Soobshch. Fiz., 1989(6): p. 58 (In Russian).

311. Benford, M.S., Biological Nuclear Reactions: Empirical Data Describes Unexplained SHC Phenomenon. J. New Energy, 1999. 3(4): p. 19.

312. Bennington, S.M., et al., In-situ measurements of deuterium uptake into a palladium electrode using time-of-flight neutron diffractometry. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 281: p. 323.

313. Bennington, S.M., et al., A search for the emission of x-rays from electrolytically charged palladium-deuterium. Electrochim. Acta, 1989. 34: p. 1323.

314. Benson, T., A "Micro-fusion" reactor: Nuclear reactions in "the cold" by ultrasonic cavitation. Infinite Energy, 1995. 1(1): p. 33.

315. Benson, T. and T.O. Passell. Calorimetry of Energy-Efficient Glow Discharge - Apparatus Design and Calibration. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

Introduction This work aims to develop a "family" of low-powered calorimetrically-accurate glow discharge units, similar to that reported by Dardik, et al. at ICCF-10, and to use these to test a wide range of cathode materials, electrode coatings, gas types, gas pressures, and power input levels.  We will describe the design and calibration of these units. The strategy is to use a large number of very similar units so that the calorimetric response does not vary significantly for a given power level.  The design is metal or sealed glass cylindrical tubes, charged with 0.4 to 50 torr mixtures of deuterium, hydrogen, argon, or helium gases.  Units operate from 0.2 watt to >2 watt power input.  The units have low mass (<400 grams) to enhance their sensitivity to excess heat, and they are designed to allow visual observation of the discharge, on-line spectroscopic analysis of the gas to follow any changes in composition, and replication of the geometry and thermal mass during numerous changes in electrode composition. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BensonTcalorimetr.pdf

317. Berkem, A.R., Nuclear fusion. Hot fusion - cold fusion. Kim. Sanayi, 1989. 31: p. 7 (in Turkish).

318. Berkheimer, G.D. and R.E. Buxbaum., Hydrogen Pumping with Palladium Membranes. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 1985. 3: p. 413.

319. Berlinguette, C.P., et al., Revisiting the cold case of cold fusion. Nature, 2019. 570.

320. Berlouis, L.E.A., et al., The decomposition of electrochemically loaded palladium hydride: a thermal analysis study. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 207.

321. Bernabei, R., et al., Neutron monitoring during evolution of deuteride precipitation in Nb, Ta and Ti. Solid State Commun., 1990. 76: p. 815.

322. Bernardini, M., et al. Anomalous Effects Induced by D2O Electrolysis of Titanium. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

This investigation emphasizes the heat output (~1 W) measured at open circuit after the electrolysis of 0.6 M K2CO3 in D2O on titanium. This thermal phenomenon decayed slowly over the course of several days. "Post-mortem" γ-spectroscopy analysis of the Ti samples cathodized in D2O evidenced transient γ-emissions which cannot be attributed to impurities of the electrolytic system.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Bernardinianomalouse.pdf

Modern science considers properties of radioactive decay as intrinsic characteristics of each isotope that cannot be affected by changes in the surroundings. Here, we present an approach for stimulation of nuclear transmutation reactions leading to accelerated destruction of radioactive isotopes that allows expedited disposal of radioactive materials.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedj.pdf#page=13

325. Bertalot, L., et al. Analysis of Tritium and Heat Excess in Electrochemical Cells With Pd Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

INTRODUCTION The origin of the excess heat developed during the electrolysis of heavy water in "Cold Fusion" cells is up to now open to question. The necessary presence of deuterium suggests that fusion reactions can be partially or totally responsible for the generation of excess heat. Experience has shown neutron emission to be sporadic and very weak; on the other hand tritium was found in small but detectable amounts. Moreover if tritium accumulates in the solution it can be comfortably measured postmortem. Two experimental campaigns were performed: The first one in Frascati having as main objective the detection of tritium excess. Particular care was exerted to avoid any tritium and hydrogen contamination. The second one at the Texas A & M University in the framework of a scientific collaboration, having as objective the excess of heat and tritium measurement.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BertalotLanalysisof.pdf

327. Bertalot, L., et al. Study of Deuterium Charging in Palladium by the Electrolysis of Heavy Water: Search for Heat Excess and Nuclear Ashes. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

The production of heat excess (HE) in electrolytic cells with heavy water and palladium cathodes is, in cold fusion, the experiment that has had more confirmations, even though still doubts are cast on its nuclear origin. Furthermore, the correlation of HE with some features of the experiment seemed to be well established, the most convincing of which is the threshold of the D/Pd ratio. What is yet not quite clear is how to obtain a high D/Pd ratio, since this feature seems to depend both on the material and on the procedures adopted for the electrolysis. In this paper we will propose a novel approach to this problem, which permits us to correlate HE with other features of the experiment. In particular, we try to study the transport of matter across the palladium lattice during the electrolysis. A model proposed by two of us (ADN and VV), and presented at this Conference, helps to interpret the experimental results, and gives interesting hints for future research.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=106

An experiment based on the electrolysis of heavy water with a palladium cathode is reported. The production of excess power during the electrolysis has been measured with the help of a quite accurate and reliable calorimeter. The correlation of the detected power excess with some meaningful parameters of the experiment is investigated. Some of the features of the experiment permit to investigate the dynamics of deuterium in the palladium lattice, which is thought of as the basic phenomenon for excess power production.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BertalotLstudyofdeu.pdf

Continuing the research activity on heat excess detection during the electrolysis of heavy water with palladium (Pd) cathodes, previously reported at ICCF3 and ICCF4, new experiments have been performed with success. In one of them it was also possible to correlate the power excess production with other parameters of the experiment: its description will be the subject of this communication.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=49

331. Bertin, A., et al., Absence of tritium yield in metal-deuterium systems". Phys. At. Nucl., 1996. 59: p. 934 (orig. Yad. Fiz. 59 [1996] 976).

332. Bertin, A., et al., First experimental results at the Gran Sasso Laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 209.

333. Bertin, A., et al., Experimental evidence of cold nuclear fusion in a measurement under the Gran Sasso Massif. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1989. 101A: p. 997.

334. Bertolotti, M., et al. Nondestructive Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Palladium-Hydrogen Compounds by Photothermal Techniques. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

In recent years the photothermal techniques have been successfully applied to investigate the thermal properties of solid samples subjected to a surface treatment [ 1 ] . In many cases the treatment causes a microstructural change and, consequently, a change of the surface thermal properties. In the pal1adium-hydrogen compounds the loading process generates both a high hydrogen concentration and a high concentration gradient at the surface which creates a stress field [2] . Such a situation could inhibit the heat conduction and diffusion because of the production of defects and dislocations [3]. In this sense the thermal diffusivity may be correlated to the hydrogen concentration providing a supplementary information about the quality of the loading processes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=22

336. Besenbacher, F., et al., Search for cold fusion in plasma-charged Pd-D and Ti-D systems. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 315.

337. Besenbacher, F., et al., Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals: deuterium trapped at lattice defects in palladium. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 257.

338. Betteridge, W. and J. Hope, The separation of hydrogen from gas mixtures:a process of absorption and desorption by palladium. Pt. Met. Rev., 1974. 18-19: p. 50.

339. Beuhler, R.J., et al., Deuteron-Deuteron Fusion by Impact of Heavy-Water Clusters on Deuterated Surfaces. J. Phys. Chem., 1991. 94: p. 7665.

340. Beuhler, R.J., G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, Cluster-Impact Fusion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1990. 63: p. 1292.

341. Beuhler, R.J., G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, Cluster-impact Fusion [Erratum]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992. 88: p. 2108.

342. Bhadkamkar, A. and H. Fox, Electron Charge Cluster Sparking in Aqueous Solutions. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(4): p. 62.

Valvemetals (metalswhose oxidesprovide electron emission) canproduce luminescence in an aqueous solution. Luminescence increases with the applied electric potential up to a threshold value where sparks are visibly produced. This phenomena is explained by the controlled voltage gradient provided across the oxide layer of the valve metals. Some oxides can support an electric field gradient of one million volts per meter or more. When the gradient exceeds a critical value a charge cluster (believed to consist of about one hundred billion electrons) is emitted from the electrode. This charge cluster is believed to be the active mechanism in the Neal-Gleeson Process that can be used to fission heavy metal ions and reduce radioactivity.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Bhadkamkarelectronch.pdf

344. Bhattacharjee, J.K., L. Satpathy, and Y.R. Waghmare, A possible mechanism of cold fusion. Pramana, 1989. 32: p. L841.

A possible mechanism for the occurrence of nuclear fusion at room temperature is presented. Neutralization of the positive charge of the deuteron nucleus by its orbiting electron due to large enhancement of effective mass results in the vanishing of the Coulomb barrier which facilitates fusion at room temperature.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Bhattacharapossiblem.pdf

We show evidence that solid state electrolytes can be used successfully in "cold fusion" experiments. We describe in this work that LaAI03 single crystals loaded with deuterium produce excess heat up to 10 times the amount of electrical power applied. No significant amount of neutrons has been detected.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=65

1 - Introduction La neuvieme conference internationale sur la fusion froide ICCF9 s'est tenue a Pekin en Chine, du 20 au 24 mai. Une centaine de personnes de 15 nationalites differentes y ont participe. Elle etait organisee par le Professeur Xing Z. Li, de l'Universite de Tsinghua. Ce fut l'occasion de prendre connaissance des derniers developpements sur le sujet. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPrapportsur.pdf

The discovery of "Cold Fusion" has been announced officially by a press conference on March 23rd 1989 at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The shock wave produced by the Pons and Fleischmann announcement is probably unique in history, due to the fact that emails and fax machines helped propagate the good and the bad news altogether at light speed. Hundreds laboratories around the world immediately tried to replicate the experiment. However, details of it were not well known and doing electrochemistry and calorimetry altogether is a difficult art and takes time to master. Therefore most nuclear scientists tried to detect the assumed accompanying radiations produced by the well known reaction D+D producing either He-3 and a neutron or tritium and a proton with equal probability.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcondensedm.pdf

Seventeen years after the announcement by Professors Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann of the discovery of cold fusion in March 1989, the scientific community does not acknowledge this field as a genuine scientific research theme. However, the scientific demonstration of cold fusion was made long ago by showing the evidence of excess heat production in electrolytic cells and other devices. Also, nuclear ashes have been observed, mainly the formation of helium-4 along with the production of excess heat. What makes this field difficult to accept is the lack of the usual particle emission observed in nuclear science or high-energy physics. In some instances low-level neutron production, X-ray emission and transmutation of elements have been measured. At this point there is no satisfactory theory explaining the unique characteristics of condensed matter nuclear science. Many models have been proposed, several of them using textbook physics.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcondensedma.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf

351. Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 2. 2009.

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondenseda.pdf

353. Biberian, J.P., Unexplained Explosion During an Electrolysis Experiment in an Open Cell Mass Flow Calorimeter. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.

While running an electrochemical cell designed to measure excess heat with a hollow palladium cathode and a platinum wire anode in heavy water, an explosion occurred. The Dewar that contained the experiment shattered. It is unlikely that the explosion was due to a deuterium oxygen recombination explosive reaction, since the cell was open, the amount of deuterium and oxygen gas was very limited in the cell and any pressure created by recombination should have escaped through the unsealed open end of the cell. It is very likely that under some not yet understood conditions, chain reactions occur in highly loaded palladium samples giving rise to an explosion. Several experimentalists before have already observed this same phenomenon.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPunexplaine.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedb.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedd.pdf

In this review paper, it is shown that in biological systems, chemical elements can be transmuted into other elements. These facts have been established since the early 19th century, but they have been ignored by established science ever since. The purpose of this work is to show how during the past two centuries, a number of experimentalists have questioned the mass conservation law established by Antoine Lavoisier [1] for chemical reactions. They have proved experimentally in plants, bacteria and other living organisms, some elements are transmuted into other elements.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf#page=16

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensede.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedh.pdf

The paper, "Cold Fusion from a Chemist’s Point of View," is divided in two parts. In the first part, Storms explains the difference between hot fusion and cold fusion. The mechanisms of hot fusion and cold fusion cannot be the same. For example, in fractofusion the mechanism is identical to hot fusion (it is not LENR), and the reaction products are the same as those of hot fusion. Cold fusion operates under a different mechanism. Storms assumes that hot fusion operates under the basic laws of thermodynamics which explain the data observed. On the other hand, cold fusion operates under the laws of statistics. This is the explanation of the different behaviors between hot and cold fusion. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcommentsre.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the ICCF 16 Conference, February 6–11, 2011, Chennai, India

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedi.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedj.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedk.pdf

This paper is a review of the work I have performed on the subject of Cold Fusion alone or in cooperation with other scientists. It covers a number of fields like solid-state electrolytes, electrolysis, gas diffusion. The experiments described below are the one having given positive results. However, many other attempts have failed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPcoldfusiona.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the ICCF 17 Conference, August 12–17, 2012, Daejeon, Korea

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedm.pdf

370. Biberian, J.P., ed. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. Vol. 15. 2015.

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the ICCF18 Conference, July 21–27, 2013, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedo.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedp.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedq.pdf

I met John Bockris only once, in 2003, during the ICCF 10 conference in Boston. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedo.pdf#page=5

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the ICCF 19 Conference, April 13–17, 2015, Padua, Italy

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondenseds.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf

Georges Lonchampt was one of the few French researchers who, from day one, worked on Cold Fusion. He started performing his own experiments, and later worked with Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons. He successfully reproduced the two scientists’ original experiment, and was the only one able to successfully replicate the boil-off experiment.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf#page=6

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedu.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedv.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Sendai, Japan, October 02–07, 2016

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals, Asti, Italy, June 5–9, 2017

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf

This paper demonstrates that during cold fusion experiments by electrolysis of heavy water with palladium cathodes, there is production of silver. By Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, it is shown that silver detected is not due to contamination, but probably to transmutation of palladium by absorption of a deuterium nucleus, because only the 107Ag-isotope is present, and not 109Ag, as in natural silver. Another important result of this study is the determination of the depth at which the reaction occurs: 1.3 microm below the cathode surface.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=220

For nearly 20 years, with many collaborators, I have studied biological transmutations, measuring the contents of seeds, bacteria, embryo cells and algae, before and after their growth. I have measured variations in their mineral composition indicating that it is very likely that transmutations occur in living systems.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedza.pdf#page=27

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedza.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

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Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzd.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedze.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the ICCF 22 Conference, September 8–13, 2019, Assisi, Italy.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzg.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzh.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Virtual Conference from Xiamen, China June 9–11, 2021

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf

Experiments and Methods in Cold Fusion

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzj.pdf

Following the work by several researchers we have undertaken experiments with deuterium gas flowing through the walls of a palladium tube. Tubes were heated at various temperatures and either filled with palladium powder or palladium compounds or empty. Our mass flow calorimeter enables us to accurately measure excess heat production. We usually used palladium tubes 10 cm long, 2 mm outer diameter with 200 µm thick walls, and closed at one end. Deuterium gas is introduced in the tube at various pressures, and temperatures and diffuses out through the walls of the tube. Thermal energy is determined by measuring inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water and its mass flow. The energy yield of this calorimeter is 95-98% depending on input power. Our best result so far is an excess heat of 3 W with an input power of 47 W using an oxidized palladium tube filled with palladium powder. In addition to these results we describe an experiment where temperature oscillations have been measured, indicating the importance of temperature in excess heat production.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPexcessheatc.pdf

Abstract: We have developed a mass flow calorimeter enabling us to measure accurately excess heat production during deuterium diffusion through the walls of palladium tubes. The experiment consists usually of a palladium tube 10 cm long, 2mm outer diameter with 200 μm thick walls, and closed at one end. Deuterium gas is introduced in the tube at various pressures, and temperatures and diffuses out through the walls of the tube. The tube, heated by a resistor, is positioned inside a reactor cell which is a small vacuum chamber. The reactor cell is positioned inside a second vacuum chamber. The outer walls of the vacuum chamber are water cooled. Thermal energy is determined by measuring inlet and outlet temperatures and water mass flow. The energy yield of this calorimeter is 95-98 % depending on input power.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPexcessheatd.pdf

ABSTRACT. The discovery of Cold Fusion was announced on March 23, 1989 at a press conference at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. The two discoverers: Stan Pons and Martin Fleischmann described their electrochemical device that produces more heat than the electric energy used to run it. Since then lot of progress has been made, and it is more and more obvious that this phenomenon now named Condensed Matter Nuclear Science is a genuine scientific research field with many important potential applications. It is the purpose of this paper to present an update of the worldwide research.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPanupdateon.pdf

Ubaldo Mastromatteo published in 2016, a very simple experiment where he directed a laser beam on a thin ?lm of palladium deposited on a silicon oxide substrate in H2 and D2 atmospheres. By SEM he showed formation of many new elements. In this study, we made a similar experiment with identical samples in H2 and D2. Both experiments lasted 3 months. The laser used was a 5 mW 650 nm red pointer laser. What surprised us is that in a particular 180 µm diameter spot, many new elements appeared that were not there before, and in some parts of the spot the palladium had totally disappeared. The experiments were analyzed by SEM and neutrons were potentially observed with CR-39.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzj.pdf#page=12

ABSTRACT A palladium foil cathode, 50 mm in diameter, 100 µm thick is placed between two anodic palladium foils of same dimensions. A proton conductor layer (poly-ethyleneoxide) (PEO) and phosphoric acid) is deposited between the cathode and the two anodes. The system is placed in a chamber filled with deuterium gas, at a temperature of 75°C. At first, deuterium fills the two anodes up to D/Pd = 0.48 measured by pressure decrease. Then a voltage is applied between cathode and anodes, and the cathode gets loaded by D⁺ electrochemical migration through the solid state electrolyte. Correspondingly, the pressure decreases. Loadings of up to 0.73 have been obtained. When voltages are reversed, the cathode deloads, and the pressure in the chamber increases. This method is well suited to measure over-potentials and absolute loadings. The input power is very low, since the production of D+ ions entering the cathode is close to 100% whereas in liquid electrolyte cells, a small fraction of the ions produced is absorbed by the cathode. Therefore excess heat measurement is easily detected.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPdeuteriumg.pdf

403. Biberian, J.P. and G. Lonchampt. Excess heat observed during electrolysis of deuterated phosphoric acid with palladium electrodes and a solid state electrolyte in deuterium gas (PowerPoint slides). in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

404. Biberian, J.P., et al. Electrolysis of LaAlO3 Single Crystals and Ceramics in a Deuteriated Atmosphere. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

We have measured excess heat in solid state electrolytes, namely Lao.9sA103, in deuterium gas atmospheres. We have shown that an excess heat of 50 mW is observed at 550°C, with an input power of 2 mW. However, at 620 C, a temperature decrease has been observed. Those results have been obtained with ceramics, and attempts to do the same with single crystals have fai1ed so far. We believe that both positive and negative tempterature changes cannot be explained by a chemical reaction within the crystal.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPelectrolys.pdf

The mechanism of the Fleischmann-Pons effect is not yet fully understood. It appears that in many occasions an oxide layer, or an insulating one covers the surface of the active material. In this paper we list a number of experiments displaying such a situation, and suggest possible role of these layers.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPpossiblero.pdf

We have performed a plasma electrolysis experiment for the first time at a pressure of 5 x 10^5 Pa in a specially designed calorimeter. The cathode was a 2 mm tungsten rod, and the anode was a stainless-steel foil. The electrolyte was 0.6 mol K2CO3 in light water. In one instance, we observed excess heat of 20 W for 90 min.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=197

408. Bihl, V., O. Reifenschweiler, and G. van de Ligt, Experimente Zur Darstellung Von Temperaturfesten Metall-Tritium Systemen. 1965, Philips Corporation.

This paper is from the Philips Corporation Repository hosted by TU Delft Library: http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:7d20843d-41d4-424b-a52a-a5f312168d94/tn2014-00268.pdf The paper is in German. It includes a Summary in English: The following experiments deal with the preparation of titanium-tritium and zirkonium-tritium systems, which are stable against heating. It could be shown that such systems suitable as priming agent in gas discharge tubes can be prepared by heating the fine dispersed metals in a tritium atmosphere.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BihlVexperiment.pdf

410. Biris, A., et al., Solubility of Deuterium in LaNi5. J. Less-Common Met., 1997. 49: p. 477.

411. Birnbaum, H.K., et al., Hydrogen in aluminum. J. Alloys and Compounds, 1997. 253-254: p. 260.

412. Bishop, J.E., Cold Comfort on Cold Fusion Front, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor. p. 1.

413. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Generating Lots of Heat, Little Light, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: New YorkEditor.

414. Bishop, J.E., Heat Source in Fusion Find May Be Mystery Reaction and Brigham Young Physicists Reveal Details of Second H-Fusion Discovery and Will New Energy Sources Soon Power U.S.?, in Wall Street Journal. 1989.

415. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Research Dispels Some Doubts, in The Wall Street Journal. 1990.

416. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion' Chemists Reiterate Claim; Other Scientists Report Similar Results, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B4.

417. Bishop, J.E., 'Cold Fusion' Gets Cold Shoulder From Many a Year After Findings, in The Wall Street Journal. 1990: NYEditor.

418. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion' May Keep Earth's Core Molten, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B1.

419. Bishop, J.E., Future of Hot Fusion is Boiling Down to the Behavior of a Few Helium Atoms, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B1.

420. Bishop, J.E., Scientist Says `Cold Fusion' Tests May Have Had Some Impure Rods, in Wall Street Journal. 1990: New YorkEditor.

421. Bishop, J.E., Cold Fusion Verdict May Be Delivered Soon, in Wall Street Journal. 1991: NYEditor.

422. Bishop, J.E., 'Cold Fusion' Researcher Asserts Dozens of Tests Can't be 'Ignored", in The Wall Street Journal. 1991: NYEditor. p. 6.

423. Bishop, J.E., Utah Funds for Cold Fusion Run Low Just as Concept Gets Boost From Navy, in Wall Street Journal. 1991: New YorkEditor. p. B4.

424. Bishop, J.E., Predictable Heat Source Reported from `Heavy' Water Electrolysis, in Wall Street Journal. 1992: New YorkEditor. p. B12.

425. Bishop, J.E., A Bottle Rekindles Scientific Debate About the Possibility of Cold Fusion, in Wall Street Journal. 1996: New YorkEditor.

426. Bishop, J.E. and J.M. Schlesinger, Japan's Cold Fusion Effort Produces Startling Claims of Bursts of Neutrons, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor. p. 3.

427. Bishop, J.E. and J.M. Schlesinger, Researcher Claims to Replicate Japanese Experiments in `Cold Fusion', in Wall Street Journal. 1992: New YorkEditor. p. B3.

428. Bishop, J.E. and K. Wells, Taming H-Bombs? : Utah Scientists Claim Breakthrough in Quest for Fusion Energy, in The Wall Street Journal. 1989: NYEditor.

429. Bittner, M., et al., Evidence for the production of d-d fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a palladium cylinder. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 2119.

A lengthy experiment for the observation of deuteron-deuteron (d-d) fusion neutrons emanating from a massive palladium cylinder is described. The experimental results are discussed in the framework of a plasma like model for fusion in condensed matter . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BittnerMevidencefo.pdf

431. Bittner, M., et al., Emission of DD-fusion neutrons from a massive palladium cyclinder during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into the metal. Isotopenpraxis, 1991. 27: p. 274.

A weak emission of fast neutrons during the long-duration loading of a massire palladium cylinder with deuterons is obserred. The experimental results are discussed in the frame of a plasma-like model of nuclear fusion in condensed matter, resulting in fusion rates per interacting pair . . . This effect is also discussed re lat ire to the behariour of an other, similar cathode, ll'hich was charged simultaneously with the one described in this paper.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BittnerMemissionof.pdf

Two successive long-duration experiments for the observation of deuteron-deuteron (d-d) fusion neutrons emanating from a massive palladium slab are described. The experimental effects observed are discussed through the use of a simple plasmalike model for the time dependence of fusion reactions in condensed matter, which is modified for a plane geometry. This results in a plasma fusion rate of . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BittnerMindication.pdf

Introduction Many experiments and charging palladium with deuterium, either electrolytically or by gas absorption, indicate a production of fast neutrons or other products of d-d fusion reactions accompanying the charging process under special, hitherto not fully understood conditions, see e.g. Ref. [1]. These results need further work towards experimental confirmation and understanding of underlying physical processes. At the Dresden University of Technology after a first experiment confirming a very small neutron production during electrolytic charging the palladium cathodes with deuterium further studies of the phenomenon of nuclear fusion in condensed matter work carried out, which systematically hint at a week neutron production as a typical function of the period of charging.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=196

Experiments with two massive deuterium-loaded palladium samples designed to search for deuteron-deuteron (d-d) fusion during thermal degassing are described. In the heavier of the two samples, which has a total mass of ~ 0.5 kg, during deuterium expulsion from the metal, a significant neutron excess count rate was detected by two independent NE-213 scintillation neutron detectors. The maximum time-dependent excess count rate corresponds to a d-d reaction rate of (3±1)x 10~25 per deuteron pair per second. From detector pulse high spectra, the energy of the neutrons is determined to be ~2.5 MeV, as expected for d-d fusion neutrons.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BittnerMobservatio.pdf

436. Blagus, S., et al., Evidence for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrode. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26: p. 105.

Neutron burstlike emissions were detected during galvanostatic electrolysis of heavy water. A sintered palladium cathode of cylindrical shape was used. After 166 h of electrolysis at 200 mA/cm2, two bursts of neutrons with durations of ~200 and 100 s were observed. The cathode temperature did not show any change.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BlagusSevidencefo.pdf

438. Blanchard, R., Fizzion a new process for low energy nuclear transformation and energy production. 1998.

439. Blaschko, O., P. Fratzl, and R. Klemencic, Model for the Structural Changes at Low Temperatures in PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1981. 24: p. 277.

440. Blaser, J.P., et al., Experimental investigation of cold fusion phenomena in palladium. Chimia, 1989. 43: p. 262.

441. Blencoe, J.G., et al., Tests for 'cold fusion' in the Pd-D2 and Ti-D2 systems at 40-380 MPa and -196-27 degC. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 149.

442. Blloshmi, H. Cold Fusion Invention. in 2019 LANR/CF Colloquium at MIT. 2019. Cambridge, MA.

In the press conference held 23 April 1989, Dr. Martin Fleischmann said: "What we have done is to open the door of new research area, our indication is that the discovery will be relatively easy to make into a usable technology for generating heat and power, but continued work is needed to further understand the science and secondly, to determine its value to energy economics." Drs. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced at the University of Utah "that they had captured the secret of the Sun's energy in a test tube at room temperature."

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BlloshmiHcoldfusion.pdf

444. Bockris, J., About the alleged presence of tritium in some palladium electrodes and journalist Gary Taubes article in Science. 1990.

445. Bockris, J., Addition to 'A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena'. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 523.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJadditionto.pdf

447. Bockris, J., Cold fusion II: The Story Continues. New Scientist, 1991. 1752: p. 50.

IT IS extremely unusual for scientists to announce their discoveries at a televised press conference. In fact, it may never have been done before, but that was the path taken by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons on 23 March, 1989. They claimed something so breathtaking that most scientists who heard the announcement, simply suspended disbelief until more was known. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CloseFwhateverha.pdf

449. Bockris, J., Were the Seeds of the Decay of the West Sown in 1650? 1994.

450. Bockris, J., The complex conditions needed to obtain nuclear heat from D-Pd systems. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 210.

The D/Pd system does not show nuclear effects witil after seve.ral hundred hours of electrolysis although cathodes become saturated with D in I% of this time. Even then, only a small fraction (10-20%) of electrodes manifest nuclear reactions. More than one-half of the anomalous heat arises from nuclear reactions involving the metal atmru;, with gain or loss of protons. The gap in time between the saturation of the substrate and the switch on of anomalous heat is taken up by the gradual spread throughout the electrode material of a state of damage. The damage gives rise to an increase in an internal dislocation concentration. On the dislocated areas, adsorbed protons lose their charge and are susceptible to incorporation into the substrate nuclei. The irreproducibility arises from the effect of adsorbed impurities from the solution. These influence the desorption mechanism for H or D evolution which in turn cause changes in the internal fugacity of H2 or D2 and thus affects the spreading of internal damage, and cracking. Traditional concepts of cracking refer to extreme cracking when a massive number of connected cracks reach the surface and decrease the internal fugacity of deuterium. Internal factors affecting reproducibility arise because the technique making the Pd (or etc.) varies the grain size and this affects the spread of the dislocation-loaded areas. Anodes of Pt dissolve and the Pt contaminates the surface of the electrode. Doped TiO2 , NiO2 and LaNiO3 are good anodes. D2 and H2 anodes eliminate anode dissolution. Insufficiently investigated are alloying and its effects on mechanical properties and the spread of damage.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJthecomplex.pdf

452. Bockris, J., Early Contributions from Workers at Texas A&M University to (So-called) Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. New Energy, 1999. 4(2).

INTRODUCTION: THE SITUATION IN MARCH, 1989 The firm opinion in respect to basic knowledge of the nucleus common among chemists and physicists in March, 1989, was that chemical effects (involving frequencies of ~ 10^14, could not affect the nucleus of atoms with frequencies ~ 10^6 times higher.  It was also believed in March, 1989, that high energy neutrons were the path towards atomic fission, as in nuclear reactors; and that collisions of H isotopes at extremely high temperatures similar to those in the sun, constituted the main path towards the fusion of nuclei. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJearlycontr.pdf

In submitting this review of a book on a controversial subject, a fewwords of introduction are desirable.

1. Research in the last 9 years has led to the conclusion that a number of nuclear reactions can be made to take place in metals saturated with hydrogen (H) or deuterium (D). The happenings seem to be associated with free neutrons in the metal. Fusion of Ds also may contribute because there is plenty of Helium formed. Lowtemperature nuclear reactions in solids is the current title for the field. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJnucleartra.pdf

Texas A&M is a large university of about 45,000 students and is located in the somewhat remote town of "College Station" which is attached to the old Texas town of Bryan. The University is well known for it’s football team "the Aggies" and for its officer Corps. Until after World War II, it was entirely male and dry. Booze and girls arrived in the same year. The University has a great endowment, one of the largest in the country, from land donated to it in the 19th Century, before it was known to contain oil. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJsomehappen.pdf

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF LOW TEMPERATURE NUCLEAR REACTIONS FROM GROUPS AT TEXAS A&M Directly after the March 1989 TV announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that they had achieved a nuclear reaction at electrodes in the cold, research began on the phenomenon at Texas A&M. The University was picked by EPRI as a recipient of funds to investigate the field. Thus, it possessed a Thermodynamic Research Center, a Cyclotron group, and three groups in Electrochemistry (Chemistry Department). In addition, there was the Center for Electrochemical Systems and Hydrogen Research in the Texas Engineering Experiment Center, housed in the university. All these groups received funds to explore "cold fusion."

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJaccountabi.pdf

Until 1989 I had been a publisher of high temperature physical chemistry, electrochemical and environmental research papers.   I was a physical chemist and my contact with nuclear chemistry was only in using it in some tracer techniques. The Fleischmann and Pons announcement of March 1989 was of interest partly because of its radical nature, but also because I had known Martin Fleischmann since his days as a student at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. I had easy access to Fleischmann and I therefore could instruct my co-workers (about 20 at the time) about the technique used in the Fleischmann and Pons work.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJthehistory.pdf

Both hydrogen and deuterium in their electrolysis on palladium gave linear Tafel lines but each had a kink in it at about 0.35 V overpotential (η). At this value damage begins to be seen in the SEM photographs of the interior of the electrodes. Tritium formation became detectable at an overpotential (η) of about 0.4 V. The reaction occurs in two consecutive steps: the first is a Volmer-Tafel reaction which occurs when the overpotential is less than 0.3 V. But as the measured coverage θD approaches unity, the deuterons begin to discharge onto the adsorbed deuterium (Heyrovsky mechanism). The second (consecutive) step leads to the tritium formation via a neutron transfer from the electrode to the Pd-D bond which at this stage (near to full occupancy by D) is relatively weak. The ready availability of neutrons in the surface region of the metal catalyst is rationalized in terms of the high electron concentration associated with the surface and he presence of D arriving from D2O in the solution: e- + D+ = 2 neutrons + a neutrino. The model is applied to two anomalies which have troubled this reaction. One is irreproducibility and also the long time (100 h or more) before any nuclear activity is seen.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf#page=31

The typical electrochemical cell consists of four potentials. One of these is spurious: it should be eliminated from the measurement. A method of doing this is described. The major recommendation is that a third or, so called reference electrode, should be involved in all measurements from which structural information is to be taken from the working electrode. This is then attached to the reference electrode and a high resistance volt meter measures the potential of the working electrode with respect to the reference electrode. Alternative reference electrodes are described.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedh.pdf#page=15

Fleischman, Pons and Hawkins [1] have been thought to have published the first invitro (but unknown) nuclear reaction in the cold in March 23, 1989. Bockris and Mallove [2] published in 1999 a survey of earlier nuclear reactions in the cold (later condensed matter nuclear reactions). Included in their list was a publication by two Italian engineers Speri and Zorzi [3] which came out in 1989. Drawn by this latter fact, in 2011, I investigated further the Speri and Zorzi paper which Mallove and I had mentioned with only a publication date. I found the paper in an obscure medium and discovered upon being able to read it that Speri and Zorzi had been awarded an Italian patent in 1978. The patent was awarded for the discovery of the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to form helium. The original work was carried out in 1974.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedf.pdf#page=37

After receiving a Ph.D. Degree from Imperial College, Fleischmann (F) went to work in the University of Newcastle in the U.K. and spent productive years there (metal deposition, micro-electrodes, and electrochemical extraction from mixtures metals). His reputation grew at a time (1950-1960) when electrochemistry was a popular subject for university research. British Electricity saw their chance to get a star performer down to Southampton University as professor, so they paid for a chair for a person who could attract research support and found that F could fill the job, although it was open to other candidates. Fleischmann occupied the chair for only a few years, less than had been foreseen, and retired from university life some years before it is usual. By this time he already was a Fellow of the Royal Society and also a director of the Max Planck Institute in Berlin. Fleischmann made a colleague of Stanley Pons, head of the Chemistry Department in the University in Utah. Pons (P) was of independent means and could fund research which the two of them might think out together. Fusion means coming together and F saw in electrochemistry a high performance way whereby this might be done. What they found was that the heat evolved in a particular deuterium solution when they passed current through it was larger than it should have been according to known chemical theory. In addition to this they observed some neutrons. They suggested that the extra heat was due to an unknown nuclear reaction. What was unusual about the next step was that F&P got on the McNeil-Lehrer Hour and announced that they had been the first to carry out a nuclear reaction in the cold. After a short time, the nuclear chemists of the world turned against F&P and said that their claims must be all nonsense. The anti-Fleischmann opinion expressed at meetings was so great that they decided that it would be a good thing to escape to some other country. They had a friendship with a very wealthy man, Mr. Toyota, and he had already founded some laboratories in the South of France. He offered F and P laboratory space there and they could move their operation to it free of the negative atmosphere which reigned in America. At first the news which came from the laboratory in France was good. Alas, this was not maintained and after two years they split up and P retired to live in France whilst F retired to Tisbury in the U.K. But F’s creativity would not lie down and he was soon to apply something new, Quantum Electrodynamics. He made a colleagueship with a well-known Italian physicist Preparata. However, fate was not kind to F and he discovered that he was suffering from Parkinson’s disease. This is a slow disease but it’s incurable. However, for a couple of years F continued to attend meetings and make intelligent remarks at them. He died on 3 August 2012. Was F a brilliant theorist who did not have time to realize his true vision or had Jack the Flash, his nickname, flashed too much? The field that could have been his greatest is now called condensed matter nuclear reactions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedj.pdf#page=6

462. Bockris, J., et al., Do nuclear reactions take place under chemical simulation? J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 5.

INTRODUCTION
In the first years of this century it was thought that atoms were indivisible entities, but Rutherford found that a great deal of an atom was free space although it contained at its center a particle, the nucleus making up the majority of the mass of the atom. He attempted to see what was inside this tiny particle by striking it with an energetic stream of energetic particles and produced, in his first "atom splitting" reaction, O17 from N14. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJdonuclearr.pdf

464. Bockris, J., et al. Tritium and Helium Production in Palladium Electrodes and the Fugacity of Deuterium Therein. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

An account is given of the massive production of tritium at a Pd electrode. Production continued for ~ 750 hours after which time it was arbitrarily curtailed. Production of T was found to cease every few days but could be resuscitated by increasing the overpotential of the electrode reaction. A logarithmic relation between the rate of tritium production and the overpotential of the electrode reaction was established. The Will-Cedzynska method of examining T contamination in specimens has shown that nothing above the background of T was detected if no D2O had been electrolytically evolved on the Pd specimens concerned. Helium production was found to accompany that of T. The He was analyzed by thermal expulsion and mass spectroscopy. No He3 was found but He4 was measured in nine specimens out of ten examined. Voids were also detected - 1 micron within the electrode. The excess tritium production on Pd co-deposited with deuterium was found. Cracking and spreading of cracks is shown. An attempt was made to calculate the amount of hydrogen trapped in cracks and to calculate the standard free energy of trapping.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=233

466. Bockris, J. and D. Hodko. Is There Evidence for Fusion Under Solid State Confinement. in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

467. Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion. in Symp. Hydrogen Storage Materials, Batteries, Electrochemistry 1991. 1991.

468. Bockris, J., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski. The Mechanism of Deuterium Evolution on Palladium: Relation to Heat Bursts Provoked By Fluxing Deuterium Across the Interface. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

In spite of the electrochemical approach taken by Fleischmann and Pons, most of the research either too has concentrated upon manifesting nuclear effects (neutron omission, tritium formation) and there has been little investigation of the situation of the surface chemistry of the palladium electrode, a mechanism by which molecular deuterium is formed or that by which adsorbed D diffuses inside the palladium, - and what its fugacity there would be. These factors may have a determinative influence on the triggering of the diffusional effects, influencing not only the D/Pd ratio, but also internal cracking. Information on the relation between the surface characteristics and the fugacity may point to us conditions for the initiation of fusion. In the present paper an interim report is given on the results of about on and one-half year's work of one sub-group at Texas A&M.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=352

470. Bockris, J., et al. Does Tritium Form at Electrodes by Nuclear Reactions? in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

This paper reports tritium formed in LiOD D2O solutions in which Pd cathodes are used to evolve D2 . Electrolysis was carried out for up to 4½ months. Excess heat has been observed from 5 electrodes out of 28, tritium in 15 out of 53 but 9 out of 13 if the electrodes are limited to 1 mm diameter. Steady state tritium concentrations were 10^4-10^7 disintegrations min^-1 ml^-1. A weak correlation may exist between heat observed and tritium produced. The rate of production of tritium was c. 10^10 atoms cm^-2 sec-1. The branching ratio of tritium to neutrons was ~ 10^8. A theoretical dendrite enhanced fusion model is suggested. Growing gas layer breakdown occurs at sufficiently high surface potential dendrite tips and correspondingly fusion reactions occur. The model gives quantitative consistence with experiment, especially the sporadic nature and the observed branching ratio.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJdoestritiu.pdf

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJareviewoft.pdf

The generally accepted idea is that the paper of Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins of 1989 gave the first evidence that nuclear reactions occur in the cold in a palladium-deuterium (Pd-D) electrolysis system. However, published accounts on elemental change in solids have been around since before the discovery of the nucleus. Thus, the earliest evidence for creation of new elements was that reported for reactions in biological systems. In view of the wave of negative opinion against the 1989 and thereafter work, it is interesting to note a U.S. Army report of 1978 which concluded that the evidence for nuclear reactions in biology was strongly positive. Even less well-known is that U.S. government labs in the 1970s experimented with neutron emission arising from the passage of very high currents through wires, conditions under which thermonuclear reactions should not have been occurring.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJistheoccur.pdf

474. Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, Two zones of "Impurities" observed after prolonged electrolysis of deuterium on palladium. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5/6): p. 67.

In experiments carried out recently in which hydrogen was electrolyzed from water in contact with a palladium electrode, the concentration and depth of impurities were measured as a function of electrolysis time. It was found that after 3 weeks, two different sets of impurities could be observed, one set within 50Å of the surface and another set different chemical spaces, about 1μ inside the metal.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJtwozonesof.pdf

476. Bockris, J. and Z. Minevski, The mechansim of the evolution of hydrogen on palladium and associated internal damage phenomena. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2000. 25: p. 747.

477. Bockris, J. and A.K.N. Reddy, Modern electrochemistry; an introduction to an interdisciplinary area. 1970, New York: Plenum Press.

478. Bockris, J. and P.K. Subramanyan, The equivalent pressure of molecular hydrogen in cavities within metals in terms of the overpotential developed during the evolution of hydrogen. Electrochim. Acta, 1971. 16: p. 2169.

479. Bockris, J. and R. Sundaresan. Electrochemistry, Tritium and Transmutation. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

It is known that nuclear phenomena can be brought about in the cold, e.g., in cells containing D20 in contact with a palladium electrode, in molten salt cells which contain lithium hydride, in light water cells in contact with nickel electrodes, in cells involving arcs in hydrogen and deuterium, in cells involving high potential differences across a series of palladium electrodes separated by membranes and those involving nickel electrodes under the influence of high frequency radiations. However, most of these nuclear reactions at low yemperatures have been carried out under electrochemical confinement and for this reason a brief outline of these cells is given as a background here. Two other topics are briefly reviewed: the first published synthesis of tritium from deuterium in the cold, and some aspects of transmutation under conditions which have temperatures in the region of 1000 degrees.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJelectroche.pdf

I. INTRODUCTION More than four years after the first reports of chemically stimulated nuclear reactions, the triggering of heat evolution and the production of associated nuclear debris remains a highly uncertain matter. Both the duration of the switch-on time and, indeed, whether a given electrode will commence to show nuclear activity within 500 hours of the beginning of electrolysis, remain unclear. In the present study, three methods of triggering anomalous heat are described. The changes in the sub-surface of palladium during the evolution of D2 or H2 are described as a function of potential, temperature and time. Finally, these results are evaluated against the present theories of heat production in metals. 

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJtriggering.pdf

The background to this paper is a number of papers reporting low temperature nuclear reactions outside the system Pd-D. These experiments (up to June, 1996) have been summarized in the review by Bockris, Lin and Bush.

A brief description of certain phenomena by Steri and Zorzi2 is the earliest origin of suggestions made here. They sparked gasoline-air mixtures of unusual ratios, and recorded more heat being produced from such actions than could be justified in terms of thermochemistry. It was suggested that the origin of the heat arises from the natural deuterium within the gasoline and H present. Among possible reactions may be D + D - He4 or D + H-He3 .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BockrisJOMspeculativ.pdf

483. Bok, S., et al., Fluorescence-based Temperature Sensor for Anomalous Heat from Loaded Palladium Electrodes with Deuterium or Hydrogen. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 24: p. 25-31.

Anomalous heat generation in palladium-based materials has been studied in various active research groups since M. Fleischmann, and S. Pons demonstrated an anomalous heat in 1989. There have been attempts to explain anomalous heat by deuteron–deuteron nuclear fusion in the Pd lattice while the search for radiation was unsuccessful which indicated that the origin of the excess heat is unknown. Despite the unknown origin of the excess heat, Pd system is in the core of the research for energy production. The excess heat has been demonstrated by using calorimeters that are well characterized. However, these measurements are not able to provide detailed information about a localized heat rather than a heat from a large area. A new method is demonstrated to investigate an excess heat from Pd electrode loaded with deuterium or hydrogen. It is capable of measuring a small amount of heat generated in a localized area with a sub-micrometer resolution by fluorescence imaging with temperature sensitive fluorescence dyes. Considering quantum yield, photostability, and thermal stability, rhodamine 6G (R6G) is selected for temperature sensor along with a polymer, Poly MethylSilsesquioxane (PMSSQ). The thermal quenching of fluorescence resulted in a decreased temperature over time with heat generation. We envisioned that this new method of the temperature measurement provided a novel diagnostic tool for localized excess heat which was not detectable by calorimetry due to intrinsic disability.

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485. Bond, R.A. and D.K. Ross, The Use of Monte Carlo Simulations in the Study of a Real Lattice Gas and its Application to the a' Pd-D System. J. Phys. F: Met. Phys., 1982. 12: p. 597.

486. Boniszewski, T. and G.C. Smith, The influence of hydrogen on the plastic deformation ductility, and fracture of nickel in tension. Acta Metall., 1963. 11: p. 165.

487. Borbely, L. and P. Doleschall, Nucleon Exchange Effects at Low Bombarding Energies for Deuteron-Neutron Scattering. Phys. Lett. B, 1992. 283: p. 10.

488. Bosch, H.S., et al., Electrochemical cold fusion trials at IPP Garching. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9: p. 165.

489. Boscoli, R., Method and machine for producing energy by nuclear fusion reactions. 1998.

490. Bose, H., et al., Verification Studies in Electrochemically Induced Fusion of Deuterons in Palladium Cathodes, in BARC Studies in Cold Fusion, P.K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Editors. 1989, Atomic Energy Commission: Bombay. p. A 8.

491. Botta, E., et al. Search for 4He Production from Pd/D2 Systems in Gas Phase. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

We describe the performance of an apparatus consisting of a cell containing a Pd sheet loaded with D2 in gas phase coupled to a high resolution Q-mass spectrometer. The loading ratio α = D/Pd is increased by applying a constant electric field along the Pd sheet, α is carefully measured by means of the electric resistance variation and of the thermodynamic parameters. In one experiment a signal corresponding to 4He production was observed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BottaEsearchforh.pdf

A Pd sheet gold plated at both ends was loaded with D2 in a Cold Fusion cell operating on the basis of the Coehn effect. The procedure was the same followed in a previous experiment. The gas has been analyzed by means of a high resolution mass spectrometer before the absorption into Pd and after desorption: a significant presence of 4He after desorption has been measured, in agreement with the previous results.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BottaEmeasuremena.pdf

The results of a set of measurements of neutron emission from D2 gas loaded Ti (metallic and sponge) at di®erent initial values of the D/Ti ratio are reported. The D/Ti system was submitted to thermal cycles in order to pass through phase transitions. We observed no neutron emission with an upper limit of 0.05 neutrons s -1 g^-1 (1 sigma level), in four series of measurements, whereas in two series we observed a neutron emission at a ~ 2 sigma level.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BottaEontheneutr.pdf

A new set of measurements of neutron emission from gas-(D2 and H2) loaded Ti and Pd systems has been carried out in the TOFUS experiment. The temperature and pressure controls of the gas loading apparatus were improved. The results concerning the Ti/D system show the presence of a small 2.5 MeV neutron emission, with a signal having a statistical significance of - 5z. The results on the Pd/D system does not show a statistically significant signal (less than ~2 sigma).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BottaEmeasuremen.pdf

496. Bottollier-Curtet, H., et al., Search for Isotopic Anomalies in Alchemical Silver Coins from the Germanischen National Museum in Nuremberg. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2007. 1: p. 148-154.

We analyzed six silver coins of supposedly alchemical origin. They were manufactured during the 17th and 18th centuries, and kept in the Germanischen National Museum in Nuremberg in Germany. We did both nondestructive chemical and isotopic analysis. Silver has two stable isotopes, and our measurements indicate that the silver of all the coins have natural isotopic composition. We conclude that the silver contained in these coins is not of artificial origin. This does not prove that alchemists did not succeed in transmuting metals, but we have shown that the silver of these six coins is most likely of natural origin.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensed.pdf#page=154

498. Boudard, A., M. Garcon, and S. Platchkov, What shape has the deuteron? Recherche, 1991. 22(235): p. 1094.

499. Bowen, N.L., A Simple Calculation of the Inter-nucleon Up-to-down Quark Bond and its Implications for Nuclear Binding. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2019. 29: p. 249-259.

This paper describes an interesting and potentially significant phenomenon regarding the properties of up and down quarks within the nucleus, and how the possible inter-nucleon bonding of these quarks may affect the bonding energy of the nuclear force. A very simple calculation is used, which involves a bond between two inter-nucleon up and down quarks. This simple calculation does not depend on the type or mechanism for the bond. Furthermore, this simple calculation does not specify the shape or structure for the nucleus. This calculation only examines the energy of all possible up-to-down inter-nucleon bonds that may be formed within a quantum nucleus. A comparison of this total energy is made to the experimental binding energy with excellent results. The potential significance of this finding is discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=258

This paper explores how the electromagnetic energies of the quarks within the nucleus affect the behavior of the Nuclear Force. By examining the electromagnetic energies and forces, many questions about nuclear behavior can be answered and many insights into the nucleus can be gained. Previous theoretical models for the nuclear force include only the Coulomb electric force of the protons, but with little or no consideration of the electromagnetic characteristics of the quarks. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve predictions of binding energy better than any previous model, doing so by using only one variable instead of five. This model unifies the nuclear force to the electromagnetic force.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=200

This paper is an examination of the updated experimental data, as is currently known in 2020, in support of the shell model and its concepts. The shell model of the nuclear force is considered to be the fundamental and foundational model of the nuclear force -- that force which binds the nucleons together in a nucleus. The shell model was developed in the late 1940s, and it is based on the experimentally known nuclear data at that time, data which supported the concept of nuclear shells. Most textbooks, even the current ones, present this experimental data from the 1940s when discussing the validity of the shell model. However, a large amount of nuclear data has since been collected over the past 70 years, and a re-examination of the experimental data in support of the shell model is long overdue.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=230

Recent theoretical calculations about the mass of the partons within protons have raised questions, specifically regarding what comprises the bulk of the mass of the nucleons. As a result of these recent theoretical calculations and the questions they precipitate, there are many new models of the nucleons that claim to have solved the question of the missing nucleon mass. This paper is an examination these recent nucleon models, exploring the accuracy of the science, the mathematics, and the concepts described therein.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=194

This paper explores how the electromagnetic energies of the quarks within the atomic nucleus affect the behavior of the Nuclear Force. By examining the electromagnetic energies and forces, many questions about nuclear behavior can be answered, and many insights into the atomic nucleus can be gained. Previous theoretical models for the Nuclear Force include only the Coulomb electric force of the protons, but with little or no consideration of the electromagnetic characteristics of the quarks. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve predictions of binding energy better than any previous model, doing so by using only one parameter instead of the five parameters used in the semi-empirical Weizsäcker formula of the Liquid Drop Model. The Electromagnetic Model unifies the Nuclear Force to the Electromagnetic Force. The Electromagnetic Model of the Nuclear Force includes the calculation of electromagnetics of the quarks, and by doing such, it is shown that the Nuclear Force is significantly influenced by the Electromagnetic Forces of the quarks. This paper, Part II of this series, illustrates the ground state configurations of the atomic nuclei, showing the basic segments of how the protons and neutrons cluster together, and how these segments bond to form larger atomic nuclei. A pattern emerges for the ground state configurations due to the uniformity of the electromagnetic laws. Diagrams are shown for this basic pattern, for both stable and radioactive atomic nuclei. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve not only excellent predictions of binding energy, but the ability to answer many other questions regarding the various behaviors of atomic nuclei.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=147

This theory discusses the role of the electromagnetic force inside the atomic nucleus. Previous nuclear theories have relegated the electromagnetic force as being a relatively minor component, considering only the Coulomb force of the protons. These previous models usually make the incorrect and outdated assumptions of a homogeneously-charged proton and a homogeneously-neutral neutron. With the understanding that quarks are the centers for both the electric charge and magnetic dipole moments within a nucleon, such outdated assumptions are no longer valid. Because of the strong electromagnetic interaction between the internucleon quarks, electromagnetism can, indeed, be the force that holds the nucleons together in an atomic nucleus. Thus, these changes in the understanding of the electromagnetic forces within the atomic nucleus require a more signi?cant role of electromagnetism with regards to the understanding of nuclear behavior. Part III of this series of papers describes how the electromagnetic forces and energies affect the nuclear behavior. New insights and understandings are gained by applying the laws of electromagnetics to the nuclear structure inside an atomic nucleus. In this paper, explanations of bond formation and bond breakage are given in detail, as well as how these processes relate to nuclear ?ssion and nuclear particle decay.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzj.pdf#page=26

506. Bowker, J. and G.R. Piercy, The use of palladium to obtain reproducible boundary conditions for permeability measurements using galvanostatic charging. Metal. Trans. A, 1985. 16: p. 715.

507. Bowman, M.G., A Proposed Pathway for Cold Fusion Reactions. 1990: Letter.

508. Boya, L.J., Possible mechanisms for cold fusion in deuterated palladium. An. Fis., Ser. B, 1990. 86(2): p. 221.

509. Bracci, L., G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, A Dynamical Calculation of the Electron Shielding for d-d Fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146(3): p. 128.

510. Bracci, L., G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, Nuclear fusion in molecular systems. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1990. 16: p. 83.

511. Braun, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1989. 136(3).

512. Braun, T., World Flash on Cold Fusion No. 10. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1991. 154(1): p. 1.

513. Breed, B. Can Established Physical Principles Explain Solid-State Fusion? in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

514. Bressani, T. Nuclear Products in Cold Fusion Experiments Comments and remarks after ICCF-6. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

From the first beginning two major problems have affected the scientific development of the Cold Fusion and related phenomena. They are: * the lack of reproducibility of most of the experimental observations (in particular the Excess Power in given conditions) * the lack of a substantial amount of nuclear ashes that could validate the hypothesis that the sometimes observed Excess Power could be the result of nuclear reactions occurring in the metal lattice. Nuclear origin was inferred in an indirect way. by the observation that the sometimes measured Excess Powers were at least three orders of magnitude greater than those produced by any known chemical reaction. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=304

1 Introduction The circumstance that I made the scientific summary on Nuclear Products in Cold Fusion Experiments also after ICCF-6 gives to me the opportunity of combining the comparison of the results from two subsequent conferences and of discussing globally the impressive achievements gained in these last three years. The major achievement at ICCF-6 was, to my opinion, the evidence of the corre­lation between Excess Heat, when measured, and the production of 4He, observed in quantities of the same order of magnitude of what expected form the hypothe­sis that the reaction d + d → 4He + (energy) is the main source of energy in Cold Fusion experiments. This conclusion was reached by several experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BressaniTnuclearphy.pdf

A short review of the status of the experimental searches and theoretical speculations on the possible existence of the AntiKaonic Nuclear Clusters is given. There are no scientific relationships with the possible Cold Fusion phenomena, but some similarities and differences in the perception and acceptance by other communities of physicists.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=174

One of the more controversial recent issues in Hadronic and Nuclear Physics is the possible existence of the so-called AntiKaonic Nuclear Clusters (AKNC). They are strange (S=-1, -2) nuclear systems composed by nucleons strongly bound to one or two AntiKaons: This topic is connected with the possible existence of exotic nucleon bound states like pp or ppp, with the possibility that a high-density nuclear medium will be created around the AntiKaon, that could be seed for the understanding of the dense nuclear matter in the neutron stars. In 2002 Akaishi and Yamazaki (1) predicted the appearance of discrete, narrow bound states of Kbar in few-body nuclear systems. The search for such systems started quite soon with nondedicated experiments at Laboratories of KEK (Japan), Frascati (Italy) , CERN (Switzerland), Saclay (France)

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BressaniTexoticnucl.pdf

519. Bressani, T., et al. A Study of the Neutron Emission from Ti Loaded With D in Gas Phase by Means of a Time-of-Flight Spectrometer. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

The final results of an experiment carried out in order to detect and measure the energy of the neutrons emitted from Ti metal loaded with D in gas phase are reported. A neutron spectrometer based on the time-of-flight and double scattering technique was used. We observed a 2.5 sigma signal for the emission of 2.45 MeV neutrons, corresponding to 1.3 ± 0.5 neutrons s^-1 g^-1.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=120

521. Bressani, T. and G. Preparata, What Makes a Crystal Stiff Enough for the Mossbauer Effect? Il Nuovo Cimento, Note Brevi, 1992. 14D(3): p. 345-349.

522. Briand, J.P. Is There Any Deuterium in Dr. Jone's Titanium Foils? in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

523. Briand, J.P., et al., Cold fusion rates in titanium foils. Phys. Lett., 1990. A145(4): p. 187.

524. Briand, J.P., et al., Cold fusion: an alternative diagnostic. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1989. A285: p. 547.

525. Briand, J.P. and M. Froment, La fusion 'froide' dix-huit mois apres" (Cold fusion, 18 months later). Recherche, 1990. 21: p. 1282.

526. Bridge, M.E., D.R. Lloyd, and J.M.D. Coey, Cold fusion ideas (section editor's title). Nature (London), 1989. 340: p. 105.

527. Brightsen, R.A., Application of the Nucleon Cluster Model to Experimental Results. 1995.

528. Brightsen, R.A., The Nucleon Cluster Model and the Periodic Table of Beta-Stable Nuclides. 1995.

529. Brightsen, R.A., Correspondence of the nucleon cluster model with the periodic table of elements. Infinite Energy, 1996. 1(5 & 6): p. 73.

530. Brightsen, R.A., Correspondence of the Periodic Table of Beta-Stable Nuclides with the Classical Periodic Table of Elements. 1996.

531. Brightsen, R.A. and E. Mallove, Explanation of Cold Fusion Reactions Based on the Nucleon Cluster Model (NCM). 1992.

532. Brightson, R., Cluster Theory. 1994: Clustron Sciences Corp.

533. Brillas, E., et al., Product analysis from D2O electrolysis with Pd and Ti cathodes. Electrochim. Acta, 1992. 37(2): p. 215.

534. Brillas, E., et al. Product Analysis From D2O Electrolysis With Palladium and Titanium Cathodes. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

The possible generation of tritium in the electrolyte and the incorporation of species such as tritium, lithium and platinum to cathodes during the electrolysis of 0.1M LiOD solutions with Pd and Ti cathodes and Pt anodes at low and high current densities have been studied by means of different techniques.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=24

536. Britz, D., Cold fusion: an historical parallel. Centaurus, 1990. 33: p. 368.

537. Britz, D., Parameter correlations in cold fusion measurements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 1991. 155(6): p. 377.

538. Britz, D., Book Review - The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations about Cold Fusion. J. Sci. Expl., 2007. 21: p. 801.

539. Britz, D., Cold Nuclear Fusion Bibliography. 2017, Aarhus University.

This is a copy of the bibliography Dieter Britz uploaded to his web site at Aarhus University for many years. It is now hosted here: http://coldfusioncommunity.net/Britz/biblio.html

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BritzDcoldnuclea.pdf

541. Broad, W.J., Science Times: Despite Scorn , Some Scientists Still Seek Cold Fusion Clues, in The New York Times. 1989: NYEditor. p. 5.

542. Broad, W.J., Signs of 'Cold' Fusion are Cited Cautiously, in The New York Times. 1989: NYEditor.

543. Broad, W.J., Cold Fusion Claimants Review Puzzling Results, in The New York Times. 1990: NYEditor. p. 8.

544. Broad, W.J., Cold Fusion Still Escapes Usual Checks of Science, in New York Times. 1990: New YorkEditor. p. B5 and B9.

545. Broad, W.J., Scientist Defends Cold Fusion Work, in The New York Times. 1990: NYEditor.

546. Broad, W.J., Cold-Fusion Claim is Faulted on Ethics as Well as Science, in The New York Times. 1991: NYEditor. p. 1.

547. Broad, W.J., U.S. Plans to Hire Russian Scientists in Fusion Research, in New York Times. 1992. p. A1-A4.

548. Broad, W.J., New Class of Lightning Found High Above Clouds, in New York Times. 1995: New YorkEditor. p. 9.

549. Broad, W.J., A tempest in a test tube, 10 years later, in New York Times. 1999: NYEditor.

550. Broad, W.J., M.W. Browne, and W.E. Schmidt, A Frenzy Over Fusion in Hundreds of Labs, in New York Times. 1989.

551. Broer, M.M., et al., Search for neutrons from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reactions in electrochemically charged Palladium. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 1989. 40(4): p. R1559.

552. Brown, B. Lithium Fission to Fuse Deuterium? in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

553. Brown, J. Collective dipole oscillations in hydrogenated metals. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

554. Brown, J., Enhanced low energy fusion rate in metal deuterides due to vibrational deuteron dipole-dipole interactions and associated resonant tunneling between neighbouring sites, in arXiv.org. 2007.

It is observed that interstitial hydrogen nucleii on a metallic lattice are strongly coupled to their near neighbours by the unscreened electromagnetic field mediating transitions between low-lying states. It is shown that the dominant interaction is of dipole-dipole character. By means of numerical calculations based upon published data, it is then shown that in stoichiometric PdD, in which essentially all interstitial sites are occupied by a deuteron, certain specific superpositions of many-site product states exist that are lower in energy than the single-site ground state, suggesting the existence of a new low temperature phase. Finally, the modified behaviour of the two-particle wavefunction at small separations is investigated and prelimary results suggesting a radical narrowing of the effective Coulomb barrier are presented.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BrownJenhancedlo.pdf

It is observed that interstitial hydrogen nucleii on a metallic lattice are strongly coupled to their near neighbours by the unscreened electromagnetic field mediating transitions between low-lying states. It is shown that the dominant interaction is of dipole-dipole character. By means of numerical calculations based upon published data, it is then shown that in stoichiometric PdD, in which essentially all interstitial sites are occupied by a deuteron, certain specific superpositions of many-site product states exist that are lower in energy than the single-site ground state, suggesting the existence of a new low temperature phase. Finally, the modified behaviour of the two-particle wavefunction at small separations is investigated and prelimary results suggesting a radical narrowing of the effective Coulomb barrier are presented.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondenseda.pdf#page=50

557. Brown, T., A Selective, Annotated Bibliography No. 7. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett., 1990. 145: p. 385-388.

558. Browne, M.W., New Shot at Cold Fusion by Pumping Sound Waves into Tiny Bubbles, in New York Times. 1994: NYEditor. p. 5.

559. Brudanin, V.B., et al., Does cold nuclear fusion exist? Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 347.

560. Brudanin, V.B., et al., Once more about cold nuclear fusion. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 146: p. 351.

561. Brudanin, V.B., et al., Search for the cold fusion d(d,(4)He) in electrolysis of D2O. Phys. Lett. A, 1990. 151(9): p. 543.

562. Bruggeman, A., et al., Studiecentrum Voor Kernenenergie. 1989.

563. Bruschi, L., et al., Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system". Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10(4): p. 303.

564. Bruschi, M., U. Marconi, and A. Zoccoli. The neutron spectrometer of the cold fusion experiment under the Gran Sasso Laboratory. in Hadronic Phys., Winter Course 8th 1993. 1994. World Sci., Singapore.

565. Bryan, S.R. and J.H. Gibson, Comments on 'Nuclear energy release in metals'. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 95.

566. Bu, F.S., et al. Loading ratio study in a gas-loading system. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Using the tungsten wire, the deuterium gas is loaded into a palladium wire with the loading ratio higher than 0.75 under the pressure less than 1 atm. at the room temperature. The metallography shows that its grain size is greater than 100 micra. This study facilitates the combination of a gas- loading system with a calorimetric system.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=202

568. Buchachenko, A.L. and V.V. Chaikovskii, Contraction of electronic shells and a new strategy for cold fusion. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1999. 73: p. 1614.

569. Bucur, R. and F.A. Lewis, The Establishment of Equilibria in the Isotopic Distribution of Hydrogen and Deuterium Between Palladium and Aqueous Solutions. Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge, 1971. 75: p. 207.

570. Budko, K. and A. Korshunov, Calorimetric Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 23: p. 85-90.

It has been claimed that Ni–H systems produce excess heat for long periods of time. We have performed experimental calorimetric investigations of this phenomenon. The experimental setup consisted of a ceramic reactor with nickel powder inside it, a heater, hydrogen loading system and calorimeter. Nickel powders with different grain size were used because of their large surface area. Hydrogen pressure varied from 0.5 to 2.5 atm. Temperature varied from 25 to 800°C. Different methods of input power were used in order to investigate possible effects of high amplitude magnetic pulses. The experimental runs lasted from 4 to 50 h. Experiments did not show any evidence of excess heat within the accuracy of measurement.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedv.pdf#page=90

572. Buehler, D.B., Possible Gamma Bursts From Gas Loaded Ti Chips. 1992.

573. Buehler, D.B., et al. Is Reported "Excess Heat" Due to Nuclear Reactions? in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

A portable X-ray detector has been developed to complement "cold fusion" studies. Our reasoning is that any set of nuclear reactions which produce measurable heat must also produce abundant secondary X-rays. However, at the Nagoya meeting and elsewhere, we found that errors and uncertainties in current experiments prevent unambiguous interpretation of claims of excess-heat generation . Hence, this paper also outlines criteria for establishing calorimeter performance for definitive measurements of "excess heat" in cold-fusion experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=247

575. Bunch, K.J. and R.W. Grow. Electric Field Distribution of the Palladium Crystal Lattice. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Palladium has always been a metal of interest for its hydrogen absorption qualities [lJ and, more recently, for its use in cold fusion experiments [2J. An atomic model of the metallic crystal would give a better overall understanding of the palladium-hydrogen system. Unfortunately, a computer simulation of the wave mechanical properties of palladium based on solving the three-dimensional Schrodinger equation is a major undertaking [3, 4J that is probably unnecessary for calculating many useful character istics of palladium. A simpler approach, based on a Thomas-Fermi model [5J for palladium, is proposed by the authors. This semiclassical model averages the effects of all the electrons within an atom to approximate the electric field distribution everywhere. Overlapping these distr ibutions approximates the electric fields within the palladium crystal. This model predicts a crystal that is a bit too stiff, but overall it gives reasonable results; it is also simple to use. It is expected that this model will broaden the understanding of the interaction of hydrogen with palladium.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=262

577. Burch, R., On the role of silver atoms in the absorption of hydrogen by palladium-silver alloys. Solid State Commun., 1969. 7: p. 1313.

578. Burger, J.P., et al., Electrical Resistivity of Pd-Hx: Residual Resistivity. Solid State Commun., 1975. 17: p. 227.

579. Burke, L.D. and J.K. Casey, An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium electrodes in acid. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993. 140(5): p. 1284.

580. Burke, L.D. and J.K. Casey, An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium in base. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993. 140(5): p. 1292.

581. Burrows, A., Enhancement of cold fusion in metal 'hydrides' by screening of proton and deuteron charges. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(5): p. 3405.

582. Busch, M.P., Nucear Fusion Reactor and Method, Patent Disclosure. 1990: US.

583. Bush, B.F., Data for 4He measurement. 1998.

The results from a growing number of laboratories suggest that the Pons and Fleischmann effect (the production of "excess heat" during the electrolysis of D2O at palladium electrodes) is real. More over data from these laboratories indicate that excess heat events are accompanied by 4He production. Excess heat generation appears to depend on a number of factors: the quality --nature-- of the cathode, chemical species present in the D2O / Li OD electrolyte, the conditions surrounding the electrolysis process -- current density, potential, time, and the previous history of the cathode. Methods for obtaining useful cathodes will be described.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFdataforhem.pdf

The nature of the nuclear phenomena associated with the Pons and Reischmann effect remains largely unexplored. The phenomena are reproducible, but the processes lack controllability. The circumstances of the electrolysis experiments do not produce the same nuclear product distribution as that expected during hot plasma D + D fusion experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=223

Abstract: The results from a growing number of laboratories suggest that the Pons and Fleischmann effect (the production of "excess heat" during the electrolysis of D2O at palladium electrodes) is real. More over data from these laboratories indicate that excess heat events are accompanied by 4He production. Excess heat generation appears to depend on a number of factors: the quality — nature — of the cathode, chemical species present in the D2O / LiOD electrolyte, the conditions surrounding the electrolysis process — current density, potential, time, and the previous history of the cathode. Methods for obtaining useful cathodes will be described.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFmethodsofg.pdf

Palladium samples taken from the center section of a 2-mm diameter cylindrical heat-producing cathode and similar material from the original stock palladium rod adjacent to that used for the cathode have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis for trace element impurity differences. The focus was on all elements for which NAA is appropriate and sensitive. Although it is known that electrolysis deposits impurity metals on cathodic surfaces from the electrolyte (lithium deuteroxide in this case), this occurs only at the external surface of the rod. The samples were cut diametrally to minimize the surface relative to the bulk or interior portion of the cathode. Large increases in iron and zinc of a factor of 56 and 12 respectively were observed in the active cathode relative to the virgin material. Smaller but significant increases were observed for chromium, cobalt, and cesium. In addition, the Pd-110/Pd-108 ratios were determined. Preliminarily, it appears that Pd-108 was depleted in the active cathode relative to Pd-110 as compared with that ratio in the virgin material. Possible sources of these changes in addition to the conventional explanations are discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFtraceeleme.pdf

We write in response to two recent papers by Clarke and Clarke et al. The underlying assumption in the experiments described is that the D2O electrolysis induces reactions, reputed to produce 3 He, 4 He, and tritium, and occurs in the palladium black filled cavity within the Arata-style cathode. Much prior research on the Pons and Fleischmann style solid palladium cathodes has proven that the heat and helium producing reaction occurs on the surface of the palladium where the deuterium pallide cathode surface is exposed to the driving force of the electrolysis' electrical current. Identifying the location of the induced reaction is of critical importance to future research because detection of the nuclear ash (3He and 4He, usually) requires analysis pertinent to the true reaction location.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFcommentson.pdf

INTRODUCTION Our interest in the "cold fusion" process [1,2] was piqued by the apparent lack of systematic investigation into the composition of the gaseous products produced during the electrolysis of D2O. A critical issue in determining whether or not the cold fusion process exists is the quality of the evidence concerning the composition of the gaseous products. The low intensity of neutrons has prompted proposals of other fusion processes such as d + d → 4He + γ [3] and p + d → 3He [4,5]. Accord­ingly, we report the results of experiments designed to detect helium in the effluent gases from electrolysis reactions at palladium cathodes while rigorously excluding possible helium contamination from other sources. The calorimetric electrolysis experiments reported here were performed at China Lake, and the analyses designed to establish the composition of the effluent gases were performed in Austin.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushBFheliumprod.pdf

590. Bush, R.T. A Transmission resonance Model for Cold Fusion. in Winter Annual Meeting of Am. Soc. Mechan. Eng. 1989. San Francisco.

591. Bush, R.T. Isotopic Mass Shifts in Cathodically-Driven Palladium Via Neutron Transfer Suggested by the Transmission Resonance Model to Explicate Enhanced Fusion Phenomena (Hot and Cold) Within a Deuterared Metrix. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Abstract: The transmission resonance model previously presented by the author [3] to explicate cold fusion phenomena is now extended to treat the full range of enhanced fusion phenomena, from "hot" to "cold", within a deuterated matrix. Such seemingly disparate effects as low-level neutron emission, tritium production, the Pons-Fleischmann effect ( i.e. ,excess heat production in electrolytic cold fusion) [1],[2], and "cluster-impact" fusion (i.e., hot fusion within a lattice), may share a commonality as enhanced fusion phenomena resulting from the resonant transmission of de Broglie waves within a deuterated matrix . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=232

593. Bush, R.T. The TRM (Transmission Resonance Model) for Cold Fusion Fits Calorimetric Data on the Pons-Fleischmann Effect and Suggests Solutions to Nuclear "Anomalies". in 8th World Hydrogen Energy Conf. 1990. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 246, Honolulu, HI 96822.

594. Bush, R.T., Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios. Fusion Technol., 1991. 19: p. 313.

The transmission resonance model (TRM) is combined with some electrochemistry of the cathode surface and found to provide a good fit to new data on excess heat. For the first time, a model for cold fusion not only fits calorimetric data but also predicts optimal trigger points. This suggests that the model is meaningful and that the excess heat phenomenon claimed by Fleischmann and Pons is genuine. A crucial role is suggested for the overpotential and, in particular, for the concentration overpotential, i.e., the hydrogen overvoltage. Self-similar geometry, or scale invariance, i.e., a fractal nature, is revealed by the relative excess power function. Heat bursts are predicted with a scale invariance in time, suggesting a possible link between the TRM and chaos theory. The model describes a near-surface phenomenon with an estimated excess power yield of -1 kW/cm3 Pd, as compared to 50 W/cm3 of reactor core for a good fission reactor. Transmission resonance-induced nuclear transmutation, a new type of nuclear reaction, is strongly suggested with two types emphasized: transmission resonance-induced neutron transfer reactions yielding essentially the same end result as Teller's hypothesized catalytic neutron transfer and a three-body reaction promoted by standing de Broglie waves. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushRTcoldfusion.pdf

596. Bush, R.T., Is It Possible That Anomalies Associated with the Excess Heat Effect Were Observed in the 1950's?: The Transmission Resonance Model (TRM) Answers Affirmatively. 1993.

597. Bush, R.T. Evidence for an electrolytically induced shift in the abundance ratio of Sr-88 and Sr-86. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

598. Bush, R.T. An Interpretation of the Piantelli Effect Based Upon the LANT Hypothesis and ECFM Model for Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

599. Bush, R.T., A Unifying Model for Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 431.

600. Bush, R.T. The Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model (ECFM) Reconsidered with Special Emphasis Upon the Production of Tritium and Neutrons. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

The author's ECFM ("Electron Catalyzed Fusion Model") first presented at the ICCF-4 is re-examined with special reference to the production of tritium and neutrons. The model is of some interest in that it is the first model to fit excess power-vs-Ioading fraction data of McKubre et al. (SRI Intemational/EPRI) and, independently, that of Kunimatsu et al. (IMRA). Of special note is that the peak of the theoretical curve of tritium production versus loading fraction, which is related to that for neutrons by a branching ratio scaling factor, is found to be at a fractional DlPd loading of approximately 0.825, whlch is in go.od agreement with the empirical value of 0.83 announced at the ICCF-5 by Iwamura et al.(Mitsuoishi) for both tritlUm and neutrons. It is of interest then that this theoretical ECFM tritium production curve arises essentially from purely statistical mechanical considerations involving the deuteron occupation of the three-dimensional interstitial lattice, rather than arising from the details of a specific nuclear mechanism. The model shows why tritium is ordinarily not observed when excess heat is being observed. For the neutron-to-triton branching ratio a theoretical lower limit (r/R)^12 results (r is the protonic charge radius and R is the deuteronic charge radius.) yielding a value of 2 x 10^-9 in agreement with the empirical value of 2 x 10^-9 for the neutron-to-triton branching ratio.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=142

A theoretica12 model describes impurity promotion and inhibition of the heavy water1 and light water3,4 excess heat effects of cold fusion based upon the infl uence on the magnetic properties of Pd and Ni, respectively, of al loying with different metal s. For Ni (light water case), promoters, in increasing order of efficiency, are predicted to be Cu, Zn, AI, and S n . Inhibitors, in increasing order of efficiency, are predicted to be Co, Fe, and M n . Ag, Au, and Cu are indicated as promoters in the case of Pd (heavy water case). Empirical evidence impacting the model will be presented in another paper (ref. 5) in these Proceedings.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=146

603. Bush, R.T., Electrolytically Stimulated Cold Nuclear Synthesis of Strontium from Rubidium. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(1): p. 28.

Two separate mass spectrometric analyses, SIMS and ICPMS of 1.0 amu discrimination with the latter preceded by an ion-exchange column separation of strontium and rubidium, performed by two independent laboratories on the pre-run and post-run cathode material from a light water based rubidium carbonate cell and a rubidium hydroxide cell provide strong evidence for the electrolytically induced transmutation of rubidium to strontium originally hypothesized by the author in connection with his CAF hypothesis ("Cold Alkali Fusion").

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushRTelectrolyt.pdf

605. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, A Cold Fusion Model that Matches Experimental Data. 21st Century Sci. & Technol., 1990. 3(3): p. 21, 62.

606. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, 'Cold nuclear fusion': A hypothetical model to probe an elusive phenomenon. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 397.

The natural tendency of identical bosons to clump in ordinary space is ascribed to a "symmetry force," whose action is equivalent to the effects of the wavefunction for a collection of degenerate bosons. The symmetry force is hypothesized to produce clusters of deuterons in the lattice for a high enough stoichiometric ratio of deuterons to Pd atoms and to catalyze tunneling to achieve cold fusion. A semiempirical power law is derived as a function of the number of deuterons, N, in a representative cluster: for large enough N the fusion products are He 4 plus heat, while for small clusters the fusion rate is much lower and the Oppenheimer-Phillips process favors the production of tritium over neutrons. Pulsed production of heat and neutrons is suggested. Finally, three additional roles in physics for the symmetry force are hypothesized.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushRTcoldnuclea.pdf

608. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Experimental Studies Supporting the Transmission Resonance Model for Cold Fusion in Light Water: I. Correlation of Isotopic and Elemental Evidence with Excess Heat. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

The experimental evidence cited here (Part I) in support of the Bush TRM Model was originally reported by Bush in his paper, "A Light Water Excess Heat Reaction Suggests That 'Cold Fusion' May Be 'Alkali-Hydrogen Fusion.'" Excess heat production in electrolytic light water experiments was experimentally correlated with a shift not only in elemental abundance but also with an isotopic reversal in the case of a light water-based RbzCD3 cell found to produce strontium. Part II reports on more recent work correlating x-ray emissions with excess power for both a heavy water excess heat reaction and a light water excess heat reaction.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=145

ABSTRACT: Part I presented evidence in support of Bush's TRM Model and, in particular, his hypothesis of "alkali-hydrogen fusion" in a lattice as a prototype for cold fusion with both light and heavy water. In Part II preliminary evidence is presented for x-ray emission accompanying both the heavy and light water excess heat effects in the form of both characteristic x-rays and bremmstrahlung. These studies had the unsatisfactory feature of low signal-to-noise, but the satisfactory features of reasonable statistics and excellent correlation. An interesting feature was that x-ray emission decreased somewhat after a cell was switched off, but then spiked upward to decay exponentially to the background level over a period of days. This emission was apparently associated with the desorption of hydrogen from the cathode. With the cell turned off it was also possible to study xray emission accompanying the thermal desorption of hydrogen by changing the cell temperature and studying x-ray emission as a function of cathode surface temperature. When this effect of x-rays accompanying desorption was factored in, Bush's TRM Model appears to account for the correlation between x-ray emission and excess power.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=149

611. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton. Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells With Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

612. Bush, R.T. and R.D. Eagleton, Evidence for Electrolytically Induced Transmutation and Radioactivity Correlated with Excess Heat in Electrolytic Cells with Light Water Rubidium Salt Electrolytes. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 334.

613. Bushnell, D. LENR and NASA (PowerPoint slides). in International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Symposium, ILENRS-12. 2012. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185.

Outline * What * Status * Why * Plans

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushnellDlenrandnas.pdf

Please Note: A section in this document on cold fusion begins on page 13. Introduction Space faring, including space exploration, commercialization, and colonization, requires serious levels of power and energy. It is required for in-space and on-body propulsion, habitats and transportation, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), manufacturing, life support, robotics, satellites, sensors, and construction. The current power and energy sources being applied and under development include solar energy, chemical fuels, radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) nuclear batteries, and fission nuclear reactors. There are problems with each of these including reductions in solar intensity farther from the Sun and due to dust, ISRU resource processing requirements, storage, transfer of chemical fuels and the weight, energy density, and safety of the current nuclear approaches [ref. 1]. Alternative energy sources could reduce cost and weight and improve safety, efficiency, and functionality. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BushnellDfrontierso.pdf

616. Bushuev, V.S., et al., Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis (in Russian). Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep., 1990(5): p. 57.

617. Bushuev, V.S., et al., Experiments in the recording of nuclear emissions by electrolysis of heavy water. Trud. Ord. Lenin. Ord. Oktyab. Revol. Fiz. Inst. im. P.N. Lebedeva, Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1992. 220: p. 89 (in Russian).

618. Bussard, R.W., Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 231.

619. Butler, M.A., et al., High-sensitivity search for neutrons during electrochemical reactions. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 388.

620. Buxerolle, M. and J. Kurkdjian, An Historical Experiment of Neutron Detection Near an Electrolytic Cell. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2016. 21: p. 7-12.

An electrolysis experiment performed in April 1989, with a hollow palladium cathode in heavy water showed neutrons production. The results were sufficiently reliable to exclude any experimental error. Unfortunately a similar experiment has never been attempted since then. The presence of neutrons is the signature of nuclear reactions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedt.pdf#page=12

622. Byung, J.H., Cold nuclear fusion. Hwahak Kwa Kongop Ui Chinbo, 1990. 30: p. 86 (in Korean).

623. Cage, K., Memorandum: Cold Fusion Applications. 1989, U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark office: Washington, DC.

Although the media attention relating to cold fusion has dimishecl, we are Just now beginning to see a large number of applications relating to this subjects Although we are attempting to identify an of these applications in the pre-examination screening process, there is a possibility that a few applications may slip through without being identified. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CageKmemorandum.pdf

Investigations to analyze the cathodic loading of hydrogen and deuterium in palladium thin-films, using a Fleischmann-Pons (Fleischmann/1989, Fleischmann/1990) type open cell system, have demonstrated the production of significant thermal power using an electrolyte of concentrated lithium hydroxide in heavy water. Power levels exceeding 200 watts over a 20 hour period have been observed, although this large thermal response was obtained in only 4 out of 16 experiment runs, each using a new Pd cathode and electrolyte solution. In most cases, thermal power began after loading the Pd films followed by temperature cycling of the cell from room temperature to near 60 °C. However one run showed a large thermal output without electrolytic loading of the cathode, indicating the possibility of a catalyzed chemical reaction between the electrolyte, the Pd cathode and Pt anode, and the air cover over the cell. Indeed all power producing runs were accompanied by a precipitated formation oflithium carbonate, indicating a strong coupling of the reaction with CO2 in the air.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=43

An attempt is made to build an LENR theory that does not contradict any basic principle of physics and gives a relatively simple explanation to the plethora of experimental results. A single unconventional assumption is made, namely that nuclei are kept together by a magnetic attraction mechanism, as proposed in the 1980s of the past century by Valerio Dallacasa and Norman Cook. This assumption contradicts a non-proven detail of the standard model, which instead attributes the nuclear force to a residual effect of the strong interaction. The theory is based also on a property of the electron which has been known for long, but has rarely been used: the Zitterbewegung (ZB). This property should allow the magnetic attraction mechanism that binds nucleons together, to manifest also between the electron and any isotope of hydrogen, leading to the formation of three neutral pseudo-particles (the component particles remain separate entities), collectively named here Hydronions (or Hyd). These pseudo-particles can then couple with other nuclei and lead to a fusion reaction "inside" the electron. The Coulomb barrier is not overcome kinetically, but through what could be interpreted as a range extension of the nuclear force itself, realized by the electron when some specific conditions are satisfied. The most important of these necessary conditions is that the electron has to "orbit" the hydrogen nucleus at a frequency of 2.055 x 1016Hz. This frequency corresponds to photons with an energy of about 85 eV or equivalently a wavelength of 14.6 nm in the Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV). So the large quanta of nuclear energy fractionate into EUV photons during the formation of the Hydronions and during the coupling of Hydronions to other nuclei. The formation of Hydronions requires the so called Nuclear Active Environment (NAE), which is what makes LENR so rare and difficult to reproduce. The numbers suggest that the NAE forms when an unshielded atomic core electron orbital that has an "orbital frequency" near to the coupling frequency is stricken by a naked Hydrogen Nucleus (HNu). This theory therefore implies that the NAE is not inside the metal matrix, but in its immediate neighbourhood. The best candidate atoms for a NAE are listed, based on the energy of their ionization energies. The coincidence with the most common LENR materials appears noteworthy. The Electron Mediated Nuclear Reactions (EMNR) theory can explain also very rapid runaway conditions, radio emissions, biological NAE, and the so called "strange radiation".

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=25

627. Cammarota, G., et al. A flow calorimeter study of the Ni/H system. in Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 1997.

This paper documents the continuing calorimetric study of the nickel natural hydrogen system at Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bologna, Italy. Our previous unpublished work had already verified anomalous increase in temperature of a nickel sample loaded with sub-atmospheric hydrogen first noted by Piantelli and co-workers. To ensure that such temperature anomalies were not the result of changes in heat transmission, it was decided to investigate the system using a flow calorimeter.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CammarotaGaflowcalor.pdf

629. Campari, E.G., et al. Photon and particle emission, heat production and surface transformation in Ni-H system. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

The results obtained in several experiments on Ni-H system are presented here. Photon emission during the preliminary phases of activation and 1H isotope absorption are shown; their correlation with the kind of surfaces (Ni and its alloys) and with neutron and other particle emission in the excitation progress and in large heat production is also presented. Finally the SEM-EDAX analysis of the sample surfaces after same months of heat production is shown; new elements (not present in the initial analysis) appeared. The concentrations of these elements with atomic number between C and Zn, is compared to the unmodified parts of same samples that remained inside the cell, outside of the activated region.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CampariEGphotonandp.pdf

631. Campari, E.G., et al. Surface Analysis of hydrogen loaded nickel alloys. in Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2004. Marseille, France.

We present a surface analysis of nickel alloy rods loaded with hydrogen. By comparing these with a blank (unused) metal rod, morphological differences and a different composition of the surface are observed. These surface modifications follow a spatial distribution along the rod. These results are compared with a previous analysis of similar samples.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CampariEGsurfaceana.pdf

This is an overview of our experimental activity during the last twelve years. We have been studying the Ni-H system at temperatures of about 700 K. Our investigations have revealed several interesting effects: a) energy production for long time b) neutron emission c) gamma-ray emission d) charged particles emission e) appearance of elements other than Ni on the surfaces of Ni samples. These experiments were performed in several laboratories: the greatest part in Siena but also in Bologna, Colleferro and Pavia. A new laboratory in Colle Val d’Elsa (Siena) will become operative in the summer 2004.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CampariEGoverviewof.pdf

634. Campbell, R.B. and L.J. Perkins, A study of 'cold fusion' in deuterated titanium subjected to high-current densities. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: p. 383.

635. Caneve, L. Characterization of materials by means of laser-based techniques. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Laser-based techniques are more and more used in the field of materials processing and analysis. In particular, laser spectroscopic techniques as the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) have been applied to investigate the chemical-physical properties and the morphological structure of several kinds of materials. Some results in different fields of application are reported.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=214

Laser-based techniques are more and more used in the field of materials processing and analysis. In particular, laser spectroscopic techniques as the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) have been applied to investigate the chemical-physical properties and the morphological structure of several kinds of materials. Some results in different fields of application are reported.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CaneveLcharacteri.pdf

638. Cantwell, R. Update on results as Coolescence, LLC (PowerPoint slides). in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Sicily, Italy.

Update on results at Coolescence, Inc., in calorimetry, glow discharge and gas flow initiated LENR.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRupdateonre.pdf

Claytor tritium since early 90’s: High current, high pressure. This work in this pressure/current/voltage regime Karabut variety of effects since ‘92: Low pressure, lower current. Reference only - this work does not attempt to replicate Karabut.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRsearchfore.pdf

The Storms/Scanlan paper1 presented at the 8th international workshop in Catania described two types of radiation produced in a deuterium glow discharge. One type was thought to be mono energetic electrons in the 0.8 MeV range. A second type of emission, obtained when oxygen was added to the D2, was also described by Storms/Scanlan. We have produced radiation with similar characteristics to this second type of emission. This radiation has been characterized with GM tubes, absorbers, silicon diode detector, and magnetic deflection. We propose that conventional low energy x-rays would produce behavior consistent with our observations.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRpartialrep.pdf

We have attempted to replicate Pd-D Co-Deposition charged particle results reported by Mosier-Boss et al. CR-39 pits similar to those reported by Mosier-Boss et al. were found using both in-situ CR-39 and Mylar-protected CR-39. However, CR-39 protected by a combination of Mylar and a small air gap did not show any pits. The electrolyte, as its chemistry changes during the electrolysis, is shown to damage the acrylic cell containing the experiment and to damage an aluminum foil separated from the electrolyte by a Mylar film. This damage together with the absence of pits when a small air gap is added to the Mylar protection suggests chemical reactions may be the source of the observed CR-39 pits.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CantwellRsearchforc.pdf

643. Caravella, A., G. Barbieri, and E. Drioli. Concentration polarization in Pd-based membranes for hydrogen separation: modeling and simulation. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

In this study, a new hydrogen permeation model through Pd-based membranes is developed and used to analyze the role of the concentration polarization. According to this new model, the entire hydrogen permeation process is divided into several elementary steps: multicomponent mass transport in the feed and permeate side, adsorption and desorption on/from the membrane surface, absorption and de-absorption into/from the metal lattice, diffusion through the Pd-based bulk and multicomponent mass transport through an asymmetric multilayered porous support. Each of these steps is modeled by means of some equations whose solution provides as result the value of transmembrane flux and the hydrogen partial pressure profile through the membrane. The influence of each step is evaluated as a function of several operating conditions (membrane thickness, temperature, fluid-dynamic conditions, hydrogen partial pressure on feed and permeate side). The effect of the mass transfer in the feed and permeate side is evaluated in terms of concentration polarization effect by defining an opportune coefficient and analyzing its behaviour in different conditions. As results, the investigation shows that the influence of the polarization can be appreciable even for not so thin membranes and provides some "polarization maps", which are diagrams where the polarization level (in terms of CPC) can be directly visualized and simply estimated once knowing the external operating conditions. Hence, these maps can be very useful in order to predict better the membrane performances and, consequently, reduce the uncertainness during the design step of the membrane modules.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=198

In two previous papers, we described the equipment and the results of an experiment in which nuclear reactions occurred in a mole of mercury, in a condition of Local Lorentz Invariance breakdown. The elemental analyses performed after the experiment showed the presence of elements which were not part of the setup before the treatment. However, some of the detected elements were not reported in the results as they needed further analysis. In this final paper, all the elements detected in the above-mentioned experiment are presented along with their concentration measured in the analysed samples. Of particular interest is the presence of some rare earth elements among them.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf#page=7

We report the results of neutron measurements carried out during the application of ultrasounds to bars of iron and Steel. Like in our previous similar works with cavitated solutions of iron, neutrons were emitted in bursts and the spectrum of this peculiar emission was measured for the first time. A further and very interesting outcome of these experiments was the unexpected appearance of circular, macroscopical and regular damages on the lateral surface of the bars which was not directly in contact with the sonotrode. The superficial elemental micro-analysis on these spots showed some interesting and macroscopic departures of the concentration of chemical elements from that of the undamaged surface, which may suggest that, along with the emission of neutrons, some transmutations occurred as well.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=204

647. Carpenter, J.M., Cold fusion: what's going on? Nature (London), 1989. 338: p. 711.

648. Carpinteri, A., et al., TeraHertz Vibrations and Phono-Fission Reactions from Crushing of Iron-rich Natural Rocks. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2023. 37: p. 84-97.

Brittle crushing of iron-rich natural rocks was demonstrated to produce neutron emission, sometimes orders of magnitude larger than the environmental background. Chemical composition changes and a global ponderal equivalence, respecting atomic weight and atomic number balances, were observed. Phonons and plasmons induced by brittle crushing, if suf?ciently energetic and resonant with the atomic lattice, may split the nucleus into different fragments and neutrons. It is relevant to emphasize how the earth’s crust evolution from basaltic to sialic can be consistently explained by these experimental data and theoretical assumptions when applied to tectonics.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzj.pdf#page=87

In the last few decades, several scienti?c papers have reported experimental evidence of anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in condensed matter during electrolytic phenomena or mechanical instabilities such as fracture (in solids) and cavitation (in liquids). Despite the numerous research activities carried out in the ?eld of so-called "Cold Nuclear Fusion", this phenomenon remains today not fully understood. In recent contributions by the authors, the formation of cracks on the surface of the electrodes used during electrolysis tests, together with chemical composition variations and anomalous sub-atomic particle emissions, were described. A mechanical interpretation of the experimental evidence can be based on low-energy phono-?ssion reactions, which are a conse-quence of hydrogen embrittlement, microcracking, and THz vibrations. In the present paper, the repeatable results of different laboratory testing programs obtained by means of Pd and Ni are discussed. Preliminary short notes about the energy balance close the paper.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzj.pdf#page=71

Several evidences of anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in condensed matter have been observed in the phenomena of electrolysis, fracture (solids), and cavitation (liquids). Despite the great amount of experimental results coming from the so-called Cold Nuclear Fusion and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions research activities, the comprehension of these phenomena still remains unanswered. On the other hand, as reported by most of the articles devoted to Cold Nuclear Fusion, one of the principal features is the appearance of micro-cracks on the electrode surfaces after the experiments. In the present paper, a mechanical explanation is proposed considering a new kind of nuclear reactions, the piezonuclear fissions, which are a consequence of hydrogen embrittlement of the electrodes during electrolysis. The experimental activity was conducted using a Ni–Fe anode and a Co–Cr cathode immersed in a potassium carbonate solution. Emissions of neutrons and alpha particles were measured during the experiments and the electrode compositions were analyzed both before and after the electrolysis, recognizing the effects of piezonuclear fissions occurring in the host lattices. The symmetrical fission of Ni appears to be the main and most evident feature. Such reaction would produce two Si atoms or two Mg atoms with additional fragments as alpha particles.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=169

Neutron emission measurements by means of 3He neutron detectors were performed on solid test specimens during crushing failure. The tests were carried out at the Laboratory of Fracture Mechanics of the Politecnico di Torino. The materials used were marble and granite, selected in that they present a different behaviour in compression failure (i.e., a different brittleness index) and a different iron content. All the test specimens were of the same size and shape. Neutron emissions from the granite test specimens were found to be of about one order of magnitude higher than the natural background level at the time of failure. These neutron emissions should be caused by nucleolysis or piezonuclear "fissions" that occurred in the granite, but did not occur in the marble: Fe 2Al14 2 neutrons. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=68

Neutron emission measurements by means of helium-3 neutron detectors were performed on solid test specimens during crushing failure. The materials used were marble and granite, selected in that they present a different behaviour in compression failure (i.e., a different brittleness index) and a different iron content. All the test specimens were of the same size and shape. Neutron emissions from the granite test specimens were found to be about one order of magnitude larger than the natural background level at the time of failure. These neutron emissions were caused by piezonuclear reactions that occurred in the granite, but did not occur in the marble.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Carpinteripiezonucle.pdf

Recent experiments conducted on natural rocks subjected to different mechanical loading conditions have shown energy emissions in the form of neutrons and anomalous chemical changes. In the present study, a numerical model is used to simulate the anomalous nuclear products according to the fission interpretation. Specifically, the reactions were simulated by means of a nuclear lattice model assuming that nucleons are ordered in an antiferromagnetic face-centered-cubic (fcc) array. The simulations indicate that small and middle-sized nuclei can be fractured along weakly bound planes of the lattice structure. It is argued that the simulations provide theoretical support for the experimentally-observed reactions and, moreover, that the probabilities calculated for various low-energy fissions can be used to explain the stepwise changes in the element abundances of the Earth’s crust, evolved from basaltic to sialic composition over geological time.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedn.pdf#page=156

655. Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladium/Platinum Alloys. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 363.

656. Carson, A.W., T.B. Flanagan, and F.A. Lewis, Proton Transfer Between Pd/H and Pd/Pt/H Electrodes. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1960. 56: p. 1324.

657. Carstens, D.H.W., An Apparatus for Studies of Hydrogen Isotope Exchange over Metals Using Laser-Raman Spectroscopy. 1990: Los Alamos.

658. Carstens, D.H.W. and W.R. David, Equilibrium Measurements in the Beta Region of Palladium Protide and Palladium Deuteride. 1989: Los Alamos.

659. Carstens, D.H.W. and W.R. David, Equilibrium pressure measurements in the beta region of palladium protide and palladium deuteride. 1989: United States.

660. Case, L.C., The reality of 'cold fusion'. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 478.

661. Case, L.C. Catalytic Fusion of Deuterium into Helium-4. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Long empirical study has defined one specific set of experimental conditions under which D2 reproducibly undergoes nuclear fusion under mild laboratory conditions. Gaseous D2 is contacted with a supported metallic catalyst at superatmospheric pressure, and about 130-300° C. The catalyst is a platinum-group metal, at about 1/2% to 1% by weight, on activated carbon. Pd, Pt, Ir and Rh all work, and Ru has not been carefully studied yet. (Pd is preferred). This type of PGM on activated carbon is one of the standard hetero­geneous catalysts employed in the chemical industry, but the useful range of PGM content is much narrower than is known to be generally useful. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CaseLCcatalyticf.pdf

663. Case, M. and R. Boehm. Assessment of thermal energy output from electrochemical cells - a critical review. in HDT (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.) 151 (Heat Transfer Adv. Energy Syst.). 1990.

664. Castagna, E., et al. Interaction of the Electromagnetic Radiation with the Surface of Palladium Hydride Cathodes. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

The change of the electronic density of metallic Pd due to the hydride formation and to the build-up of the double layer, rising at the metal-dielectric interface when an electric field is applied, is involved in the variation of the metal dielectric function. A model including also metal surface roughness has been developed to take into account such modifications.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=188

The change of the electronic density of metallic Pd due to the hydride formation and to the build-up of the double layer, rising at the metal-dielectric interface when an electric field is  applied, is involved in the variation of the metal dielectric function. A model including also metal surface roughness has been developed to take into account such modifications.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CastagnaEinteractio.pdf

The reproducibility of anomalous excess heat production during electro-chemical deuterium permeation of Pd cathodes has been recently observed1 to be strongly correlated with the palladium surface properties (easy loading at low current, crystal grain distribution, crystallographic orientation, and surface morphology). The understanding of the physical mechanism that is responsible for such observed correlation is very challenging and it is complicated further by the fact that the different features are not, in principle, independent each from the other. In this work, the experimental results concerning the correlation of the excess heat production with the cathode surface properties are reviewed and some possible connections of the observed effects with the deuterium kinetics inside the palladium and the electromagnetic interactions at the metal/electrolyte interface are discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedg.pdf#page=55

A systematic approach has been followed in the production and characterization of Pd foils to be used in excess heat production experiments. Starting with a metal foil as supplied, palladium samples have been fabricated and characterized in a step by step process, and then subjected to electrolysis deuterium loading. The characterized metallurgical properties include the main grain size, the grain boundary, the material Vickers hardness, and the crystal grain orientation. Electrochemical properties that are recorded include the D/Pd loading ratio and the D/Pd low current loading ratio. A suitable correlation parameter has been defined and correlations have been found between excess heat production and individual properties; i.e. the mean grain size, grain boundary, material hardness, crystal grain orientation, deuterium loading and low-current deuterium loading level.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CastagnaEmetallurgi.pdf

669. Castano, C.H., et al. In-Situ Charactorization of Sputtered Pd Thin-Films Undergoing Electrolysis. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

670. Castano, C.H., et al. Calorimetric Measurements During Pd-Ni Thin Film-cathodes Electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O Solution. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

A sensitive open-type calorimeter was used to measure excess heat production during electrolysis in Li2SO4/H2O solution with Pt-anode and Pd-Ni thin film cathodes 9000 Å thick, sputtered on Al2O3 substrate. In order to estimate the actual performance and possible measurement errors during electrolysis in the calorimeter used, including heat convection, bubbling and possible H2+O2 recombination, smooth Pt sheets were used as cathodes in special reference runs. It is shown that the Alumina/ Pd-Ni sample that survived during electrolysis achieved excess heat production of 20-25% of the input power (equivalent to 300 ± 30 mW).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CastanoCHcalorimetr.pdf

672. Castellano, et al. Nuclear Transmutation in Deutered Pd Films Irradiated by an UV Laser. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT Nuclear transmutation results in palladium films loaded with deuterium gas and processed by an excimer laser are reported. Vacuum evaporation was utilised to obtain palladium films on Si wafers. The films were inserted in chambers with deuterium gas at a variable pressure up to 5 bar. During the UV laser processing the maximum irradiating energy density was lower than 50 mJ/cm in order to avoid the ablation of the palladium films. The samples were analysed by a scanning electron microscope and an electron probe microanalyzer. After the experiments, we found that the Pd films was modified. They presented many cracks and bubbles with very sharp edges. In the bubbles the transmutation of elements was observed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Castellanonucleartra.pdf

674. Cau, A., Natural nuclear synthesis of superheavy elements (SHE). J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): p. 155.

675. CBS, 60 Minutes, Cold Fusion is Hot Again. 2009.

676. Cecil, F.E., D.M. Cole, and F.J. Wilkinson, Measurement and Application of DDg, DTg and D3Heg Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 1985. 10/11: p. 411.

677. Cecil, F.E., et al., Measurement and Application of DD-gamma, DT-gamma and D He -gamma Reactions at Low Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1985. 10-11: p. 411.

678. Cecil, F.E., et al., Study of energetic charged particles emitted from thin deuterated palladium foils subject to high current densities. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 195.

679. Cecil, F.E. and G.M. Hale. Measurement of D-D and D-6Li Nuclear Reactions at Very Low Energies. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

The nuclear reactions of very low energy deuterons (down to center-of-mass energies of 2 keV) with deuterons and 6Li have been measured. The measured D-D reactions are in good with agreement recent R-matrix calculations. The reaction ratios D(d,p)T/D(d,n)3He and 6Li(d,p)7Li/6Li(d,α)4He in particular were examined for possible evidence of an Oppenheimer-Phillips type enhancement. No significant enhancement was found in either ratio or in the absolute yields of the reactions. The radiative capture reactions D(d,γ)4He and 6Li(d,γ)8Be were likewise measured. The branching ratios of these radiative capture reactions to the nucleonic branches of the reactions appear roughly independent of energy. The role of these reactions in the production of heat in cold-fusion experiments is evaluated.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CecilFEmeasuremenb.pdf

681. Cecil, F.E., H. Liu, and C.S. Galovich. Energetic Charged Particles from Deuterium Metal Systems. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: LENR-CANR.org.

We report on measurements made a number of years ago of energetic charged particles which were emitted from deuterium metal systems subject to non-equilibrium conditions of temperatures and electric currents. These measurements include (i) thin Titanium foils deuterated at moderately high temperatures in a deuterium atmosphere and then monitored as they were cycled from LN2 to room temperatures; (ii) charged particle detection of Ti foils exposed to a deuterium glow discharge; and (iii) observation of charged particles from Ti foils following bombardment with energetic deuterium ions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CecilFEenergeticc.pdf

683. Cedzynska, K., et al. Tritium Analysis in Palladium With an Open System Analytical Procedure. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

684. Cedzynska, K., et al., Tritium analysis in palladium with an open system analytical procedure. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 108.

685. Cedzynska, K. and F.G. Will, Closed-system analysis of tritium in palladium (includes manuscript). Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: p. 156.

A closed-system procedure for the analysis of tritium in palladium has been developed that has a sensitivity and accuracy of 5 x 10^7 tritium atoms, corresponding to one tritium atom per 10^13 palladium atoms for a typical 0.1-g palladium sample. The technique involves palladium dissolution in acid, distillation of the tritiated water, and catalytic oxidation of tritium gas to tritiated water, followed by liquid scintillation counting. This technique is not subject to false tritium findings from a variety of chemical factors or environmental influences that may affect the results of opensystem analytical procedures. The closed-system procedure has been applied to nearly 100 as-manufactured palladium wire samples of various lots and sizes from two different sources. None of these samples show any tritium contamination within the detection limit of 5 x 10^7 tritium atoms. By comparison, others, employing an open-system procedure, have reported tritium contamination in as-manufactured palladium 10 000 times larger than the values obtained by this closed system method.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CedzynskaKclosedsyst.pdf

687. Celani, F. Toward the use of nanoparticles for stable excess heat in Pd-D system: progress report at INFN-LNF. in 7th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium loaded Metals. 2006. Asti, Italy: iscmns.org.

Since 2003, we suspected and later get evidence that nanostructures (or fractals) at the surface of  Pd make a key role in obtaining anomalous effects in Pd-D system, both of nuclear (like transmutations) and/or thermal origin. We presented several papers, at JCF, Asti and ICCF Conferences which aim was to explore the role of nanometric Palladium. We developed a (complex) procedure to oxidise-produce fractals/holes at Pd wire surface, during electrolysis. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFtowardtheu.pdf

We give the procedure and the results of experiments performed with a standard "Cincinnati Group Cell", aimed to observe possible "transmutation" of Th in other elements via an AC electrolytic process. Three techniques have been used to avoid bias due to spurious effects: uradiometry, ICPIMS and ICP/optical, looking at difference between initial and final solution and between blank (no Th) and black (with Th) processed solutions. We found deficit of Th after process and new elements produced. The results are still not conclusive on transmutation and we discuss arguments in favour and against the transmutation hypothesis. We clarify the critical points of the measurement techniques, adding some suggestions to improve the reliability of results in future measurements.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=56

We presents some improvements on the reactor presented at ICCF14 (Washington DC, August 2008): use of long-thin Pd wires with nano-coated surfaces by multi-layers of several elements, loading with D2 at pressure <10 bar; wires temperatures >500°C; Stainless Steel (SS) reactor wall temperature <100°C; current density along Pd up to 45 kA/cm2; voltage drop along the Pd wire up to 70 V. Mainly, the Pd wire temperature was increased up to 750°C and was improved the temperature detection of anomalous excess heat, if any, using a SS shielded type-K thermocouple: it was put inside a small Cu tube, used as thermal equalizer, where, at the outer surface, both the "active" Pd wire and the "reference" Pt were twisted. The overall results were in agreement with that obtained in 2008 experiments and they confirm the positive effect of high temperatures in increasing the amount of anomalous energy gain. In both the experiments the fast and simple isoperibolic calorimetry was used. Main gas adopted were: He and He (60%)-Ar(40%) mixture, both for calibration purposes; D2 and D2(60%)-Ar(40%) as potentially active gas.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensede.pdf#page=33

691. Celani, F., A.O. Di Tommaso, and G. Vassallo, The Zitterbewegung Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics as Theoretical Framework for Ultra-dense Deuterium and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2017. 24: p. 32-41.

This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam’s razor to the Maxwell’s equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple and intuitive concepts, the origin of the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of mass and inertia. The Zitterbewegung model of the electron is also proposed as the best suited theoretical framework to study the structure of Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD), the origin of anomalous heat in metal–hydrogen systems and the possibility of existence of "super-chemical" aggregates at Compton scale.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=44

This presentation summarizes the work that followed the previous ANV11 Workshop. The "goal" of these workshops is having exchanges the attending Researchers who are invited to submit questions for 10 days after the date of the presentation. This interchange with peers is used to improve the notes and the presentation material that are made available soon afterward. This his presentation concerns the improvement of the procedures used to estimate the magnitude of the thermal anomalies. In particular, we report an evaluation of the «anomalous heat excess» (AHE), at varying input power, made by an improved "thermometry", a technique that despite its limitations, allows to perform fast measurements. Thus, particularly useful for the initial screening of controlling parameters. We briefly discuss this calorimetric procedure which requires calibration runs at the beginning of the experiments, and before introducing active gases (H2, D2). To prevent and check the absence of the well-known artifacts that may affect this technique, we also perform measurements in gases featuring different thermal conductivity (such as Argon and Helium) or at low pressure (where the thermal conductivity of the gas phase reaches its minimum). After the calibrations, and accuracy testing with Helium, Argon, or vacuum, we discuss the outcome of experiments where the constantan wires are heated with alternating currents (AC) of different waveform or shape. In the specific, we report the investigation of unipolar type alternating currents. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFanupdateon.pdf

OUTLINE A) Short resume of key motivations to make knots with Constantan (Cu55Ni44Mn1) wires (long and thin), surface modified down to submicron dimensionality. Wires (initial diameter of 100 and 200 ?m) powered by proper amounts of current, to increases locally the temperature (up to 900°C), with related gradients of Hydrogen (or Deuterium) concentration. Mainly discussed at ICCF21 (Colorado State University; June 3-8 , 2018). . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFeffectsofs.pdf

Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE) have been observed in wires of Cu55Ni44Mn1 (Constantan) exposed to H2 and D2 in multiple experiments during the last eight years. Improvements in the magnitude and reproducibility of AHE, and improvements in wire preparation and reactor design were reported by the authors in the present and previous papers. The oxidation of the wires by pulses of electrical current in air creates a rough surface featuring a sub-micrometric texture that proves particularly effective at inducing thermal anomalies when temperature exceeds 400°C. This effect appears also to be increased substantially by deposing segments of the wire with a series of elements (such as Fe, Sr, Mn, K, via thermal decomposition of their nitrates applied from a water solution). Furthermore, an increase of AHE was observed after placing the treated wires inside a sheath made of borosilicate glass (B–Si–Ca; BSC), and even more after impregnating the sheath with the same elements used to coat the wires. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzc.pdf#page=30

This paper presents a summary and some deeper details about the experiments presented at the 22nd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF22). It reports on the experimental study of LENR phenomena in Constantan (Cu55Ni44Mn1) from its inception in 2011 to the most recent experiments. Using an empirical approach we identified the effect of surface modification of the Constantan wires with coatings comprised of elements that enhance the absorption behavior, and oxides with low work function for electron emission. We also explored certain geometrical arrangements of the wires such as knots and coils in order to induce local thermal gradients and predictable hot-spots. Moreover, the DC polarization of the wires by a counter-electrode proved to be a versatile approach to induce non-equilibrium conditions that are essential for Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE), especially when a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is produced. From the review of experiments summarized in this article, we obtain indications that the main parameter controlling the AHE is the flux of reactive species through the surface of the loaded material. As a consequence, all other external conditions of the reactor core (voltage–current, temperature, pressure, electric field stimulations, DC and/or AC external fields), can be seen as co-factors that enable a flux of active species through surfaces and in the bulk of the materials. Although most of the tests are in agreement with a possible flux model, some results still lack an interpretation, probably due to limits of the experimental setup.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzf.pdf#page=52

At National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Frascati National Laboratories (INFN-LNF)-Italy, studies about Cold Fusion started on March 26, 1989. We found, since the beginning, that non-equilibrium situations are key-factors to get any "anomalous effect" (thermal/nuclear): mostly, they are forced reactions, not spontaneous. The present abstract is: A) "updating" of what will be presented by us at ICCF24 (July, 24-28, 2022); B) upgrading about explanation of AHE origin; C) addition of the most recent results (if any). The document is on the line of efforts to find simple procedures to activate the specific material we developed (since 2011; based on surface-modified Constantan, shape of long-thin wires, Joule heating) that are able to produce measurable values of AHE after proper conditioning. The main origin of AHE seems reconfirmed, in agreement with the initial (some since 1989) results of Researchers in USA, Japan, Italy: the FLUX of Hydrogen (or Deuterium) through specific lattice structures seems to be the main origin of AHE.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFfurtherres.pdf

This article is an extension of what presented by our team at 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion, ICCF-17, in Daejon, Korea, in 2012 [1]. It documents the improvements on Constantan-related experiments, started in 2011, in order to study the feasibility of new Nickel based alloys that are able to absorb proper amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and/or Deuterium (D2) and that have, in principle, some possibility to generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100°C. The interest in Ni comes in part because there is the possibility to use also H2 instead of expensive D2. Moreover, cross-comparison of results using H2 instead of D2 can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (atomic, nuclear, super-chemical origin?) due to the use of such isotopes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFimprovedun.pdf

In the framework of studies devoted to detect thermal and/or nuclear anomalies during the  close interactions of H2 and/or D2 with Hydrogen-absorbing materials (e.g. Pd, Ni, Ti, Th, U, Fe, rare-earths, pure and their alloys), since March 2011, we made several experiments with a specific commercial alloy (ISOTAN 44  from Isabellenhutte, Germany) with nominal composition: Cu55-Ni44-Mn1.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFexperiment.pdf

This study shows in detail how even a low cost material, like commercial Cu-Ni-Mn alloy (named Konstantan or ISOTAN 44), as far its surface is properly modified from the point of view of dimensionality, can be used as material able to produce anomalous heat effects due to close interaction with Hydrogen (or Deuterium, but at lower intensity) at high temperature. This work is supported by Enel Engineering and Innovation SpA, Via Andrea Pisano 120, 56122, Pisa (Italy), ORIM SpA, Via Concordia 65, 62100 Macerata (Italy) and Kresenn Ltd, 5a Frascati Way, SL6 4UY, Maidenhead (United Kingdom).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFexperimenta.pdf

Abstract -- Starting in February 2011, we studied the feasibility of new Nickel based alloys that are able to absorb proper amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and/or Deuterium D2) and that have, in principle, some possibility to generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100°C. The interest in Ni comes in part because there is the possibility to use H2 instead of expensive D2. Reports by F. Piantelli (since 1992), G. Miley (about 1995), M. Patterson, F. Celani (since 2010) and, overall, claims by A. Rossi and (later on) by Defkalion Company, could be further investigated. Moreover, cross-comparison of results using Hydrogen instead of Deuterium can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (nuclear origin?) because use of such isotopes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFcunimnallo.pdf

Abstract -- Starting in February 2011, we studied the feasibility of new Nickel based alloys that are able to absorb proper amounts of Hydrogen (H2) and/or Deuterium D2) and that have, in principle, some possibility to generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100°C. The interest in Ni comes in part because there is the possibility to use H2 instead of expensive D2. Reports by F. Piantelli (since 1992), G. Miley (about 1995), M. Patterson, F. Celani (since 2010) and, overall, claims by A. Rossi and (later on) by Defkalion Company, could be further investigated. Moreover, cross-comparison of results using Hydrogen instead of Deuterium can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (nuclear origin?) because use of such isotopes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFcunimnalloa.pdf

1) Improved measurements on "Washington type" reactor (P<10bar; max wires temp. 500°C; reactor SS wall temperature <;40°C): main results of ICCF14 confirmed (i.e. anomalous excess power, stable over time, up to 400W/g Pd). 2) Experiments on HP (60bar)-HT (600°C) reactor wall are still in progress: experienced heavy problems coming out because degassing impurities (especially S, P) from SS (304, 316) used in the reactor wall. The scavenger effect of H2 (and D2) on SS makes the impurities problem quite difficult to be overcome. For such reasons we designed and build a new, multilayer (SS/Cu 3N), reactor that is now under the stage of final test.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFtowardsahi.pdf

There were improved measurements on our reactor presented at ICCF14 (2008): long-thin Pd wires with surfaces nano-coated by multi-layers of several elements, D2 at P<10bar; wires temp. <500°C; SS reactor wall temperature <100°C; longitudinal current density up to 45 kA/cm2 (voltage drop up to 70V); transversal electric field up to 700V/cm. Previous ICCF14 results confirmed: anomalous excess power, stable over time and power cycling, up to 400 W/g of Pd. Made a new experiment with D2-Ar mixture: demonstrated the role of high temperatures (into "nano" Pd-D) to enhance production of anomalous thermal effects. The combined effects of high concentration and mobility of D inside Pd seem the key points to get them: models based on High Temperature BEC Nuclear Fusion (Kim, Premuda) fits several of our experimental results. Experiments on the planned (new) High Pressure (60 bar) High Temperature (>600 °C) reactor wall are still in progress: experienced heavy problems coming out because degassing of impurities (specially S, P) from SS (304, 316) used in the reactor wall. The scavenger effect of H2 (and D2) on SS and other materials makes the impurities problem quite difficult to be overcome: designed and build a new, multiple layer wall (SS/Cu 3N), reactor that is now under the stage of final test.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceeding.pdf#page=126

Nell’ambito degli studi volti ad evidenziare eventuali anomalie di tipo termico (e/o nucleare) nei sistemi Metallo-Idrogeno (e/o Deuterio), studi che rientrano nella fenomenologia nota (dal 2002) con la sigla CMNS (Condensed Matter Nuclear Science), è divenuta sempre più palese l’importanza che ricoprono sistemi nanostrutturati per poter ottenere, in opportune condizioni di temperatura e pressione, fenomeni anomali riconducibili a processi NON di origine chimica e fisica convenzionale.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFsviluppodi.pdf

At INFN-LNF, starting in 2011, we have investigated the behavior of the Constantan (Cst) alloy (Cu55Ni44Mn1; ISOTAN44) with hydrogen and/or deuterium (H2/D2) absorption and the generation of anomalous excess heat (AHE) at high temperatures (i.e. >200°C). To further improve the intrinsic, excellent catalytic proprieties of Cst in H2 ?2H dissociation, we subjected the surface to repeated cycling of "flash" oxidation (pulsed power up to 20 kVA/g), obtaining sub-micrometric particles of mixed composition (Cst–NiOx–CuOy–CuxNiyOz) and reducing deleterious self-sintering problems with nano-materials at high temperatures. Despite the fact that results with thin, long wires (F = 200 µm, l = 100 cm) were generally positive and excess power (10–20%) was frequently recorded (5–10 W at 50 W input), reproducibility remained unsatisfactory. Later, we realized that iron impurities (up to 1% in the old, pre-1970 batch of Cst) enhanced AHE generation, especially atT > 500°C. Since 2014, we added Fe(NO3)3 solutions both to the Cst sub-micrometric surfaces (during flash oxidation process),and to borosilicate glass sheaths (SIGI-Fabier; micrometric fibers, previously wetted-dried with Sr(NO3)2 solution) where wires were inserted (as electrical insulation). Recently, we adopted the methodology of making several knots along wires (holes 150–200 µm), later coated multiple times with an iron solution. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedz.pdf#page=15

In 2011, we introduced the use of constantan alloy in LENR, in the form of long and thin wires as a hydrogen dissociation promoter. We disclosed for the first time the reason for the choice of such material at IWAHLM-12 Workshop (2017), hypothesizing it was the initiator of the reaction in Andrea Rossi’s experiment. We developed a specific treatment to increase the dimensionality of wire surface through the application of high peak power pulses. The wire is inserted in fiberglass . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=61

Various palladium cathodes hav e been studied to determine the i nfluence of metallurgy and surface treatment o n deuterium loading. In this paper we apply a numerical solution to the appropriate differential equation to calculate the time dependent local deuterium concentration i n side the plates. We use experimentally determined deuterium coefficients for the alpha, beta and gamma phases. We find the highest concentration gradient in the case of oxidized samples.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=212

Following the experiments performed with deuterided High Temperature SuperConductors (HTSC) at underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, we have learnt the capacity to absorb Deuterium (D) by these materials and the role played by non-equilibrium conditions to get neutron burst emissions in the framework of Cold Fusion. So far, some Y1Ba2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) pellets and high pressure D2 gas were enclosed in a stainless steal vessel and a charging-up procedure was performe d. The vessel was put in a thermal neutrons field and some thermal cycles (300-> 77-> 300 K) were performed; moreover, for comparison, background and blank runs were performed. A specific acquisition system, able to detect multiple neutron signals in defmed time-windows ("time correlated events"), was set-up. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=128

Following experiments performed with deuterided high temperature superconductors (HTSCs) at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, the capacity of these materials to absorb deuterium and the role played by nonequilibrium conditions in neutron burst emissions in the framework of cold fusion have been determined. Taking into account that HTSC materials such as YJBa2Cu3076 (YBCO) are able to absorb deuterium without destroying the crystalline structure, deuterated YBCO pellets were placed in a neutron radiation field, and thermal cycles were operated. In this double nonequilibrium condition, neutron rate enhancement was sought by selecting "time-correlated" burst-like events. The pellets and high-pressure D2 gas were enclosed in a stainless steel vessel, and thermal cycles (300 to 77 to 300 K) were performed; moreover, for comparison, background and blank runs were performed. A specific acquisition system, able to detect multiple neutron signals in defined time windows, was set up. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFsearchfore.pdf

711. Celani, F., et al., Electromagnetic Excitation of Coaxially-Coiled Constantan Wires by High-Power, High-Voltage, Microsecond Pulses. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2022. 36: p. 408-435.

This paper is mostly based on our presentation given at the 23rd International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ICCF23) held at Xiamen University (XMU)-PRC on June 9-11, 2021. Upon the suggestion of the Conference Organizers, we added a detailed explanation of our procedures; moreover, we included the latest results and data from our recently published papers. In the framework of LENR-AHE (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction - Anomalous Heat Effects) studies, since 2021, we have been focused on innovative, low-cost materials instead of the usual, precious metal palladium. We found that the Cu-Ni alloy, known as Constantan (also used for J-type thermocouple construction), has the peculiarity of being able to easily dissociate H2 (or D2) from molecular to an atomic state. While the catalytic feature appears at a rather low temperature (150 °C), Constantan is also able to store atomic hydrogen within its lattice and/or at surfaces, up to temperature of 700-800 °C, and in a wide range of pressures. Thanks to our long experience (since 1994) with wires, we designed various experiments that take advantage of such specific shapes, namely in terms of electromigration of absorbed and adsorbed H, under a suitable longitudinal electric field (0.4-2.5 V/cm), DC and/or pulsed. In 1995 we got noticeable results using Pd wires in electrolytic environments (D2O) at mild temperatures (40-60 °C). Later on, in some experiments, we used even gaseous environments at high temperatures (up to 700-800 °C). . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzi.pdf#page=418

Taking in considerations the several effects of new kinds of bacteria living in heavy water (discovered by us in 1999), from the point of view of Deuterium (D) overloading inside Palladium (Pd), it was developed (since June 2001) a new kind of electrolyte based on mixture of alcohol and water (both heavy) with proper addition of Strontium (Sr) and Mercury (Hg) salts in an acidic environment (DCl, D2SO4): all these procedure according to what developed from our group since 1996 for H2O solutions (without H2SO4) and, since 2000, for light water-alcohol (with H2SO4). It was found excess heat (by high accuracy flow calorimeter) and excess Tritium (T) production (by low background T measurement instrumentation) only when the loading ratio was quite high and some movements to D inside Pd was performed. Efforts will be done to increase the absolute values of such experimental results, in the near future.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFelectrochea.pdf

Abstract The insoluble powder recovered at the bottom of our electrolytic cell, after several electrolytic deuterium loading/deloading cycles, was analysed by an ICP-MS analyser. The electrolyte was constituted of a deuterated hydro-alcoholic solution; Sr and Hg salts were added to such a solution at micromolar concentration; the cathode was a long and thin Pd  wire. The ICP-MS analyses of the insoluble powder were motivated from the recent results of Y. Iwamura and collaborators at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-Research Center (Yokohama, Japan) showing reproducible "transmutation" of Sr into Mo (isotopic composition different from natural one) and Cs into Pr, when a special multilayer Pd sheet was subjected to a prolonged Deuterium gas flowing. Some of our results look partially in agreement with Y. Iwamura report. Other unexpected elements were also detected with an isotopic distribution close to the natural one. The production of stable isotopes by Selective Channel Photofission, according to the model of A.Takahashi (Osaka University, Japan), can help for  nderstanding. Further works, hopefully also from other Laboratories, are needed to clarify these kinds of results.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFunexpected.pdf

A new procedure has been developed at INFN Frascati Laboratory in order to achieve a very high Hydrogen or Deuterium electrolytic loading into a long and thin Palladium wire. This technique consists in the addition of a very small amount of alkaline-earth elements into a very diluted acidic solution. Because of enhancing pH values around the cathode, during the electrolysis, carbonates are able to precipitate onto the cathode’s surface forming a thin layer which strongly increases the Pd loading; a computer simulation has been developed to find out the proper working conditions for the carbonates precipitation. Loading results of Hydrogen were excellent (H/Pd1). The evidence of a new phase in the Pd-H system was inferred from the basis of the variation of the thermal resistivity coefficient of the Pd wire as a function of the H/Pd ratio. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFhighhydrog.pdf

Measurements of Tritium have been performed, using a very low background and accurate instrumentation, on electrolytes before and after Deuterium absorption in Palladium wires. Tritium was always present in the electrolytic cells, having long and thin Palladium wires (carefully degassed) as cathode and Platinum wire as anode, because "normal contamination" of deuterated liquids. Two different kinds of electrolytes were used (unusual, for several aspects, to conventional ones adopted in Cold Fusion experiments): the first one was composed by heavy water in DCl acidic environment (pH=4.5) with the addition of Strontium (and Mercury) salts at micro-molar concentration, the second one was composed by heavy ethyl alcohol--heavy water solution (concentration ratio about 11:1), acidic environment (DCl+D2SO4), with the addition of Strontium and Mercury concentrated as before. We have found anomalous Tritium production (at large statistical significance) only when the achieved loading ratio (D/Pd) was quite large (about 0.95) and several loading/deloading cycles had been performed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFevidenceofa.pdf

Since 2011, we introduced into LENR field, the use of a Constantan (Cnst) alloy to absorb/adsorb proper amounts of H2 or D2 and to generate thermal anomalies even at low temperatures (>200°C). We developed a reactor with a core of sub-micrometric layered Cnst wires that produced measurable excess power (almost reproducible). Subsequently, we used fiberglass sheaths as electrical insulation and found out that this material actually improves reactor performance. In the most recent configuration, we studied the effects of adding Fe nanolayers to the Cnst wires and of including several small knots along their extension, actions that resulted in a larger excess power that grew with increasing wire temperature. We detected a new electric effect: the generation of spontaneous voltage between the ends of a floating wire in the reactor. We performed tests to study results in agreement with Inverse Rydberg Matter model by L. Holmlid.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedr.pdf#page=37

Several experiments were performed at the Gran Sasso Laboratory on an 0.8-cm-diam x 5-cm-long, hyperpure, high-temperature vacuum-annealed palladium rod used as a cathode for electrolytic infusion of D20 and 0.1 M LiOH with regular additions of gaseous C02 at a current density of 60 mA/cm2. In the very low background radiation environment, several gamma bursts lasting up to 15 min were detected whose intensity, in terms of coldfusion, was >10~20 fusion/(deuteron pair s). Under normal background conditions, none of these burst signals would have been detected with statistical significance. The shape and intensity of these signals are quite similar to those detected previously.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFfurthermea.pdf

Large excess heat is measured in a Pd wire coated with nano-particles. A long (65 cm) and thin (50 μm) Pd wire is coated with thin layers of Pd nano-particles, stabilized against self-sintering by the addition of selected chemical elements: the coating is adhered to the wire surface by heating it in air up to about 800°C. The wire is then heated with up to 1 A of direct current in a pressurized D2 gas atmosphere. The D+ deuterons in the Pd lattice are forced to move toward the cathodic end of the wire because of the voltage drop along the wire (the Cöhn effect). Large excess power density (about 400 W/g of Pd), at high temperatures (up to 400-500°C), is then measured using isoperibolic calorimetry. The reference experiment is made, in situ and without opening the cell, using a Pt wire of same dimensions as the Pd wire, to which was applied the same electrical power. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFdeuteronel.pdf

Discussed in this paper is the evolution of work that started by using the M. Fleischmann and S. Pons method and ended by using thin palladium wires electrolyzed in an electrolyte consisting of slightly acidic heavy alcohol-water solution containing thorium (Th) and mercury (Hg) salts at micromolar concentrations. The resulting large and dynamic loading of the Pd wires was studied. The recent use of thorium instead of strontium resulted in thermal anomalies and detection of new elements in larger amounts. The results with Sr are qualitatively in agreement with what was found by Y. Iwamura (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) using multilayers of Pd-CaO-Pd-Sr in flowing deuterium gas. Most  results seem to be in agreement with a "multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons" model recently developed by A.Takahashi (Osaka University).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFthermaland.pdf

721. Celani, F., et al. New Kinds of Electrolytic Regimes and Geometrical Configurations to Obtain Anomalous Results in Pd(M)-D Systems. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Electrolyses of long and thin Pd (and PdY alloy) wires, in dilute solutions of LiOD-D20 and LiOHH20 at large operating voltages, were made. An innovative kind of geometrical set-up to improve the efficiency of electromigration effect in proton conductors was developed: the usual "single-ended" geometry at the most cathodic point of the wire changed to the "central wire" geometry. The detected excess heat seems to be related to: (HID) isotopic effect, lattice characteristics, geometrical set-up, dynamic variation of concentration inside Pd wire, anode-cathode and inter-cathodic voltages.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=108

We performed an ultra-short width high voltage pulse electrolysis using a Pd thin wire cathode; a diluted electrolytic solution of D2P+LiOD was used in a peculiar wire-turned electrodes geometry. The deuterated Pd loading was evaluated by the D/Pd normalized electric resistance curve (R/Ro). After a long time of electrolysis a very high D/Pd loading (1:1 or more) was reached. Very low R/Ro (<0.1) Pd wire was measured after switching of electrolysis and this effect lasted for several minutes. The deuterium deloading occurred in several typologies (fast and slow terms) showed as a resistance transition on the Pd wire. This effect can be related to a peculiar surface structural condition.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFobservatio.pdf

724. Celani, F., et al. The Effect of Gamma-Beta Phase on H(D)/Pd Overloading. in ICCF7, Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

It will be shown, using long and thin wires of Pd, that the Electromigration is a powerful tool to increase the H(D) loading in Pd only, and only if, some proper experimental set-up and conditions are fulfilled. Some of key interrelated parameters are: wire diameter, effective wire temperature, strong barriers at most and less cathodic side, anode-cathode and intercathodic voltages, current densities, proper impurities on the Pd surface, ageing effects.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFtheeffecto.pdf

726. Celani, F., et al. Measurement of Excess Heat and Tritium During Self-Biased Pulsed Electrolysis of Pd-D2O. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

After Takahashi reported large excess heat with pulsed electrolysis, we built a gas-closed flow calorimeter to perform pulsed current electrolysis. Blank tests using Au plate cathodes were carried out to characterize the system. Four cold-worked Pd sheets were tested, and two of them produced 7.5% and 6% mean excess heat for many weeks. The others Pd sheets did not produce excess heat in most tests, although one of them, after deuterium reloading, produced up to 25% excess heat, but only for few hours. Tritium analysis was carried out and some coincidence between tritium production and excess heat was found.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFmeasuremena.pdf

An high peak current (up to 100 A) and a very short pulse (1 microsecond) generator was used to perform electrolysis in D2O-LiOD solution using a Pd sheet as a cathode and a Pt net as an anode. This high power pulse (up to 50 KW) can be rated up to 20 KHz. Very high D/Pd values (up to about 1:1) has been reached with any cold-worked Pd sheets used. A very hard sheet (about 300 Hv) has generated an excess heat of the order of 15% for a long time (some weeks). Some considerations about the metallurgy of electrodes are performed and an effort is made to correlate the excess heat with metallurgical parameters, over-voltage and surface resistance.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/EPRIproceeding.pdf#page=497

A high-current (up to 100 A), short-pulse (1-μs du­ration) electrolysis technique is presented that permits high loading (D/Pd up to 1.2) of deuterium in palla­dium cathodes. Several different cold-worked palladium plates were used as cathodes, and some underwent sur­face treatments (oxidation or addition of intermetallic compounds). The surface-treated plates showed atypical deuterium absorption dynamics, and the D/Pd loading ratio exceeded 1. Moreover, during initial loading, these cathodes showed anomalous excess heat (up to 80%) far greater than the absorption enthalpy. The pure pal­ladium surface plates did not show this effect.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFreproducib.pdf

730. Celani, F., et al. Study of Deuterium Charging Behavior in Palladium and Palladium Alloy Plates, Charging Surface Treatments, by µs Pulsed Electrolysis. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

A systematic study about deuterium loading in palladium has been performed. Palladium cold worked plates and palladium alloy plates have been used as comparison. A proper plate surface oxidation has been performed and anomalous absorption rates have been measured. A high peak current (15 A), short width pulse (duration 1 μs) electrolysis technique has been used to test all cathode plates and it is visible that this technique permits to reach very high D/Pd loading values (around 1/1 or even more for palladium). At the beginning of the loading, in close relation with the anomalous absorption rate, a bump of excess heat has been measured in two similar oxidized surface palladium plates. All these tests show that the loading is completely reproducible.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFstudyofdeu.pdf

Abstract In this paper we describe an electrolytic experiment aimed at reaching high deuterium concentration gradients in palladium wires, using the electromigration effect. We will describe the selection criteria of experimental parameters and we will show results of our loading and c alorimetric measurements. These tests reveal that a high mean value of D/Pd has been reached in a short time and that there is a correlation between an anomalous heat emissio n and an electric resistivity 'transition" of the overloaded palladium.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=73

           We describe room-temperature hydrogen and deuterium loading of palladium wires by means of pulsed electrolysis and the electromigration effect. The D/Pd atomic ratio has been measured by means of the dependence of the resistivity upon the D/Pd ratio. Values of the D/Pd ratio up to 0.95 or even higher have been reached in short times. A correlation between an anomalous temperature rise and a resistivity "transition" of the overloaded palladium clearly appears.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFdeuteriumo.pdf

This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung (ZBW) model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam's razor to Maxwell's equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple and intuitive concepts, the origin of the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of mass and inertia. A ZBW model of the electron is also proposed as the best suited theoretical framework to study the structure of Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD), the origin of anomalous heat in metal--hydrogen systems and the possibility of existence of ``super-chemical'' aggregates at Compton scale.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf#page=82

In this paper a straightforward application of Occam's razor principle to Maxwell's equation shows that only one entity, the electromagnetic four-potential, is at the origin of a plurality of concepts and entities in physics. The application of the so called ``Lorenz gauge'' in Maxwell's equations \emph {denies the status of real physical entity} to a scalar field that has a gradient in space-time with clear physical meaning: the four-current density field. The mathematical formalism of space-time Clifford algebra is introduced and then used to encode Maxwell's equations starting only from the electromagnetic four-potential. This approach suggests a particular \emph{Zitterbewegung} (ZBW) model for charged elementary particles.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedx.pdf#page=106

Outline and motivations 1) Path of HT anomalies: from Langmuir (W&H2) to nano-Constantan. 2) Proof, by calibration experiments with Pt wires (different diameters, gases, pressures, power), that main results obtained on 2012 with surface-treated Constant wires, were right. Focused on not-dependence of Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE) on pressure variations inside the transparent glass reactor: reconfirmed and reinforced previous calibration data (June 2012) using He. 3) Evidence of unexpected water splitting phenomena, under vacuum, by "nanodiamandoids-coated" Constantan. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CelaniFfurtherpro.pdf

Abstract The energy balance between heat excess and 4He in the gas phase has been found reasonably satisfied even if the low levels of 4He found do not give the necessary confidence to state definitely that we are dealing with the fusion of deuterons to give 4He. In the melted cathode, whose data are reported here, 4He was not found at the achieved sensitivity. X-ray film, positioned at 50 mm from the cell, roughly gave the image of the cathode through spots. The energy of the radiation and the total energy associated to it have been, respectively, evaluated as (89±1) keV and (12.0 ± 0.4) kJ. This value is ≈ 0.5% of the energy measured by calorimetry in the same interval of time.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CellucciFxrayheatex.pdf

738. Cerofolini, C.F. and A.F. Para, Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter Alternatives in Low Energy Fusion? 59 ed, ed. G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly. 1992: Springer Proc. in Phys.Cerofolini, C.F. 129.

739. Cerofolini, F., et al. Binuclear Atoms as Fusion Precursors in a Hot Cloud. in Second Annual Conference on Cold Fusion, "The Science of Cold Fusion". 1991. Como, Italy: Societa Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, Italy.

Deuteron-deuteron fusions were claimed by a Brookhaven group to re sult from the impact on deuterated surfaces of clusters of 25 - 1350 D2O molecules with energy up to 300 ke V. The collective motion in the impact region is tentatively assumed to be responsible for these fusion events. The number of involved atoms is of the order of 10^4 , with a mean energy of some electronvolts. The model is able to reproduce qualitatively the Brookhaven data according to an Arrhenius plot, with an activation energy E* ~ 2E0 , where E0 is the hydrogen ionization energy. At this energy an activated precursor is postulated to be synthesized; it can tentatively be identified as the binuclear atom (D^+ - D^+)2e^-.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=208

741. Cerofolini, G.F. and A.F. Para, Can binuclear atoms solve the cold fusion puzzle? Fusion Technol., 1993. 23: p. 98.

The internal and external inconsistencies of cold fusion phenomena are discussed. It is shown that most of these inconsistencies can be removed by assuming the formation of binuclear atoms that have the ability to trap thermal neutrons from the natural background in a localized state.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Cerofolinicanbinucle.pdf

743. Cerron-Zeballos, E., et al., Investigation of anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A, 1996. 109A: p. 1645.

Summary. -- Anomalous heat production in a nickel rod loaded with hydrogen has been reported by Focardi et al. (Nuovo Cimento A, 107 (1994) 163). We have investigated this phenomenon by repeating the experiment. We found the results previously published to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CerronZebainvestigat.pdf

745. Chambers, G.P., et al., Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(3): p. 281.

746. Chambers, G.P., J.M. Eridon, and K.S. Grabowski, Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41(8): p. 5388.

747. Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and K.S. Grabowski. Search for Energetic Charged-Particle-Reaction Products During Deuterium-Charging of Metal Lattices. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

748. Chambers, G.P., G.K. Hubler, and Y. Kucherov, Glow Discharge in Deuterium. 1995.

749. Champion, J., Explanation of Observed Nuclear Events Associated with Cold Fusion and Similar Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. 1994.

750. Champion, J., History of Transmutation Research. 1994.

751. Chandler, D.L., et al., Fusion : Test Tube Yields More Questions Than Answers, in Boston Globe. 1989: BostonEditor. p. 29.

752. Chang, C.P., et al., Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1991. 16: p. 491.

753. Chang, K., U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, After 15 Years, in New York Times. 2004.

754. Chang, Y.F. and C.Z. Yu. The Physical-Chemical and Nuclear Multistage Reaction Mechanism and the Multistage Ignition Condition on Cold Fusion. in International Symposium on Cold Fusion and Advanced Energy Sources. 1994. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus: Fusion Information Center, Salt Lake City.

755. Chao, J., et al. Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of an Isoperibolic Calorimeter for Cold Fusion Experiments. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

The three dimensional heat conduction computer code HEATING5 was used to simulate the isoperibolic calorimeter being used for cold fusion experiments at Stanford University. The simulation results confirm the measured temperature distribution in the calorimeter. Computer analysis also demonstrates that temperature measurements for this particular calorimeter are independent of the heat source position in the calorimeter. A numerical procedure was developed to derive the transient behavior of the heat generation in the cold fusion cell from the transient temperature measurements. This procedure was exercised using a measured temperature pulse. The transient behavior of the power pulse was in the form of square-wave and its magnitude was slightly higher than the on-line calculation based on a steady-state approach.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=327

757. Chapnik, I.M., Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. 161: p. 111.

758. Chatterjee, L., Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion? Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: p. 683.

759. Chatterjee, L., On a weak flavor for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 358.

The possibility of recent reports of cold fusion in deuterated metals being manifestations of primal nucleoweak reactions catalyzed by the host environment is investigated. Resulting experimental signatures are predicted.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/Chatterjeeonaweakfla.pdf

761. Chatterjee, L., Electrolysis in thin-film nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics? Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: p. 147.

762. Chatterjee, L., A. Chakrabarty, and G. Das, Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1991. 29: p. 781.

763. Chatterjee, L. and G. Das, Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour. Phys. Lett., 1991. A154: p. 5.

764. Chatterjee, L., S. Mandal, and A. Chakrabarty, Electron accumulation and reproducibility of cold fusion. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1993. 31: p. 131.

765. Chaudhary, I. and P.L. Hagelstein. Four-body RST General Nuclear Wavefunctions and Matrix Elements. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

The inclusion of phonon exchange in a nuclear reaction is accomplished most easily when the associated matrix elements are written explicitly as a function of the spatial coordinates. We report on the wavefunctions and matrix elements for the special case of a T = 0 4-body deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChaudharyIfourbodyrs.pdf

Current electric vehicles (EV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) suffer from several limitations that prevent them from becoming a true commercial success. When available, kilowatt class LENR generators combined with modern thermoelectric conversion technology could enable designing new type of automobiles, being low cost, maintenance free and zero emission at the same time. In the present talk, we will discuss what are to current limitations of electric vehicles and battery technology, how LENR technology can propose an alternative to large battery storage on EV, what are the available compact solutions for energy harvesting and thermoelectric conversion from LENR thermal energy, what are the longer term design alternatives and finally what is the expected timeline to develop prototypes and commercial products.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChauvinNlenrpowere.pdf

768. Chechin, V.A., et al. Fracto-Acceleration Model of Cold Nuclear Fusion. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

769. Chechin, V.A., et al., Critical review of theoretical models for anomalous effects in deuterated metals. Int. J. Theo. Phys., 1994. 33: p. 617.

We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature, commonly known as "Cold Fusion" (CF), with an emphasis on important experiments as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We conclude that they do not explain the data. From: http://arxiv1.library.cornell.edu/vc/nucl-th/papers/0303/0303057v1.pdf

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChechinVAcriticalre.pdf

771. Cheek, G.T. and W.E. O'Grady. Quartz crystal microbalance study of palladium/hydrogen interations. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Thin palladium films deposited on quartz have been loaded with hydrogen (deuterium) by electrochemical reduction of 0.1 M LiOH (LiOD) in H2O (D2O). Coulometric measurements during both the hydrogen deposition and subsequent removal steps have shown that H:Pd ratios of 0.7 are reached under these conditions, in accord with accepted values for bulk samples. The frequency decrease observed at AT-cut crystals during hydrogen (deuterium) loading is larger than that expected for the mass of hydrogen deposited into the film. Considering that palladium undergoes a substantial increase in volume upon hydrogen uptake, the role of the resulting film stress in influencing the observed frequency must be addressed. It has been found that such film stresses at an AT-cut crystal produce frequency decreases and that these effects can be accounted for using techniques which are well established in the frequency control field. Measurements at BT-cut crystals, the stress/frequency response of which is opposite to that of AT-cut crystals, have confirmed that stress plays a major role in the present work and have allowed the determination of a quantitative value for this stress. Investigations of mixtures of H2O and D20 have also been carried out and shed some light on the effect of small amounts of H2O in determining the H/D content in the palladium.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=76

773. Chemla, M., J. Chevalet, and R. Bury, Heat evolution involved with the electrochemical discharge of hydrogen and deuterium on palladium. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 1989. 309: p. 987 (in French).

774. Chemla, M., et al., Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 277: p. 93.

775. Chen, B.R., et al., Theoretical studies of the effect of hydrogen-hydrogen interactions on the structural and dynamical properties of metal/hydrogen clusters. J. Chem. Phys., 1996. 105(21): p. 9686.

776. Chen, C.L. and J.K. Wu, Electrolytic hydrogen transport in palladium. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994. 13: p. 84.

777. Chen, L., X. Qiu, and S. Song, Experimental research of excess heat under high pulse current. High Power Laser Part. Beams, 1998. 10(2): p. 312 (in Chinese).

778. Chen, M., et al., Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(2): p. 155.

779. Chen, S. On the cold fusion miracles. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

This paper consists of two parts. One part describes a new analytical method for the conventional electrolytic cold fusion experiment. The other part contains a discussion and explanation on the cold fusion effect. Heat bursts are observed in this experiment for both Ni(-)/Pt(+)/H2O/K2CO3 and Pd( -)lPt( + )fD20fLiOD cells. Careful detection of neutron and tritium has not been available, although very preliminary neutron detection of heavy water cell shows roughly two times of the background level during electrolysis. The vast experimental data worldwide show a low neutrontritium ratio of 10^-8 to 10^-4 , far below the equal branching ratio, having been explained in this paper by a secondary nuclear process by the author. According to this secondary nuclear process, the generated neutrons and protons inside the solid has the chance to recombine into deuterium atoms for heavy water systems. In this sense the Huizenga's second and third miracles, the branching ratio miracle and the no nuclear products miracle, are therefore equivalent. This paper also proposes a "pycnon field" to try to treat the correlation of the high dlPd ratio and pycno-reactions. Although the detail has not been worked out yet.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=324

ABSTRACT             Two principles of the selective resonant tunneling model are recapitulated, and applied to the case of tritium production. The model can explain the tritium production in condensed matter nuclear reaction with no neutron and gamma radiation semi-quantitatively. A similar model may excess heat with no commensurate neutron and gamma radiation. Some experiments are suggested to test our explanation.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChenStritiumpro.pdf

The multiple-scattering theory is applied to the de Broglie wave of deuterons inside the palladium film. The formalism for band structure calculation and the reflection and transmission calculations for finite slices is presented. The latter is based on a double-layer scheme which obtains the reflection and transmission matrix elements for the multiplayer slice from those of a single layer. With a relative simple model for the potential of palladium crystal lattice, we calculate the band structures of probability wave of deuterons propagating in the palladium, as well as the transmission coefficients through finite periodic slices. Selective resonant tunneling theory is adopted when obtaining the scattering matrix T. Our calculations consist with experimental results which can not be explained by diffusion theory.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChenStheapplica.pdf

It was found that X rays were yielded when the anomalous phenomenon in the metal loaded with deuterium was studied by the gas discharge method. The X-ray energy spectrum was measured and X rays were confirmed existing by the absorption method, the characteristic X-ray approach and the NaI scintillation counters. The average X-ray energy (26.9 +/- 2.2 keV) measured by the absorption method is in agreement within the error range with X-ray one (26.0 +/- 2.4 keV) detected by NaI scintillation counters. The X-ray intensity measured roughly by use of the 7U thermoluminescent foils is about 10^9 - 10^10 s^-1.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=170

784. Chen, S.H., et al. The Sensitizing Phenomenon of X-ray Film in the Experiment of Metals Loaded with Deuterium. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

The sensitizing phenomenon of x-ray film was studied, in metals loaded with deuterium, by a cycle method of temperature and pressure (CMTP). The experimental results showed that the sensitizing and of x-ray film was derived from the chemical reaction and the anomalous effect of metals loaded with deuterium.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=281

After the announcement of Pons-Fleischmann experiment, scientists have repeated the same experiment and have improved their experiment as well as have innovated many other experiments related to the cold nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation phenomena. In all the above experiments only the D20 electrolyte temperature rises (e.g., excess heat) have been recorded, while little has reported on the electrolyte temperature drops and/or on the vapor temperature rises in cell during electrolysis. This experiment shows phenomena of angmalous heat absorption, rather than heat generation, in electrolysis, and how vapor temperature changes in electrolysis cell. In this experiment the electrolyte temperature can decrease from higher than to lower than the reference temperature, e.g., 19°C in 3 minutes, in a cell containing 350 c.c. D2O and 0.5 c.c. Pd electrode. On the other hand, the highest vapor temperature can reach ca. 160 deg C, while the lowest can touch that below the reference temperature in Ni cell. The anomalous heat absorption may be explained as an effect of a reverse D(d,gamma) 4He reaction.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=68

787. Chen, X. and J. Yang, Studies on dineutron model of cold fusion (I). Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao, 1993. 16((1)): p. 42 (in Chinese, Eng. abstr).

788. Chen, Y.P. and S.D. Cai, Dynamic screening effect from acoustic plasmons. Science in China A, 1994. 37((1)): p. 62.

789. Chene, J. and A.M. Brass, Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1990. 280: p. 199.

790. Cheng, Y.C., W.Y.P. Hwang, and S.N. Yang. Thoughts on Warm Fusion Versus Cold Fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

We propose a mechanism that may allow for understanding of the cluster-impact fusion experiment of Beuhler, Friedlander, and Friedman. When the cluster of D2O molecules collides with the metallic surface, the cluster dissociates into a collection of D and 0 atoms. In the process, a significant portion of the translational kinetic energy of the cluster is converted to thermal energy, so that the system thermalizes to become a "warm atomic plasma". The neutral D atoms in the warm atomic plasma then fuse with the D atoms in the lattice via direct scattering, without going through the doorway step of forming D2 molecules. As a rough estimate for the fusion reaction rate, the velocity distribution of the thermalized D atoms is taken to be Maxwell-Boltzmann, leading to results in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations for a cluster of about 100 - 300 molecules.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=354

Experimental results which point to the existence of a hydrogen subsystem in solids and the possibility of its excitation by external influence are described. Occupying the equivalent positions inside host metal, hydrogen forms its own subsystem inside a crystal lattice and has vibration frequencies lying outside the phonon spectrum of a crystal. Under external energy input (for instance by means of radiation) an excitation of vibrations occurs in the hydrogen subsystem. The following facts point to this: intensive migration, diffusion and release of hydrogen isotopes from metals at low temperature; superlinear dependence of H, D release from metals on the electron current density and H, D concentration; H and D release from the whole volume of samples during the irradiation process by focused electron beam; H and D release in both molecular and atomic forms.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=36

793. Chernov, I.P., et al. Charge Isotopic Composition of Metals at Deuterium Charge. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

In recent years in a series of publications it was reported that occur modification of isotope natural abundance of metals and alloys both matrix elements, and impurities and hydrogen saturation [1-6]. As a rule, the authors of these publications try to explain the observed modifications by nuclear transmutation hypothesis. However, there are objections against this hypothesis according to reasons present below. At first, the scale of transformation of an isotopic composition is so great, that it cannot be explained on the basis of cross section of nuclear reactions. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=441

795. Chicea, D. About nuclear coulomb barrier and electron over-concentration. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

When a conductor is the subject of a negative electric potential an electron concentration increase, located very near the surface occurs. A simple model for computing the increase of electron concentration on a grainy metal surface caused by an applied negative potential is presented and used in calculating the excess electron concentration and the size of the electric charge layer. The screening effect caused by the high negative electric charge density is considered for assessing the transparency of the nuclear Coulomb barrier at low incident energies. The results are discussed in connection with the processes grouped in the Cold Fusion class.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=320

Abstract Simple calculations concerning the behaviour of the deuterons trapped in an electron cluster are presented. The kinetic energy achieved by a deuteron accelerated from the edge to the center of an electron cluster is sufficient for the coulomb barrier to be penetrated in the traditionally known manner. The results are discussed in connection with the published experimental data concerning the impact of the electron clusters on a metal target.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDelectroncl.pdf

Abstract The Coulomb barrier penetrability of two approaching nuclei is computed in the frame of the W.K.B approximation. A simple model for describing the screening effect of the Coulomb nuclear barrier by the high electron concentration in condensed matter is  presented. The nuclear reaction rate of the hydrogen isotope nuclei, trapped in a metallic lattice is assessed, both for the unscreened and for the screened Coulomb barrier, averaged by the Maxwell distribution. The model predicts that, in certain circumstances, for porous or grainy samples, which are subject to a negative electric potential and are heavily loaded with deuterium, very low nuclear radiation level might be detected. The results are discussed in connection with some of the very successful experiments like Miley’s metal-coated spheres.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDaboutdeute.pdf

799. Chicea, D. The Role of the Energy Fluctuations in the Possibility of Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

Abstract In many experimental papers concerning experiments of loading certain metals like nickel, palladium with hydrogen isotopes low radiation levels have been reported. A simple model to describe the energy fluctuation of a deuteron trapped in a lattice, considering elastic collisions in one dimension with the ions is presented. The energy fluctuations, combined with the increase of the Coulomb barrier penetration probability produced by the electron screening effect, might lead to a very small and unsteady rate of low energy nuclear reactions produced by the hydrogen isotopes in condensed matter.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDtheroleoft.pdf

Abstract Results of a study of an electrolytic device that can produce excess power are presented. The power calibration procedure used for the experiments and the data analysis procedure is briefly described in this paper. Different combinations of cathode and electrolyte were investigated. Thin foils of different pure metals were and thin spattered layers of different pure metals on different substrates were used as cathodes. Excess power results, the power density and details on the combinations of cathode and electrolyte are also presented. The results reveal that a higher excess power density was obtained using thin film metal cathodes than thin foils. Another interesting result is that the excess power density appears to be correlated with the current density along the cathode. Although the data points are in ranges that are different of each other with orders of magnitude, the slopes of the lines that are fitted on the data points comparable, within the experimental errors.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDoncurrentd.pdf

Several experiments of loading Hydrogen and Deuterium into different metals foils and thin film metal layers by using them as cathodes in prolonged electrolysis experiments were performed. Before and after experiments the cathode surface was analyzed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Results reveal that different elements that were not present in the surface layer before the experiment could be identified in the system after the experiment, with an accuracy considerable above the experimental errors.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDonneweleme.pdf

Several electrolysis experiments of loading deuterium into different metals foils and thin film films are described. Before and after loading the cathode surface was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. High magnification images of the surface of several metals were taken. A control experiment was conducted to make sure that the experimental setup is not accidentally contaminating the samples. A surprising amount of carbon was found on the cathode surface after each D loading experiment. The result is discussed in connection with other experimental results on low energy nuclear transmutations.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDcommentonc.pdf

ABSTRACT Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly  above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDlowintensi.pdf

805. Chicea, D. and D. Stoicescu. Experimental Evidence of Nuclear Reactions in Deuterated Titanium Samples Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions Induced by Temperature Variation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

ABSTRACT Several experiments of loading Titanium samples with Deuterium from the gas phase, of changing the temperature of the samples over a wide range and of monitoring the neutron emission were done. Neutron emissions in very low intensity bursts, still significantly above the background were recorded, revealing that low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter can be produced with a very low rate, which occasionally can be high enough to become detectable.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDexperimenta.pdf

807. Chidambaram, R. and V.C. Sahni, Materials issues in the so-called 'cold fusion' experiments. Curr. Sci., 1989. 58: p. 597.

808. Chien, C.C., et al., On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 338: p. 189.

A Pd electrode has been examined which produced a concentration of tritium in a 0.1 M LiOD solution around 10^3 times above background. Tritium production at a given potential ceased after a few days, but could be restarted by a small increase of the deuterium overpotential. Correspondingly, He4 was found in 9-10 pieces of the Pd electrode at 2-100 times background. Addition of fresh amounts of D2O quenched the T production which began again spontaneously after 1-2 days. If the T had come from contamination, 3He would have been found in the electrode: it was absent. Loss of charge by the nucleus lakes place when the fugacity of D in voids exceeds 10^17 atm (Lifshitz and Pitaevskii, 1963). Sporadicity of function arises from the state of the surface, which is difficult to reproduce. The surface state controls the mechanism of D- evolution: only some mechanisms give a fugacity high enough to cause fusion. Only one electrode out of four examined produced T and 4He. The surface of this electrode contained a Cu-mosaic structure, not seen on the inactive electrodes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChienCConanelectr.pdf

810. Chindarkar, A.R., et al., Observation of Anomalous Emissions of High Energy (˜1 MeV) Charged Particles When 5 keV Protons Impinge on Palladium and Titanium Foils. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 197.

811. Cho, Y. and R.G. Leisure, Novel ultrasonic attenuation peak in a'-PdDx. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1988. 38: p. 5748.

812. Choi, C., News Scan: Back to Square One, in Scientific American. 2005. p. 21.

813. Choi, E., H. Ejiri, and H. Ohsumi. Limit on Fast Neutrons from DD Fusion in Deuterized Pd by Means of Ge Detector. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

Search for fast neutrons from the electrochemistry loaded Pd-D system at room temperature was made in order to study the possible d-d fusion there. A low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers was used to investigate the fast (1 ~ 5 MwC neutrons. The neutron flux was obtained by measuring rates of the gamma rays following inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from nuclei in the scatterers. The observed spectrum shows no significantly significant excess of gamma rays above background. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=223

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins: A low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers was applied to investigate fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system. The neutron flux was obtained by measuring the yields of the γ-rays following inelastic scattering of the fast neutrons from nuclei in the scatterers. The detector was shown to be very sensitive in the search for rare neutron events such as d-d fusion at room temperature. The observed spectrum shows no statistically significant excess of the γ-rays above the background. The upper limit on the fusion rate was obtained as λf<1.6·10^-24(ddn)fusions/(dd)pair/s.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChoiEapplicatio.pdf

This paper can be downloaded at the web site of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, http://www.ipap.jp/jjap/index.htm. Until January 2004, anyone could register and download papers there at no cost. The journal is now charging for reprints. We hope to make reprints of this and other cold fusion related papers available here. The title, abstract and keywords for this paper are available at in this library. The abstract begins: A time-correlated spectrum of fast neutrons from the electrochemically loaded Pd-D system was measured by a low-background high-resolution Ge detector surrounded by neutron scatterers. Time correlation of fast neutrons was obtained by measuring the time correlation of γ-rays following inelastic scattering of fast neutrons. The measurement shows no evidence for neutron burst during the electrolysis of the Pd-D system at room temperature.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChoiEsearchfort.pdf

817. Chou, I., Permeability of Precious Metals to Hydrogen at 2 KB Total Pressure and Elevated Temperatures. Am. J. Sci., 1986. 286: p. 638.

818. Chou, P. and M.A. Vannice, Calorimetric Heat of Adsorption Measurements on Palladium. I. Influence of Crystallite Size and Support on Hydrogen Adsorption. J. Catal., 1987. 104: p. 1.

819. Christensen, O.B., et al., H-H Interactions in Pd. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1989. 40(3): p. 1993.

820. Christensen, O.B., et al., Effective-Medium Calculations for Hydrogen in Ni, Pd, and Pt. Phys. Rev. B: Mater. Phys., 1990. 41.

821. Christianto, V., F. Smarandache, and Y. Umniyati, Remark on Lehnert's Revised Quantum Electrodynamics (RQED) as an Alternative to Francesco Celani's et al. Maxwell-Clifford Equations: With an Outline of Chiral Cosmology Model and its Role to CMNS. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2020. 31: p. 91-102.

In a recent paper published in JCMNS in 2017, Francesco Celani, Di Tommaso and Vassalo argued that Maxwell equations rewritten in Clifford algebra are sufficient to describe the electron and also ultra-dense deuterium reaction process proposed by Homlid et al. Apparently, Celani et al. believed that their Maxwell–Clifford equations are an excellent candidate to surpass both Classical Electromagnetic and Zitterbewegung QM. Meanwhile, in a series of papers, Bo Lehnert proposed a novel and revised version of Quantum Electrodynamics (RQED) based on Proca equations. Therefore, in this paper, we gave an outline of Lehnert’s RQED, as an alternative framework to Celani et al Zitterbewegung-Classical EM. Moreover, in a rather old paper, Mario Liu described hydrodynamic Maxwell equations. While he also discussed potential implications of these new approaches to superconductors, such a discussion of electrodynamics of superconductors is made only after Tajmar’s paper. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzd.pdf#page=96

In this paper, we discussed how we can study some effects associated with LENR/CMNS from the principles of classical electromagnetic theory, and also from a very new approach based on a submicroscopic concept of physics. Perhaps our considerations have their own risks because the majority of mainstream physicists consider nuclear fusion rather as a phenomenon associated with tunneling through a Coulomb barrier, which is a pure quantum effect. We will discuss that there are some aspects of classical electromagnetic theories which may have impact on our understanding on LENR/CMNS phenomena, including: (a) nonlinear electrostatic potential as proposed by Eugen Andreev, (b) vortex sound theory of Tsutomu Kambe, (c) nonlinear ponderomotive force, and (d) submicroscopic consideration.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedu.pdf#page=32

824. Chrzan, D.C. and W.G. Wolfer, Helium Bubble Growth by the Dislocation Pipe Diffusion Mechanism. 1991.

825. Chu, C.W., et al., Search for the proposed cold fusion of D in Pd. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 3: p. 753.

826. Chu, L. and S. Wang, Coulomb screening of deuterium in metal crystal. Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology), 1992. 26(6): p. 80 (in Chinese).

827. Chu, L.Y. and D.-H. Lu, The estimation of nuclear fusion rate in crystal. Commun. Theor. Phys. (China), 1990. 13: p. 33.

828. Chu, S.Y. and B. Shen, Can the color force be used to achieve fusion? Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 1991. A6: p. 237.

829. Chubb, S.R., Introduction to the Special Issue of Accountability in Research Dealing With "Cold Fusion". Accountability Res., 2000. 8.

Background During the 14th century, the noted theologian and philosopher William of Ockham identified and applied the "law of economy," as a fundamental postulate of logical thought. Subsequently, Galileo and others used this "law" as justification for the notion of "scientific parsimony." This idea, which is also often called "Ockham’s Razor," states that simplicity should be the cornerstone of scientific logic: given a choice between competing theories of a particular phenomenon, the simpler explanation should be selected in preference to the more complicated ones.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRintroducti.pdf

Surfaces have a huge impact on the physics and chemistry of solids. Changes in surfaces (or other boundaries of a solid), in particular, can be related to changes in the local ("chemical") environment.  In the idealized limit, in which surfaces are defined as "boundaries" associated with a lack of, or accumulation of charge, dynamical effects at surfaces can be used and are required (by the associated coupling to external electromagnetic fields) to relate seemingly unrelated local and non-local effects.  Thus, counter-intuitive ideas about local and non-local effects can become dominant.  In particular, in PdH or PdD, provided external forces are applied uniformly, it is entirely possible for hydrogen (p) or deuterium (d) nuclei to acquire a common phase (a broken gauge symmetry1) and to "become wave-like" and interact coherently, through the electromagnetic field, simultaneously, but an-isotropically at the boundaries of a PdD or PdH substrate, or at isolated locations within either substrate.  Also, these effects can create coupling between localized and delocalized forms of interaction.  We use these and related effects as the basis for suggesting new experiments that have bearing on the findings of Iwamura et al, concerning the "apparent" transmutation of Cs to Pr.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRimpactofbo.pdf

The Nuts and Bolts of our Ion Band State theory of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR’s) in palladium-deuteride (PdD) and palladium-hydride (PdH) are the electrons that hold together or tear apart the bonds (or lack of bonds) between deuterons (d's) or protons (p’s) and the host material.  In PdDx and PdHx, this bonding is strongly correlated with loading.  In ambient loading conditions (x<~0.6), bonding inhibits Ion Band State occupation. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRnutsandbol.pdf

Conventional Condensed Matter physics provides a unifying framework for understanding Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR’s) in solids.  In the paper, standard many-body physics techniques are used to illustrate this fact.  Specifically, the paper shows that formally the theories by Schwinger, Hagelstein, and Chubb and Chubb (C&C), all can be related to a common set of equations, associated with reaction rate and energy transfer, through a standard many-body physics procedure (R-Matrix theory).  In each case, particular forms of coherence are used that implicitly provide a mechanism for understanding how LENR’s can proceed without the emission of high energy particles.  In addition, additional ideas, associated with Conventional Condensed Matter physics, are used to extend the earlier Ion Band State (IBS) model by C&C.  The general model clarifies the origin of coherent processes that initiate LENR’s, through the onset of ion conduction that can occur through ionic fluctuations in nanoscale crystals. In the case of PdDx , these fluctuations begin to occur as x -> 1 in sub-lattice structures with characteristic dimensions of 60 nm.  The resulting LENR’s are triggered by the polarization between injected d’s and electrons (immediately above the Fermi energy) that takes place in finite-size PdD crystals.  During the prolonged charging of PdDx , the applied, external electric field induces these fluctuations through a form of Zener tunneling that mimics the kind of tunneling, predicted by Zener, that is responsible for possible conduction (referred to as Zener-electric breakdown) in insulators.  But because the fluctuations are ionic, and they occur in PdD, nano-scale structures , a more appropriate characterization is Zener-ionic breakdown in nano-crystalline PdD.  Using the underlying dynamics, it is possible to relate triggering times that are required for the initiation of the effect, to crystal size and externally applied fields. 

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRframeworkf.pdf

Two persistent questions have been:  1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x®1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon?   Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions.  The new theory can explain these experimental results but will be ignored by most scientists.  I suggest that this is expected:  The context of energy band and Ion Band State (IBS) theory is very different from the context of hot fusion theory. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRcontextfor.pdf

835. Chubb, S.R. Why Particular Nano-Scale PdD Crystals Turn-on Faster. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

Two persistent questions have been: 1. Why is it often necessary to wait for a finite period of time before the Excess Heat effect is observed after palladium (Pd) has been sufficiently loaded with deuterium (D), that the near full-loading condition (PdDx, 0.85 ~< x→1) that is required for Excess Heat, has been achieved? 2. Is it possible to identify physical properties of the materials and/or crystals that are used that might be playing a role in the interval of time associated with this phenomenon? Recently, I generalized conventional energy band theory to address both questions. The new theory can explain these experimental results . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRwhyparticu.pdf

Resonant electromagnetic interaction (EMI) in finite solids not only can be used to explain conventional, electron energy band theory (which explains charge and heat transport in solids), but also how, through finite size effects, it is possible to create many of the kinds of effects envisioned by Giuliano Preparata. Through a generalization of conventional energy band theory, it is also possible to explain how resonant EMI, as a function of time, can cause coherent effects, in which momentum can be transferred from external regions of a lattice to its center-ofmass. As a consequence, virtual processes can cause large changes in momentum between two, indistinguishable particles, without either particle acquiring large momentum or velocity. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=47

I Background about the importance of EMI in d+d -> 4He+gamma

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRresonantel.pdf

839. Chubb, S.R. Resonant Electromagnetic-Dynamics Explains the Fleischmann-Pons Effect. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

840. Chubb, S.R., Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier and Related Effects Through Resonant Electrodynamics and Quantum Mechanics in the Fleischmann-Pons Excess Heat Effect, in Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy Technologies Sourcebook Volume 2. 2009, American Chemical Society: Washington DC. p. 177-192.

841. Chubb, S.R., Concerning the Role of Electromagnetism in Low-energy Nuclear Reactions. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 4: p. 213-224.

Considerable confusion has resulted in the "debate" (and lack of "debate") about whether or not Low-Energy Reactions (LENR) can take place. A key reason for this has involved the lack of a cogent argument, based on fundamental physical ideas, involving electromagnetism. In this paper, I re-examine this question. In fact, a cogent argument does exist, based on resonant electrodynamics, and its more general formulation, involving quantum electrodynamics. Lessons learned from this and their relevance are key to understanding the most salient effects, including the Infra-Red (IR) results from the SPAWAR experiments, and Mitchell Swartz’s experiments. The associated arguments suggest that magnetic effects that have only been indirectly applied may be used to trigger LENR in particular situations. A new experiment, based on this line of reasoning, is suggested.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf#page=221

solid, a firestorm of controversy erupted. Beginning in 1991, the Office of Naval Research began a decade-long study of the FP excess heat effect. This effort documented the fact that the excess heat that FP observed is the result of a form of nuclear fusion that can occur in solids at reduced temperature, dynamically, through a deuteron (d)+d 4He reaction, without high-energy particles or gamma rays. A key reason this fact has not been accepted is the lack of a cogent argument, based on fundamental physical ideas, justifying it. In the paper, this question is re-examined, based on a generalization of conventional energy band theory that applies to finite, periodic solids, in which d’s are allowed to occupy wave-like, ion band states, similar to the kinds of states that electrons occupy in ordinary metals. Prior to being experimentally observed, the Ion Band State Theory (IBST) of cold fusion predicted a potential d+d => 4He reaction, without high energy particles, would explain the excess heat, the 4He would be found in an unexpected place (outside heat-producing electrodes), and high-loading, x 1, in PdDx, would be required.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRconvention.pdf

Andrea Rossi e Sergio Focardi realizaram uma demonstração pública em 14 de Janeiro de 2011 do ECat (catalisador de energia) aquecedor de água Rossi, um reator níquel-hidrogênio a fusão, na Universidade de Bolonha (Itália). Um groupo de cerca de 50 scientistas da  universidade e do Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, o Instituto de Física Nuclear Italiano) onde se examinou o dispositivo. O experimento foi organizado pelo Dr. Giuseppe Levi e outros docentes da Universidaede de Bolonha/INFN.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRoreatorros.pdf

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi held a public demonstration on January 14, 2011 of Rossi’s ECat (energy catalyzer) boiler, a nickel-hydrogen fusion reactor, at the University of Bologna (Italy). A group of about 50 scientists from the university and the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN, the Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics) were on hand to examine the device. The experiment was organized by Dr. Giuseppe Levi and other faculty at the University of Bologna/INFN.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRtherossikw.pdf

This paper presents a theory of condensed matter fusion in crystals based on the periodic potential provided by an ordered lattice and the approximate Bose statistics obeyed by bosons on length scales associated with electrostatic interactions. The resulting nuclear interaction proceeds in a manner that approximately preserves either the initial periodicity of the lattice or the periodicity of a commensurate lattice. Reaction reversibility over timescales associated with electrostatic interaction results in condensed matter fusion being dominated by interactions in which both the products and reactants obey Bose-Einstein statistics. As a result tritium release and 3He+ production should not appear as primary fusion products.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRdistribute.pdf

847. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, Nuclear Fusion in a Solid via a Bose Bloch Concentrate. 1990, NRL: Washington.

We present a theory of solid state fusion based on the formation of a D+ bosonic Bloch condensate within a metal deuteride. The first step towards fusion is a coalescence reaction which converts a 4-fold occupation state of zero point motion size into a state of nuclear dimensions . Reaction rates for the coalescence reaction are calculated using the Fermi Golden Rule.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRnuclearfus.pdf

Cooperative ionic fluctuations, which become energetically favorable during the overcharging of a sufficiently ordered, stoichiometric Pd-D lattice, provide a means for an entirely new form of nuclear interaction, "cold" or "solid state" fusion. As a consequence, I) nucleons separated by macroscopic distances in a classical sense may interact in a nuclear fashion quantum mechanically. and 2) nuclear fusion may occur in which unfamiliar products are released. The evolution of such an ionic nuctuation. which we have named a Bose Bloch Condensate (BBC). becomes favorable as the concentrations of D and Pd become comparable because of I arge energy costs from lattice strain at individual lattice sites that result from coulombic repulsion associated with the occupation of a site by more than one D. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=138

In this paper, first we re-examine the assumptions associated with applying the fundamental "scientific paradigm" of hot fusion to the problem of cold fusion and then explain how much of the cold fusion controversy can be reconciled once an alternative paradigm, based on solid state physics, is adapted. The new world-view that results from this different perspective is the basis of our "Lattice Induced Nuclear Chemistry" (LINC) theory of cold fusion. We conclude the paper by summarizing some of the most important results of LINC. These include our predictions (prior to the experimental work by Bush et al.) that 1) it is to be expected that the primary cold fusion byproducts in the electrolytic experiments involved Pd and D probably are heat and low-energy 4He, 2) the 4He should remain largely on trapped within the bulk electrode and be found primarily in the surface region and out gases, and 3) there is a need to satisfy a critical loading condition (of x~1 in PdDx) in the electrolytic experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SIFthescience.pdf#page=214

Puska et al. and Astaldi et al. have provided experimental evidence for the existence of hydrogen ion band states in adsorption studies of H and D atoms on metallic surfaces. If a certain view of quantum reality is correct, an ion band state (IBS) D+ population has wave function overlap and will undergo cold fusion, unlike normal molecules and ionic and covalent solids. Arguments leading to this conclusion and a tabulation of likely IBS reactions are presented.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=358

852. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb, The Role of Hydrogen Ion Band States in Cold Fusion. Trans. Fusion Technol., 1994. 26(4T): p. 414.

853. Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Hidden results of the ion band state theory. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Using the Ion Band State (IBS) theory, we predicted a number of important effects that were subsequently observed3 in Cold Fusion anomalous heat experiments. Despite this fact, the theory has inspired controversy4and confusions. By addressing the skeptics, we have learned that both the success of the theory and the controversy it seems to provoke have a common origin: our application of conventional, mainstream, solid state, many-body physics ideas that are known to describe the physics of hydrogen inside7 and on the surface7 of transition metals, to the PdD Cold Fusion problem. Our application of these mainstream ideas is inconsistent with the predominant paradigm that is commonly applied to Cold Fusion because it uses important ideas that relate periodic order to coherence that are known to apply at low temperature (LT) in solids and to hydrogen-in-metal systems that are not consistent with the conventional high temperature (HT) models that have formed the basis of conventional thinking. Implicit in this alternative (LT) picture is the important result that symmetry provides a means of "hiding" the potential location of a particular nuclear reaction. As a consequence: 1. it becomes impossible to distinguish the locations of the associated (periodically distributed) nuclear interactions, and 2. the associated energy release is initiated through a coherent release of energy and charge at the crystal boundaries.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=330

Abstract-- Solids, at room temperature, are periodically ordered. High temperature plasma's (HTP's) are disordered. Because of this fact, collisions i n solids and HTP' s are very different. Specifically, because solids have periodic order, they can coherently absorb momentum, all at once at a point, discontinuously, and through recoil processes in which the solid, as a whole, moves in response to a collision at an isolated location. As a result, in ordered solids, very often, the initial momentum of "colliding" particles is not conserved by the particles during "collisions. " At lowlintermediate temperatures, these kinds of "collisions" play a dominant role i n the following important effects: 1 . the conduction of heat and electricity (Ashkroft and Mermin, 1 976A), 2. diffraction of neutrons, electrons and X-rays (Ashkroft and Mermin, 1 976B), and 3 . the Mossbauer effect (Schwinger, 1990; Schwinger, 1 994). Because the idealized limit of stoichiometric PdD is periodically ordered, not only is there reason to believe that further D-loading will result in the occupation of ion band states by D-nuclei. it is probable that the potential nuclear reactions and transport of ion band state D (Chubb and Chubb, 1 991) will be dominated by these kinds of interactions. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=73

We argue that much of the debate concerning "Cold Fusion" (CF) has resulted from the misguided assumption that CF somehow must mimic a colder version of conventional fusion. Instead we suggest that CF is the result of phenomena that are most intense at absolute temperature T equal to zero, and that these effects persist at room temperature. This alternative approach makes good physical sense because it is unreasonable to believe that particle-particle collisions can provide a mechanism for overcoming the conventional "Coulomb B arrier" at room temperature as many have assumed (Lindley, 1 990; Chechin et aI, 1 994). Instead, we suggest that the possible avenues to fusion are the result of coherent, many-body effects that are tied to the underlying, well-known rules of solid-state physics as they apply to periodically ordered lattices. In the paper, we provide an overview of the logic associated with this alternative framework and suggest a number of new , lower T experiments in which pronounced anomalous behavior could result from D+D->4He reactions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=78

Introduction Cold Fusion has been plagued with misconceptions about what is and is not possible, based on the "Laws" of Quantum Mechanics. An important reason for this is the seemingly impossibly large difference in length-scale between nuclear- and atomic- processes. In conventional fusion, these scales remain "so far apart" that they "effectively" don’t "talk" to each other, usually. However, electromagnetic interactions (EMI’s) have infinite range. For this reason, it is possible that EMI’s "can" "explain" how this "apparent" problem can be eliminated.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRtheoretica.pdf

For a long time, Cold Fusion (CF) seemed to be at odds with conventional Physics both experimentally and theoretically.  A key reason for this involved confusion about the possibility that processes involving characteristic length scales of nuclear- and atomic- size dimensions could couple to each other without releasing high momentum particles.  As experiments have improved, this situation has changed.  In the paper, we identify and contrast a number of common themes associated with the manner in which five of the more refined theories have addressed this problem.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbSRrelationsh.pdf

859. Chubb, T.A., Laboratory Evidence Demonstrating d-d Cold Fusion in Metals. 2002.

Since the initial announcement of the Fleischmann-Pons effect[1] there has been substantial laboratory progress in establishing the reality of excess heat produced by radiationless d-d nuclear reaction in the deuterium-palladium system.  Selected experimental achievements are listed below.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAlaboratory.pdf

The time history of 3He concentrations in gas samples collected and analyzed by Clarke et al. is modeled. A deficiency relative to expected helium suggests loss through microfractures identified by Farkas.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAmodelingth.pdf

Starved reactant electrolysis can result in co-deposition of hydrogen and a higher voltage reactant. The hydrogen has the potential to be deposited in an excited state that is delocalized and wavelike. It is suggested that this occurred in the Liaw et al. study. Evidence for cathodic overpotential electrolysis in molten hydroxide electrolyte is presented.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAproduction.pdf

LENR theory must explain dd fusion, alpha-addition transmutations, radiationless nuclear reactions, and 3-body nuclear particle reactions.   Reaction without radiation requires many-body D+Bloch periodicity in both location and internal structure dependencies.  Electron scattering leads to mixed quantum states. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAtheddcoldf.pdf

LENR ion band state models involve deuteron many-body systems resembling superfluids.  The physics of atom Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices teaches that superfluid behavior occurs when the potential barriers between adjacent potential wells permit high tunneling rates and the well potentials are shallow. These superfluids have fractional occupation of individual wells. Well periodic symmetry is not affected by the presence of the atoms.  This behavior suggests that deuterons in a lattice should be in non-self-trapping sites, which may indicate that D+Bloch occupies the Pd tetrahedral sites.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAlenrsuperf.pdf

ABSTRACT    A Bloch ion has periodic symmetry and is distributed in space in a lattice array form.  Its spatial density distribution is neutralized within each unit cell by a metal's electrons.  The wave function repeats coherently modulo a Bravais lattice vector.  Paired Bloch deuterons partitioned over a sufficiently large number of unit cells become superposed and coherently mixed by coordinate exchange.  A Hamiltonian describing paired deuterons 2-D+Bloch is presented, and its nuclear self-interaction and coupling with the lattice are described.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAiblochions.pdf

ABSTRACT    This paper is the second of a set of 3 papers dealing with the role of coherent  partitioning as a common element in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), by which is meant cold-fusion related processes.  This paper discusses the first step in a sequence of 4 steps that seem to be necessary to explain Iwamura 2-alpha-addition surface transmutations.   Three concepts are examined:  salt-metal interface states, sequential tunneling that transitions D+ ions from localized interstitial to Bloch form, and the general applicability of 2-dimensional vs. 3-dimensional symmetry hosting networks. 

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAiiinhibite.pdf

ABSTRACT    The Iwamura et al. 2-alpha addition transmutations1 and the Oriani-Fisher energetic particle showers2 demand an explanation.  They both depend on the same physics as responsible for cold fusion, namely the coherent partitioning of deuteron charge when the deuteron assumes a Bloch-like form and becomes distributed among a large number Nwell of potential wells.  As a result the work required to bring the 2 "nuclei" into contact is reduced by 1/Nwell.  In cold fusion 2 spin-zero paired deuterons fuse as per 2 D+Bloch --> 4He++Bloch + 23.8 MeV.   In the Iwamura process 2 4He++Bloch fuse as per 2 4He++Bloch --> 8Be4+Bloch + Enuc, in a Bloch-sensitive reaction where reaction energy Enuc is a function of Nwell. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAiiiblochnu.pdf

868. Chubb, T.A. Catalytic fusion and the Interface between Insulators and Transition Metals. in The 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2005. Yokohama, Japan.

869. Chubb, T.A., Three Types of dd Fusion. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 2005. 93: p. 895.

There seem to be 3 different processes by which deuterons can be made to fuse so as to release nuclear energy. The conventional approach is thermonuclear fusion, which uses collisions between energized deuterons to create a transient 4He nucleus that decays by energetic particle emission. Deuteron-deuteron (dd) fusion is modeled by scattering theory. Quantum wave mechanics uses wave functions to describe the colliding particles as plane waves.  The waves are treated as if arriving from infinity, and as going away to infinity after scattering or reaction.  Gamow factors calculating the probability of transmission through the dd Coulomb barrier are used in calculating fusion rates.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAthreetypes.pdf

Interfaces between Ionic Solids and Nanometals • Provides 2-dimension lattice symmetry • Promotes Bloch deuterium • Deuterium quasiparticles undergo fusion . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAdfusionini.pdf

This paper seeks to make readers aware that Arata and Zhang (A&Z) in 2007/8 demonstrated operation of an autonomous fusion "heater". The heater generated a steady outflow flow of heat at slightly above room temperature throughout a run lasting hundreds of hours. The steady nuclear heat occurred after a brief burst of chemical heat during D2 absorption. No other energy input was present.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAinhonorofy.pdf

The interface theory of cold fusion is a variant of Ion Band State (IBS) Theory. It models Bloch symmetry deuterons in a 2-dimensional metal lattice instead of the 3-dimensional metal lattice first used. Both IBS variants recognize that the required lattice symmetry has limited extent, with the reactive deuterons being bound inside a closed volume like a box. The reactive deuterons are confined within classical turning point boundaries, while within the box their density distributions are modulated by a lattice array potential. Strictly speaking, the IBS fusion theory is a many-body theory. Nuclear dd fusion is one of several LENR processes. Some LENR processes do not require many-body ions and support room temperature nuclear reactions using light ions in single-particle Bloch geometry. For example, the decay of metastable single-body Bloch-function 8Be seems to be the source of MeV alphas in Oriani's light/heavy water electrolysis, and in several co-deposition electrolysis CR39 studies, as described in ICCF14 Abstracts. The Oriani MeV alphas are side products of both light water and heavy water electrolysis, using either Pd or Ni cathodes, as shown in highly repeatable tests. Bloch 8Be is likely the nuclearly reactive component in the final step of the Iwamura et al. transmutation studies. Despite differences, all LENR systems seem to share some essential physics.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAinterfacem.pdf

The density of atoms with 3 or more electrons is determined by Pauli exclusion. Conduction electrons in a metal and reactant deuterium atoms are in Bloch function form, in which corresponding positions in a lattice are equivalent. 2-dimensional symmetry D-atoms are thin, flat, and have reduced Coulomb repulsion between pairs. Fusion takes place inside an interface between an ionic crystal and an epitaxy metal layer. 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional systems are different. Both are real, benefit from shock stimulation, and are Bloch systems; but they require different environments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=136

875. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Cold fusion as an interaction between ion band states. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 93.

A theory of solid-state fusion based on the interaction between D+ and 4He++ ion band states within a host lattice is presented. Formation of ion band-state deuterium is thermo-dynamically favored when lattice strain energy is greater than the incremental chemical potential of the band state. The key fusion step is a coalescence fluctuation that converts a twofold occupation state of electrostatic zero-point-motion size into a state of nuclear dimensions. Rates are calculated using the Fermi Golden Rule. Fusion energy is shared between band-state members and subsequently transferred to the lattice.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAcoldfusion.pdf

877. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. The Ion Band State Theory. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

We have previously explained how the occupation of ion band states by hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) in palladium deuteride PdD and possibly Ni can result in radiationless fusion. The explanation includes a number of assumptions about the governing conditions associated with the process. As a consequence of these assumptions we predicted1-3 important excess heat phenomena (loading requirements, by-products, etc.) of Cold Fusion (CF) that were subsequently observed4,5. Although the governing ideas are based on mainstream solid state physics ideas, the underlying theory "seems" to have "evaded" a number of potential problems that have bothered many people concerning CF. As we have explained recently6,7, as a result of these solid state physics effects, discontinuous changes in momentum and singularities in the effective kinetic energies associated with H or D that may occur through the occupation of ion band states provide a means for eliminating the phenomena that seemingly are omitted by the theory. In this paper we clarify the origin of these effects and their relationship to questions that have been raised associated with our treatment of the Coulomb barrier.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAtheionband.pdf

879. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Fusion Reactions in Deuterided Palladium. The Why of Cold Fusion Heat. 1996.

880. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb. Radiationless Cold Fusion: Why Small "Crystals" Are Better, N(cell) Requirement, and Energy Transfer to Lattice. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

The Ion Band State Theory describes Fleischmann and Pons cold fusion phenomena.  It is based on application of solid state band theory physics, many-body physics, and the known quantum behavior of hydrogen in metals.  Important assumptions are that charge neutrality exists in each unit cell and that the reactive quantum states, which are stationary Bloch states, are describable as symmetric sums over complete sets of non-stationary, particle-like Wannier states.  Consequences are that D+-D+ wave function overlap occurs for crystals possessing a sufficiently large number N_cell > ~10^4 of unit cells.  Once this condition is met, small crystals provide more power per cc than larger crystals.  Energy-transfer from the product state to the lattice electrons results from a change in the quantum of mass and resulting inelastic scattering due to charge distribution changes in the boundary region. The theory also predicts that the primary product is 4He, as observed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAradiationl.pdf

ND band state D+ ions are treated as a sum over pairs.  The wave functions of a D+ pair is assumed to be a product of a Bloch function in lattice space times a Bloch function in separation space.  Overlap allows a strong force fusion reaction to 4He++.  A coupling between the nuclear change and the ion charge distribution in the lattice is described.  The change in ion charge distribution scatters Bloch electrons in a multistep nuclear de-excitation process.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAdeuteridei.pdf

Abstract In Cold Fusion, confusion exists as a result of conflicting intuitive pictures, one based on local physics, the other on non-local physics. The local picture, based on particle-particle interaction, has played a dominant role. The non-local "less-intuitive" picture, based on the known behavior of solids, places greater emphasis on the behavior of matter distributions and their interaction with the associated environment. The resulting description is consistent with the known laws of physics and the behavior of hydrogen, deuterium (D⁺) and tritons in transition metals. In the non-local picture, we examine consequences of fluxes of deuterons passing through the surfaces of transition metals as associated with the occupation of D⁺ ion band states and possible nuclear energy release.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAdeuteronfl.pdf

884. Chubb, T.A. and S.R. Chubb, Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier in Cold Fusion. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2009. 2.

Schwinger pointed out that under some circumstances the Coulomb barrier between paired charged particles is replaced by a correlation factor in a two-body wave function. This paper shows how having two deuterons bound within a common volume having a multiplicity of potential wells can lead to an energy-minimized Schwinger form of wave equation with wave function overlap. Relevance to a situation in which a small number of deuterium atoms is forced into a fully loaded palladium deuteride (PdD) host is discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAovercoming.pdf

Considerable confusion occurred from a speculative conjecture that we suggested in 1989, concerning the potential role of conventional energy band theory in the "cold fusion" claims suggested by Fleischmann and Pons. Two important reasons for this are related to: 1. Misconceptions about what was taking place in the experiments, and 2. Limitations of conventional energy band theory. In particular, we proposed the idea that deuterium nuclei (deuterons) could occupy energy band states (ion band states)--analogous to the kinds of energy band states that electrons occupy in ordered solids--with the possibility of nuclear fusion. But conventional energy band theory has limitations, associated with the underlying quantum mechanics. In particular, band theory involves single-particle quasi-particle wave functions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChubbTAusefulness.pdf

887. Chulick, G.S., Y.E. Kim, and R.A. Rice, Low Energy D-D Fusion Experimental Cross-Sections. 1989.

888. Chulick, G.S., R.A. Rice, and Y.E. Kim. The Effect of Electron Screening and Velocity Distribution on Proton-Deuterium Fusion Rates in Jupiter. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

889. Chulick, G.S., et al., Comment on "Cluster-Impact Fusion by P. M. Echenique et al. 1990.

890. Ciarlariello, T.W. Muon Catalyzed Fusion: From Prior Art to Future Space Planes. in 2019 LANR/CF Colloquium at MIT. 2019. Cambridge, MA.

891. Cirillo, D., et al., Experimental evidence of a neutron flux generation in a plasma discharge electrolytic cell. Key Engineering Materials, 2012. 495: p. 104-107.

A substantial neutron flux generated by plasma excitation at the tungsten cathode of an electrolytic cell with alkaline solution is reported. A method based on a CR-39 nuclear track detector coupled to a boron converter was used to detect the neutrons. This method is insensitive to the strong plasma-generated electromagnetic noise that made inconclusive all the previous attempts to identify neutrons in electrolytic plasma environment by means of electric detection techniques.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDexperiment.pdf

893. Cirillo, D. and V. Iorio, Transmutation of metal to low energy in confined plasma in the water electrochemical plasma cell. 2004.

Abstract: Energetic emissions have been observed from an electrolytic cell when tungsten electrodes are used to generate a confined plasma close to the cathode immersed an alkaline solution. In addition, energy generation has been observed, always close to the cathode, along with the appearance of new chemical elements in the experimental apparatus. These elements were not present in the cell before the experiment. This observation is proof of nuclear transmutations occurring within the cell. The results of this research and a theoretical model of the phenomenon were shown for the first time on April 18, 2004 during the second Grottammare (Ap) ONNE meeting in Italy.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

Abstract This paper describes a neutron detector designed by INFN-Sanita` group of Rome. The detector fulfills all the requirements of cold fusion experiments and, on the other hand, can operate in several kind of experiments involving neutron detection, even when significant, variable and not taggable background is present. As a matter of fact, it is suitable to detect every source emitting multi-MeV neutrons, correlated or not correlated, in burst or constant rate, isotropic or directional. It is a low-noise detector. The detector was used in cold fusion experiments demonstrating, with high sensibility, the absence of neutron emission in these phenomena.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CisbaniEneutrondet.pdf

It has been recently argued that inverse- nuclear transmutations might occur at an impressively high rate in a thin layer at the metallic hydride surface under specific conditions. In this note we present a calculation of the transmutation rate which shows that there is little room for such a remarkable effect.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CiuchiSlowenergyn.pdf

897. Clarke, A.C., 2001: The Coming Age of Hydrogen Power. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(22): p. 15.

[F]our years ago, two scientists named Pons and Fleischmann claimed to have achieved "cold fusion" at room temperature in certain metals saturated with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen. Under these conditions, they reported that they were getting out more energy than they put into the system. This, of course, created a worldwide sensation, and many laboratories tried to repeat the experiments. They all failed, and Pons and Fleischmann were laughed out of court. That was the last anyone heard of them for a couple of years. But meanwhile, there had been an underground movement of scientists who believed that there might be something in all this business, and started experiments of their own—often in defiance of their employers . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeACthecominga.pdf

Transcript of the interview shown in the video "Cold Fusion, Fire from Water"

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeACtranscript.pdf

In a recent report titled "Observation of abundant heat production from a reactor device and of isotopic changes in the fuel" and published by Bologna University, G. Levi and co-workers put forth several claims concerning the performance of the so-called E-Cat of inventor Andrea Rossi. High and sustained levels of anomalous heat production are reported in extended tests of a reactor device. These results are based on a calculated temperature of 1400C from infrared camera thermography measurements that assumes gray-body radiation from an alumina surface. We show that when the varying spectral emissivity of alumina is taken into account the calculated temperature is much lower, and estimated power out matches power in to within the experimental error, so resolving this anomaly. Claimed isotopic shift results in the same report derive from material handled by the inventor, and therefore are not independent.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeTcommentont.pdf

3He and 4He concentrations in 2-6 mg samples of palladium-black from the interior of Arata style cathodes were investigated using a tungsten wire furnace on-line to an ultra-high sensitivity static mass spectrometer. The detection limit of the mass spectrometer was about 104 atoms 3He and 10^8 atoms 4He, and the mass resolution of 1 part in 620 was sufficient to cleanly resolve 3He from H3 and HD. Three specimens of palladium black (A, B, and C) were from hollow Pd cathodes which had generated excess heat in D2O electrolysis experiments carried out by Arata and Zhang in their laboratory. One specimen of Pd-black (D) had not been used in any electrolysis experiment. A total of twelve samples, three from each specimen, were analyzed. 3He and 4He concentrations were variable as if due to sample inhomogeneity. Two samples ( C-1 and B-1) showed apparent 4He of 4.4x 109 atoms/mg and 6.6x 109 atoms/mg respectively, and three (A-3, B-2, and D-3) showed excess 3He from 77 to 1096x 10^3 atoms/mg relative to the atmospheric 3 He/4He ratio. Seven samples showed no apparent excess of 3He or 4He. Five samples of the aluminum foil used to wrap Pd-black samples were also analyzed and gave mean values of 13±18x103 atoms/mg and l .50±0.66x10^9 atoms/mg for 3He and 4He respectively. The values for Al and Pd-black are comparable to the 1978 results of Mamyrin, Khabarin, and Yudenich who examined helium isotopes in many ordinary metals and other materials including Al and Pd. However, at present there is no evidence for the very much larger concentrations (1016-1017 atoms/mg) of 3He and 4He which Arata and Zhang claim to have detected in similar specimens of Pd-black from Pd cathodes subjected to D2O electrolysis.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeWBsearchforh.pdf

We have made measurements of 3He, 4He and 3H in a sample containing 2.7% of the gas from the interior of an Arata-style hollow palladium electrode charged with ~ 5 g Pd-black which had undergone electrolysis in D2O as a cathode for 90 days and then as an anode for a further 83 days. There is no evidence for the much larger amounts of 4He observed by Arata and Zhang in similar experiments. However, we have found a very large concentration of 2.3±0.5x 1012 atoms/cc STP 3He which we believe can be attributed to decay of tritium produced during electrolysis. We cannot specify any direct production of 3He, a result which is also different from the conclusions of Arata and Zhang. The 3He and tritium measurements and the results of a gas analysis using a Finnigan-type mass spectrometer show that at the end of the anodic electrolysis, the electrode void contained 5.8±0.7 x 10^13 atoms tritium in the gas phase as HT, DT and T2, and 1.7±0.3 x 10^15 atoms tritium in the aqueous phase as HTO, DTO and T 20. At this stage, the gas phase pressure was ~18.8 atm. in a free volume of 0.6 cc, and the total mass of water was ~ 5.7 mg. The gas phase tritium value is viewed as a lower limit for gaseous tritium produced inside the electrode because some of that tritium must have been removed into the D2O electrolyte during the anodic episode.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeWBsearchforha.pdf

903. Clarke, W.B., Production of 4He in D2-Loaded Palladium-Carbon Catalyst I. Fusion Science and Technology, 2003. 43(1): p. 122-127.

A series of lead vials of internal volume 1.0 cm3 were charged with ~200 mg of carbon catalyst containing 0.5% Pd and 0.4% Pd. The vials were clamped to stainless steel manifolds on a vacuum line, then pumped out and filled with high-purity H2 or D2 at a pressure of 152 cm Hg and a temperature of 23°C. Several vials contained ordinary activated carbon instead of palladium-carbon, and some vials contained only H2 or D2. All the vials were stored in a sandbox heated to ~200°C for times up to 45 days before mass spectrometer measurements of 3He and 4He were made. No evidence was found for the high concentrations of 4He claimed in similar experiments by several other researchers. The upper limit for the concentration excess of 4He in D2 in vials containing palladium-carbon is 11 ppt (parts per trillion) at the 95% confidence level. This limit for 4He may be compared with previous claims in similar experiments of 100 ppm (parts per million) by Case and 11 ppm by George and McKubre et al.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeWBriproduction.pdf

Measurements of He, 3He/4He, Ne and 13 other components (H2, HD, D2, CH4, H2O, HDO, D2O, N2, CO, C2H6, O2, Ar, and CO2) in four samples of gas from SRI International (SRI) are reported. Three samples were collected from SRI Case-type stainless steel cells containing ~10 g of Pd/C catalyst initially loaded with ~3 atm D2 at ~200°C, and the fourth sample (not identified) was stated to be a control. Case and the SRI researchers have claimed to observe 4He in concentrations of ~100 parts per million (ppm) and up to 11 ppm, respectively, produced in these cells via the fusion reaction D + D = 4He + 23.8 MeV. Others found no evidence for 4He addition that cannot be readily explained by leaks from the atmosphere into the SRI cells. One sample appears to be identical in composition to air, and the other three have been seriously affected by leak(s) into and from the SRI cells. The rare gas ?forensic? evidence includes 3He/4He ratios and He and Ne concentrations that are almost identical to air values. The samples also show high N2 (a primary indicator of air), low O2, and high CO and CO2 due to reaction of incoming atmospheric O2 with C in the catalyst. In two samples, the original D2 (or H2) has almost completely disappeared by outflow through the leak(s). These results have obvious implications concerning the validity of the excess 4He concentrations claimed by Case and the SRI researchers.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClarkeWBriproductiona.pdf

906. Clarke, W.B. and B.M. Oliver, Response to comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production'' (Lett. to Ed;). Fusion Science and Technology, 2002. 41: p. 153.

907. Claytor, T.N., et al. Search for Excess Heat and Tritium in Nickel Alloys Exposed to Pulsed H/D Plasmas (PowerPoint slides). in International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Symposium, ILENRS-12. 2012. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185.

Conclusions Ni Alloy is reproducible, (this is a big deal!) Tritium can be several sigma over background Effect can be obtained in 1-2 days Excess heat is small but not inconsistent with Helium data If X-ray effect can be increased then might serve as a "CB" demo Parameter space, effects of pressure, electrical driving conditions, temperature, etc. have only been partially explored.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNsearchfore.pdf

Over the past year we have been able to demonstrate that a plasma loading method produces an exciting and unexpected amount of tritium from small palladium wires.

In contrast to electrochemical hydrogen or deuterium loading of palladium, this method yields a reproducible tritium generation rate when various electrical and physical conditions are met. Small diameter wires (100 - 250 microns) have been used with gas pressures above 200 torr at voltages and currents of about 2000 V at 3-5 A. By carefully controlling the sputtering rate of the wire, runs have been extended to hundreds of hours allowing a significant amount (> 10’s nCi) of tritium to accumulate. We will show tritium generation rates for deuterium-palladium foreground runs that are up to 25 times larger than hydrogen-palladium control experiments using materials from the same batch. We will illustrate the difference between batches of annealed palladium and as received palladium from several batches as well as the effect of other metals (Pt, Ni, Nb, Zr, V, W, Hf) to demonstrate that the tritium generation rate can vary greatly from batch to batch.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumpro.pdf

ABSTRACT A number of palladium alloys have been loaded with deuterium or hydrogen under low energy plasma bombardment in a system that allows the continuous measurement of tritium. Long run times (up to 200 h) result in an integration of the tritium and this, coupled with the high intrinsic sensitivity of the system (~ 0.1nCi/l), enables the significance of the tritium measurement to be many sigma (>10). We will show the difference in tritium generation rates between batches of palladium alloys (Rh, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Be, B, Li, Hf, Hg and Fe) of various concentrations to illustrate that tritium generation rate is dependent on alloy type as well as within a specific alloy, dependent on concentration.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumprob.pdf

A solid state "cold fusion" cell was constructed to test for nonequilibrium D-D fusion in a solid. The stimulus for the design was the hypothesis that the electrochemical surface layer in the Pons -Fleischmann cell could be replaced with a metal- insulator-semiconductor (MIS) barrier. Cells were constructed of alternating layers of palladium and silicon powders pressed into a ceramic form and exposed to deuterium gas at 110 psia , resulting in a D/Pd ratio of 0.7. Pulses of current were passed through the cells to populate nonequilibrium states at the MIS barriers. One cell showed neutron activity and had a large amount of tritium. Other cells have produced tritium at a low rate consistent with neutron emission at or below the threshold of observability. The branching ratio for n/p was about 3 x 10^-9 in all the experiments where a substantial amount of tritium has been found .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumand.pdf

Cavitation at high frequency in close proximity to metal surfaces was investigated in D2O. A new miniaturized cavitation system was operated at 1.7 MHz and was small enough to fit into a sensitive Seebeck calorimeter. The 1.7 MHz reactor was designed to hold 20 g of D2O or H2O. The cells were operated in a pulsed mode for 1 or 2 min and then allowed to cool in the calorimeter. Target foils were placed in close proximity to the transducer and different foils show a maximum of about 13% change in measured excess heat output. Tritium measurements were made on the resulting liquid and showed a small initial increase. However, longer runs did not show a linear increase in tritium as the cavitation times were increased. No detectable signals were measured on a pancake gamma detector placed below the cavitation cells. Many different target foils (TF) (7 x 19 x 0.1 mm) were run in the system. A few showed some interesting surface features.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedzb.pdf#page=84

INTRODUCTION This paper summarizes some of the methods applicable for low level tritium detection needed in the search for anomalous fusion in metal hydrides. It is also intended to further detail our tritium and neutron results that have been obtained with the Pd-Si-D system, originally presented at earlier workshops. A measure of reproducibility that was not evident in our previous work has been achieved partially due to the better detection sensitivity afforded by the use of low tritium deuterium and partially from the fact that the foil-wafer cells can be made with nearly identical electrical characteristics. This reproducibility has allowed us to narrow the optimum conditions for the experiment. While this experiment is rather different from the "standard" electrolytic cell or the Ti gas hydride experiment, similarities exist in that non equilibrium conditions are sought and the tritium generation levels are low and neutron emission is extremely weak. In contrast to many electrochemical cell experiments, the system used in these experiments is completely sealed during operation and uses no electrolyte.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumgen.pdf

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ClaytorTNtritiumanda.pdf

915. Claytor, T.N., D.G. Tuggle, and S.F. Taylor. Evolution of Tritium from Deuterided Palladium Subject to High Electrical Currents. in Third International Conference on Cold Fusion, "Frontiers of Cold Fusion". 1992. Nagoya Japan: Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.

An increase in the tritium level was detected in deuterium when various configurations of palladium foil or powder and silicon wafers or powder were subject to a high pulsed current. The deuterium, and over one atmosphere pressure, was circulated in a sealed loop containing the cell and an ionization chamber to measure the tritium increase as a function of time. After 4800 hours of data, spanning 10 cells (including deuterium and hydrogen controls), were collected with this system. Average tritium production has varied from 0.02 to 0.2 nCi/h. Due to experimental constraints we have not been able to measure neutron output with these cells while simultaneously measuring the tritium increase. The question of tritium contamination in the palladium has been primarily resolved by the development of techniques that allow the palladium powder or foil to be reused. Various methods for increasing the tritium production, such as, increased current density, surface modifiers, and higher deuterium loading, will be discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdinter.pdf#page=220

ON 23 MARCH 1989, two chemists working at the University of Utah, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, stunned the world with their claim to have harnessed nuclear fusion -- the process that powers the Sun-in a test tube of water at room temperature. Pons and Fleischmann asserted that passing a current through heavy water-water containing deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen -- between palladium electrodes produced a huge amount of heat. They concluded that this excess energy could not have come from any electrochemical process but must have resulted from the fusion of deuterium nuclei. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CloseFwhateverha.pdf

918. Close, F. and J. Bockris, Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion?, in New Scientist. 1991. p. 46.

The cold fusion saga is one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of scientific research. The sudden announcement of a potential source of virtually limitless energy turned its inventors into media stars, caused them to shortcircuit normal scientific procedure and wrap their research in a shroud of secrecy. Researchers have argued bitterly about the validity of experimental results, accusing each other of fraud and suppressing scientific evidence. It has proved to be a stern reminder that scientists are just as vulnerable to the human failings of greed, vanity and spite as anyone else.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CloseFwhateverha.pdf

920. Cohen, J.S. and J.D. Davies, Is cold fusion hot? Nature (London), 1989. 342: p. 487.

921. Cola, M., et al. A Simple Model of the "Coehn-Aharonov" Effect in a Peculiar Electrolytic Configuration. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy.

922. Collins, G.S., et al., Electrolytic loading of hydrogen in metals studied by PAC. Hyperfine Interactions, 1990. 60: p. 663.

923. Collins, G.S., J.S. Walker, and J.W. Norbury, Deuteron tunnelling at electron-volt energies. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 409.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CollinsGSdeuterontu.pdf

925. Collis, W.J.M.F. Nuclear Reactions of Cold Fusion-A Systematic Study. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

A computer is used make an exhaustive search for simple nuclear reactions between naturally occurring isotopes with a view to identifying possible primary cold fusion reactions and materials which might support theoretical models. We discuss the difficulties in producing neutrons and tritium in light water expe rime nts.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=434

Over the last few years some progress has been made in demonstrating reproducible heat production in so called Cold Fusion experiments . This has not been matched by theoretical understanding as to the mechanism of heat production. It is important to establish which nuclear reactions, if any, are the source of excess heat before speculating on reaction mechanisms . Unfortunately experiment has not clearly demonstrated the consumption of any nuclear fuel nor production of nuclear ash. So any analysis must be able to cope with incomplete data . A computer is an ideal tool to cope with this problem. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ENECOtheseventh.pdf#page=94

Almost unexpectedly, the success of the 8th International Workshop has required the printing and publishing of Proceedings. Such Proceedings had always been planned in electronic form (and in colour). So it was mainly a question of cash as to if and how any printed publication would take form. The Workshop made a modest profit which would disappear when printing costs were taken into account. I’m glad to say ISCMNS stepped in with the necessary financial support. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ISCMNSproceeding.pdf#page=6

The 12th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals was held at the Hotel Langhe e Monferrato, Costigliole d’Asti in Italy, June 2017. This is a four-star hotel with 55 rooms which overflowed with some 72 participants and guests. The choice of province of Asti continued the tradition of the original Asti Workshops organized by Fiat in 1993 and 1995.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedy.pdf#page=5

930. Conte, E., Theoretical indications of the possibility of nuclear reactions at low energy. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(24): p. 49.

931. Conway, B.E. and J.C. Currie, Significance of effects of pressure on electrode reactions.Part III.Equilibrium processes at reference electrodes and the volume of H in Pd. Canadian J. Chem., 1978. 56: p. 915.

932. Conway, B.E. and J. Wojtowicz, Time-scales of electrochemical desorption and sorption of H in relation to dimensions and geometeies of host metal hydride electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 326: p. 277.

933. Cook, N. Toward an Explanation of Transmutation Products on Palladium Cathodes. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

934. Cook, N., Models of the Atomic Nucleus, Unification Through a Lattice of Nucleons. 2010: Springer.

Models of the Atomic Nucleus (2nd Edition, Springer, 2010) is an attempt to unify the diverse and mutually-contradictory models of traditional nuclear structure theory within the framework of a lattice of nucleons. At the level of nuclear "modeling", the lattice is rather successful at reproducing the major features of the historical models. To wit, the binding energies and nuclear radii predictions of the liquid-drop model [LDM] are reproduced in a close-packed lattice because the lattice is dominated by near-neighbor, two-body, nucleon-nucleon interactions, as in the LDM. The alpha particle substructure of nuclei, as postulated in the cluster models, is reproduced in a nucleon lattice with spin- and isospin-layering because a close-packed lattice inherently contains He4-like, tetrahedral nucleon clusters. Most importantly, the shells, subshells and "magic" numbers of the independent-particle model [IPM] are reproduced in the lattice on a purely geometrical basis – a direct consequence of nucleon build-up from a central tetrahedron. That fact was noted (and illustrated in Physical Review!) by Eugene Wigner in 1937 – who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics explicitly "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus [...], particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". It is noteworthy that the exact same lattice described by Wigner achieves unification of the modern-day nuclear models using a realistic, short-range, nuclear potential – and not the purely-theoretical, quark-based fiction of a long-range, nuclear "mean field." Models of the Atomic Nucleus goes beyond the traditional concerns of nuclear modeling in addressing the still-unexplained topics of the fragment asymmetry in fission, the millisecond instability of the so-called super-heavy nuclei, and the remarkable findings of transmutation of elements in low-energy nuclear reaction [LENR] studies. The book clearly illustrates the fact that, for resolution of any of these and other long-standing controversies in theoretical nuclear physics, it will be necessary to return to the many loose-ends and inconclusive qualitative arguments that have dominated nuclear structure theory since the 1930s.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CookNmodelsofth.pdf

Deciphering the many puzzles of low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) will require not only knowledge of the electromagnetic and chemical environment of the nuclear species that are susceptible to low-energy excitation, but also a detailed understanding of the many-body problem of the atomic nucleus itself. Today most LENR research focuses on the former issues, while nuclear structure theory remains the same conundrum that it has been for 80 years. The essence of the problem is that there has been no self-consistent spatiotemporal description of nuclear structure – and, as a consequence, no reliable framework within which to address the oldest and most outstanding problem in nuclear physics: the nuclear force. The unanswered question in traditional nuclear physics – and the new challenge in LENR – is how to reconcile the short-range nuclear force known from nucleon scattering experiments with the wealth of empirical data on nuclear structure. Despite problems due to the early rejection of spatiotemporal explanations in nuclear physics, 21st century computational power has opened the door to realistic "molecular dynamics"-style simulations of nuclear structure. Some implications both for LENR and for nuclear physics are discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedw.pdf#page=72

The strongest objection to "cold fusion" research since 1989 has been the assertion by nuclear theorists that low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) "violate everything known about nuclear physics." We argue to the contrary that LENR are consistent with quantum mechanics (QM), and "violate" only various questionable assumptions of the 30+ established models of nuclear structure theory. In fact, these "models" are known to be mutually-contradictory (a liquid nuclear interior in the liquid-drop model [LDM], a gaseous-phase in the shell model; local cluster formations in the alpha-particle model, no local interactions in the Fermi-gas model; a short-range nuclear force in the LDM, a long-range "effective" force in the shell model; etc.) and clearly indicate that nuclear theory itself is unfinished business.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CookNthefccstru.pdf

The FCC lattice model of nuclear structure unifies the liquid-phase, gaseous-phase and cluster models within a self-consistent theoretical framework. By discarding the completely fictitious longrange "effective" nuclear force employed by the shell model and yet maintaining the nucleon build-up procedure in the independent-particle model, the FCC model retains the principal strengths of both the liquid-drop and the shell models. In place of the effective nuclear force, we employ the short-range magnetic attraction between suitably aligned nucleons to obtain nuclear binding.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=185

The build-up procedure for the Palladium isotopes is known from the independent-particle model and implies specific 3D structures for these isotopes in the nuclear lattice model [1]. Using those lattice structures, the favorable modes of fission have been simulated and the fission fragments compared with the transmutation products, as reported by Mizuno [2]. It is shown that (i) the changes in relative abundance of the Pd isotopes, and (ii) the main transmutation products in Mizuno-style LENR studies are consistent with the idea that the bulk of the energy released in such experiments is due to the fission of Palladium isotopes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=191

The significance of LENR research for understanding nuclear structure is discussed. In contrast to atomic-level Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), nuclear theory has remained a collection of mutually-exclusive "models" lacking a rigorous foundation. I argue that LENR indicates the way forward to a quantitative theory of nuclear structure, Quantum Nucleodynamics (QND).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedl.pdf#page=78

Introduction On March 23, 1989, at the University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had caused fusion reactions between deuterium nuclei to occur at room temperature, creating a potentially endless and benign source of energy for the world. Of course, this flew in the face of conventional physics, and scientists all over the world hurried to reproduce the effect. The major institutes in the US were unable to do so, and a US Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Research Advisory Panel (ERAB) declared that the effect was not real and that government funding for further research would essentially constitute waste, fraud, and abuse. Thus died the hope of cheap, endless energy through "cold fusion," at least as far as the regular scientific community was concerned.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CoreyJtripreport.pdf

942. Corrigan, D.A., B.K. Schwemmin, and E.W. Schneider, Radiochemical measurements of tritium during heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes in closed cells. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 312: p. 175.

943. Cottingham, W.N. and D.A. Greenwood, The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 1989. 15: p. L157.

944. Coupland, D.R., et al. Some Observations Related to the Presence of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Surface and bulk analytical work carried out on Pd rod samples returned to JM by Fleischmann and Pons indicate that a number of elements, including Pt and Li were deposited on the surface during electrolysis in D2O. One electrolysed rod exhibited recovery of part of the wrought microstructure which would ordinarily require a temperature of > ca. 200°C, and another rod showed recrystallisation of a portion of its length and this would normally require a temperature of > ca. 300°C. These effects cannot be readily explained by known processing history and could not be reproduced by filing or sawing. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=318

Surface and bulk analytical work carried out on palladium rod samples returned to Johnson Matthey by Fleischmann and Pons indicates that a number of elements, including platinum and lithium were deposited on the surface during electrolysis in D2O. Surface analysis via time of flight SIMS indicates that the Li6/Li7 isotope ratio is unusually low but no original reference is available.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=23

947. Cox, D.M., et al., Abnormally Large Deuterium Uptake on Small Transition Metal Clusters. Catalysis Lett, 1990. 4: p. 271.

948. Cranberg, L., Cold fusion doubts and controls" (title given by section editor). Nature (London), 1989. 339: p. 515.

949. Cravens, D. Factors Affecting Success Rate of Heat Generation in CF Cells. in Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Abstract A series of low cost, low precision experiments were conducted to screen for factors which may affect the successful observation of heat from palladium/ heavy water electrolytic cells. Critical factors include the selection of the palladium and the experimental protocol during the initial loading to the beta phase. It was found that bubble patterns, volume expansion, and surface appearance can be used as early predictors of ultimate success. Since large scale defects are detrimental, methods of avoiding cracking are discussed. These include alloying, preparing a uniform surface, loading at a slow rate at low temperatures, delaying use of additives to the electrolyte, and uniform loading techniques. Methods of achieving the later and larger heat releases were found to include: rapid increase in the current density above a threshold value and raising the temperature. A reflux calorimeter design is presented that allows for continuous studies at boiling temperatures of the electrolyte. Unexpected and unexplained occurrences of heat bursts by magnetic fields and radio frequency fields are reported.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDfactorsaff.pdf

951. Cravens, D. Flowing Electrolyte Calorimetry. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

When the specific heat and flow rate of the electrolyte are known, the thennal output of cells using circulating electrolytes can be determined. An independent evaluation of the "Patterson Power Cell™" was conducted using the circulating electrolyte as a heat transfer medium. This allows for real time measurements and alteration of the electrolyte. The cell was found to give measurements consistent with claims of excess power. Suggestions for the improvement of the calorimetry are given. A simplified version of the system was demonstrated during the first 3 days o f the International Conference on Cold Fusion - 5 (ICCF-5) and made available to those requesting its examination.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceeding.pdf#page=95

953. Cravens, D. Search for Radiation Signals from Electrolytic Cells (PowerPoint slides). in American Physical Society Meeting. 2005. Los Angeles.

954. Cravens, D., Inhibition of LENR by Hydrogen within Gas-loaded Systems. J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci., 2011. 4: p. 282-290.

This paper develops a model of reaction kinetics for Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) for gas loaded systems. The method is patterned after mathematics used in Michaelis-Menten kinetic models, which are standard in enzyme catalytic studies. Hydrogen is found to inhibit the deuterium reaction rates and can be explained by mixed inhibition kinetics where the hydrogen both competes with deuterium at the active sites requiring higher concentrations of deuterium for a given reaction rate and it also undergoes noncompetitive inhibition, which alters the maximum rate of the reaction. This kinetic model predicts that hydrogen contamination would require ligher loading ratios for similar reaction rates or heat production and also such contamination may lower ultimate heat production due to hydrogen active site complex productions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/BiberianJPjcondensedc.pdf#page=290

National Instruments’ annual NI Week hosts some of the most advanced electronic and instrumentation technologies on the planet. This year’s event, held in Austin, Texas from August 5-8, was no exception. Electronically controlled robots roamed the aisles. Next year’s auto electronics and advanced controls for cars, airplanes and missiles were displayed. There was even an 800 mph land speed car in the corner. However, in our humble opinion, the most unique booth displayed two golden spheres resting in a bed of silver beads. But the left sphere is 4°C warmer than the right one and the bed it rests in. Why is it warmer? Cold fusion keeps it warm and it has been warm for 2½ months now. . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDcoldfusiona.pdf

A collection of useful techniques for triggering CF events is presented which are gleaned from 14 years of CF research and thousands of experiments by the authors.  Special attention is give to those techniques that trigger excess heat by dynamic conditions that are imposed upon CF systems.  These triggering techniques include changes in cell temperature, pulsing the current to electrolytic systems, acoustical stimulation of gas systems, chemical triggering of electrolytic system, pressure changes, radio frequency excitation, magnetic field variations and laser stimulation. Laser stimulation is found to be a potentially fruitful technique to trigger heat events, to probe the cathode surface by scanning for active locations and to compare products from at active and inactive regions.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDpracticalt.pdf

PowerPoint slides for this paper.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDpracticalta.pdf

One hundred sixty seven papers from 1989 to 2007 concerning the generation of heat from electrochemical cells were collected, listed, and digitally posted to a CD for reference, review and study. A review showed four criteria that were required for successful experiments attempting replication of the Fleischmann-Pons effect. All published negative results can be traced to researchers not fulfilling one or more of these criteria. Statistical and Bayesian studies show that observation of the Fleischmann-Pons effect is correlated with the criteria and that production of "excess heat" is a real physical effect "beyond a reasonable doubt."

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CravensDtheenablin.pdf

960. Crawford, O.H., Examination of a proposed phonon-coupling mechanism for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1992. 21: p. 161.

The proposed nuclear energy in an atomic lattice (NEAL) mechanism for nuclear fusion in a cathode during electrolysis of D20 is examined. In this mechanism, coupled harmonic motion of deuterons is supposed to lead to a reduction in the width of the Coulomb barrier for proton-deuteron (p-d) fusion in palladium, thereby substantially increasing the fusion rate. Instead, it is argued that deuteron-deutron coupling does not have an important effect and that interaction with phonons does not enhance the p-d fusion rate.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CrawfordOHexaminatio.pdf

962. Cribier, M., M. Spiro, and J. Favier, Conventional sources of fast neutrons in cold fusion experiments. Phys. Lett. B, 1989. 228: p. 163.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CribierMconvention.pdf

Isoperibolic electrode calorimetry has demonstrated that four times as much heat is generated at the anode then at the cathode in D2O. Experiments recognized that silica affected some results. Experiments in K2CO3 reported here identifies silica as both a contributor to excess heat generation and as a factor in modifying the cell calibration constant. Implications for cold fusion will be discussed.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IkegamiHthirdintera.pdf#page=157

965. Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella. Some Thermodynamic Properties of the H(D)-Pd System. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

In any discussion of the origin, measurement or description of the anomalous power prod ucing process which occurs in connection with the electrochemical loading of deuterium into palladium, knowledge of the thermodynamic behaviour of the system is clearly of importance. More particularly, since the formation of highly l oaded palladium is implicated as a necessary (but itself insufficient) condition for the observation of anomalous power, thermodynamic considerations relating to the attainment of high l oadings are of interest. Here, it is intended to review, at a general level , those aspects of the thermodynamic nature of the H(D)-Pd system, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium, which appear to bear most directly,on the question of excess power producti on in relati o n to the attai nment of high loadings.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=235

967. Crouch-Baker, S., M.C.H. McKubre, and F.L. Tanzella, Variation of Resistance with Composition in the beta-Phase of the H-Pd System at 298k. Z. fur Phys. Chemie, 1998. 204: p. 247.

Measurement of electrical resistance is a convenient method for the determination of composition in a number of metal—hydrogen systems. For the fi-phase of the H—Pd system, pertinent data from the literature are employed in order to construct a complete resistance-loading function at 298 K.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CrouchBakevariationo.pdf

969. Crum, L. Sonoluminescence And Acoustic Inertial Confinement Fusion. in Fifth International Symposium on Cavitation (cav2003). 2003. Osaka, Japan.

970. CSST, Hearing before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives. 1989: Washington, DC.

U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology on cold fusion, April 1989.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CSSThearingbef.pdf

An experimental system has been developed to grow pure titanium films on tungsten substrates. The physicochemical properties of these films have been widely studied and ad hoc samples can be used for Cold Fusion experiments avoiding their contact with atmosphere. Different Cold Fusion experiments are proposed in a new experimental setup that allows deuterium gas loading of the film whi le electrical current is applied through them. Thus, an experimental configuration similar to an electrochemical loading is attained.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=262

A complete set of NRS (Nuclear Reactions in Solids) experiments has been performed on the Ti-D system checking as triggering mechanisms of these phenomena the imposition of electric fields and the crossing of the cS-E and p-cS phase boundaries. The experiments were accomplished using a high pure iodide-titanium film as the initial metal matrix. Neutron measurements were monitored while doing these experiments and no clear evidence of the nuclear fusion reaction D+D---+3He+n has been detected, the upper detection limit for this reaction being lamda = 3 x 10^-21 f/pds.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=169

The possible occurrence of nuclear reactions in solids (NRS) is tested in a well-characterized iodide-titanium film after a high deuterium loading. This film proves to have a higher purity than common titanium samples used in NRS experiments. The titanium deuteration is accomplished in the same chamber where the film is grown to avoid any superficial contamination of the sample. A complete set of NRS experiments is performed, checking as triggering mechanisms of the NRS phenomena the imposition of different electric fields and the crossing of the 8-e and /3-S boundary phases of the Ti-D system. Neutron measurements are monitored while doing these experiments, and no clear evidence of the nuclear fusion reaction D -f D--> 3He + n is detected; the detection limit for this reaction is A = 3 X 10^-21 fusions per pair of deuterons per second. However, some anomalous neutron signals are monitored by one of the detectors, which makes further investigation desirable.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CuevasFasearchfor.pdf

975. Czerski, K. Enhanced Electron Screening and Nuclear Mechanism of Cold Fusion. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

The enhanced electron screening effect observed in accelerator experiments for the 2H(d,p)3H and 2H(d,n)3He reaction in deuterized metallic targets may be a breakthrough in understanding the phenomenon of cold fusion. The dielectric function theory enables an extrapolation of experimental cross sections determined at higher energies down to room temperature, leading to an enhancement of the fusion reaction rates by a factor of 1040 compared to the value predicted for the deuterium molecule. An additional enhancement can be obtained due to a 0+ resonance which should exist in the compound nucleus 4He very close to the D-D reaction threshold. Combination of both processes offers a simple explanation of high penetration probability through the Coulomb barrier and the reaction branching ratio preferring the 4He channel in heavy-water electrolysis experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=14

The theoretical analysis of the 2H (d, p)3H reaction taking place in both metallic as well as gaseous targets at deuteron energies of several keV presented here indicates a strong contribution of the single-particle 0+ threshold resonance. Additional arguments based on the weak coupling between the 2 + 2 and 3 + 1 clustering states of the compound nucleus 4He support this resonance and suggest its large partial width for the internal electron-positron pair formation that overestimates the proton width. A detailed study of the interplay between the resonance transition and the electron screening effect enables estimation of the nuclear reaction rate of the deuteron-deuteron fusion reactions at room temperature.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CzerskiKdeuteronde.pdf

978. Czerski, K., et al., Enhancement of the electron screening effect for d + d fusion reactions in metallic environments. Europhys. Lett., 2001. 54(4): p. 449-455.

Abstract. -- To study the electron screening of nuclear reactions in metallic environments, angular distributions and thick target yields of the fusion reactions 2H(d,p) 3H and 2H(d,n) 3He have been measured on deuterons implanted in three different metal targets (Al, Zr and Ta) for beam energies ranging from 5 to 60 keV. The experimentally determined values of the screening energy are about one order of magnitude larger than the value achieved in a gas target experiment and significantly larger than the theoretical predictions. A clear target material dependence of the screening energy has been established.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CzerskiKenhancemen.pdf

Abstract. -- Based on our experimental studies of the electron screening effect in the 2H(d, p) 3H reaction for five deuteron-implanted solid targets (C, Al, Zr, Pd, Ta), theoretical calculations have been performed within an improved dielectric function theory. The theory describes correctly the observed target material dependence of the screening energies, underestimating, however, the absolute values by about a factor of 2. Applying an effective screening energy approach, the theoretical cross-sections, thick-target yields as well as nuclear reaction rates have been calculated down to the energies corresponding to the conditions of so-called cold-fusion experiments. This allows for a comparison of the experimental results at higher energies with those achieved in the heavy-water electrolysis experiments.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CzerskiKthehdphrea.pdf

981. Czerwinski, A., Influence of lithium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1994. 39: p. 431.

982. Czerwinski, A., et al., Influence of cesium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium. Electrochim. Acta, 1997. 42(1): p. 81.

983. Czerwinski, A. and R. Marassi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part II: Basic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1992. 322: p. 373.

984. Czerwinski, A., R. Marassi, and S. Zamponi, The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part I. Acidic solutions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 316: p. 211.

985. Czerwinski, A., et al., The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part III: The influence of solution composition. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995. 386: p. 207.

986. Czirr, J.B., G.L. Jensen, and J.C. Wang. High-Efficiency Neutron and Charged-Particle Detector. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, "AIP Conference Proceedings 228". 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York.

987. D'Amato, F., et al. Search for Nuclear Phenomena by the Interaction Between Titanium and Deuterium. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute.

Following the preliminary results obtained in the Spring of 1989 [see ref.3], a second generation of experiments aimed to the detection of nuclear particles from a titanium-deuterium system has been designed. Here very preliminary results from the new (even though not yet complete) experimental setup are presented: neutron burst emission from the system and tritium production in the samples.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NCFIthefirstan.pdf#page=189

989. Daddi, L. Neutrons Observations in Cold Fusion Experiments. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.

This report is a review of the most convincing observations of neutrons in Cold Fusion history up to recent experiments in which neutrons were so numerous and long lasting so as to allow activation of thermal detectors. Lately neutrons were observed also by using natural hydrogen. A more complete review is published elsewhere.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PonsSproceedinga.pdf#page=60

991. Daddi, L., Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: p. 249.

992. Dagani, R., Nuclear Fusion: Utah Findings Raise Hopes, Doubts, in Chem. Eng. News. 1989. p. 4.

993. Dagani, R., Advocates,Skeptics Alike Still Puzzled by Cold Fusion. Chem. Eng. News, 1990.

994. Dagani, R., Cold Fusion Believer Turned Skeptic Crusades for More Rigorous Research. Chem. Eng. News, 1995.

995. Dairaku, T., et al. Studies of nuclear-reactions-in-solid in titanium deuteride under ion implantation. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press.

In order to find the signature of multi-body fusion, experiments of ion-beam implantation were carried out using titanium deuteride target made by the gas-loading method. Up to now, charged particles that are not known in the ordinary beam-target interaction have been observed in the experiment.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DairakuTstudiesofn.pdf

997. Dalun, W., et al. Diagnosis of Neutrons from the Gas Discharge Facility. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

The phenomena of nuclear fusion at normal temperature have been studied using a gas discharge facility and about 10^4 neutrons per second have been detected. The neutron yield is controllable and reproduceable. The BF 3 neutron detectors, the 6Li thermoluminescence films, the NE-213 organic liquid scintillation neutron spectrometer and the n-gamma discrimination technique were used to diagnose the neutrons. It was confirmed that neutrons were emitted from the gas discharge facility. There were some non beam-target neutrons among these neutrons, especially when the discharge voltages was low (<7kV).

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthin.pdf#page=376

999. Dannetun, H.M., et al., The H2-O2 Reaction on Palladium Studied Over a Large Pressure Range: Independence of the Microscopic Sticking Coefficients on Surface Condition. Sur. Sci., 1985. 152-153: p. 559.

1000. Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion. J. Fusion Energy, 1990. 9(4): p. 413.

1001. Danos, M., Coulomb-assisted cold fusion in solids. Fusion Technol., 1990. 17: p. 484.

1002. Danos, M. and V.B. Belyaev, Estimate of the neutron transfer fusion rate. Fusion Technol., 1991. 20: p. 354.

The e4-order quantum electrodynamic term for neutron transfer fusion is 10^40 to 10^50 times larger than the direct term, suggesting that room-temperature fusion does not contradict nonexotic physics.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DanosMestimateof.pdf

1004. Dardik, I. Preparata Prize acceptance speech. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

1005. Dardik, I. SuperWaves (TM) as the Natural Origin of Excess Heat. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA.

Energetics Technologies has had excellent reproducibility of its own experimental results on cold fusion; significantly, its work has been replicated at independent laboratories, at SRI and ENEA. We believe that one of the most important reasons for these results is the use t of complex fractally nested current excitation From this perspective, these results in replicating the production of excess heat are a further confirmation that natural phenomena, including the electrochemical processes for producing excess of heat, can be correctly described by these fractal dynamics. . In this paper I describe basic concepts of the SuperWaves™ theory, which is an original general approach to model and understand natural phenomena.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ViolanteVproceedinga.pdf#page=124

Energetics Technologies (ET) was recently established to investigate possibilities for inducing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) using special wave excitation. Four experimental approaches are being pursued: electrolysis, glow-discharge, gas loading in catalyst cells and high-pressure high-temperature cell with ultrasonic wave excitation. The experimental setups developed by ET are described along with preliminary results obtained. A significant amount of excess heat was measured in the first glow discharge experiment. The power generated during the experiment was up to 3.9 times the input power. When driven with waves the excess heat was higher than when driven with DC. A significant amount of excess heat was also measured after the shutdown of the glow discharge; it lasted for approximately 10 hours. The total excess energy generated is estimated to be 6.7 times the input energy. The "heat-after-death" phenomenon was also observed in another glow discharge experiment. Excess heat up to approximately 80% was measured over a period of over 3 months in yet another glow discharge experiment. Driving the electrolytic cells with waves resulted in a faster loading than when driving them with DC of the same average current. The tritium concentration in the electrolyte measured at the end of the experiments was found to be up to more than 100% the pre-experiment level. No excess heat was measured, so far, in the catalyst cells. Successful loading of Pd target with D was obtained in the high-pressure high-temperature gas cell without going through the alpha+beta phase of the Pd-D system.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIintensific.pdf

1008. Dardik, I., et al. Ultrasonically-excited electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC.

Three electrolysis cells with built-in ultrasonic transmitters were developed by Energetics Technologies. The ultrasonic transmitters induce cavitation in the electrolyte in the vicinity of the palladium cathode for in-situ cleaning and activation of the cathode surface, generation of dislocations, assistance in loading and excitation of the Pd-D system. The ultrasonically assisted electrolysis cells are described and excess heat generating experiments using these cells are illustrated. All of these experiments used the Dardik’s modified SuperWaves to drive the electrolysis. The reproducibility of excess heat generation obtained using the ultrasonically assisted electrolysis experiments approaches 80%, which is the highest of all types of electrolysis experiments performed at Energetics Technologies.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIultrasonic.pdf

PowerPoint slides describing research at Energetics Technology. Topic covered: SuperWaves;  glow discharge experiments; electrolytic cells; cathode pretreatment; excess heat obtained; tritium and material analysis.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIexcessheat.pdf

ABSTRACT In last year we have succeeded obtaining significant Excess Heat (=100%) with seven different Pd foils, using Electrolytic cells, excited by Dardik’s Super Wave. Several of the successful foils were provided by Dr. Vittorio Violante of ENEA Frascatti. Significant Excess Heat: The output power exceeded the input power (COP) by at least 100%. Maximum COP obtained is 600%, it lasted for 24.5 hours. The longest period of Excess Heat obtained was 134 hours at COP of 150%. A new type of experiments was initiated. Electrolytic loaded Pd cathode is exposed to Ultra Sonic waves (US), inducing cavitations in the vicinity of the cathode.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIprogressin.pdf

A large body of experimental observations has evolved with particular reference to deuterated palladium, a mechanism of fusion unique to condensed matter. The mechanism brings to focus the relevance of the electronic structure of the host lattice, indicating the features that are desired. Direct interaction of electronegative elements such as oxygen (as happens in electrolysis experiments) creates, through modification of the electronic structure, situations under which heavy electrons are manifested. In cases where an oxide interface is present, an analogous situation is created at the onset of an insulator-metal transition caused by the induced migration of deuterons through the layer. Screened by the heavy fermions, deuterons in such situations undergo transition to a more stable quasi-molecular state . . .

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DasDfusioninco.pdf

1013. Dash, J. Chemical changes and excess heat caused by electrolysis with H2SO4-D2O electrolyte. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Preliminary mass spectrometer analysis showed that a palladium foil which had been electrolyzed for 12 minutes had greater abundance ofPd108 than Pdl06, whereas the unelectrolyzed control showed the reverse, expected natural abundances. After about 20 hours of electrolysis, a Pd cathode produced excess heat at the rate of about 5 watts per gram. After about 70 hours of electrolysis. the Pd electrode no longer produced excess heat, but a Pt cathode began to produce excess heat. Similar localized concentrations of unexpected elements were found on both the Pd and the Pt cathodes.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NEDOthesixthina.pdf#page=76

Attempts to achieve low temperature nuclear fusion can be traced to the work of Paneth, Peters, and Tanberg in 1927. Martin Fleischmann, who in his early career was a colleague of Paneth, teamed with Stanley Pons at the University of Utah to pursue this goal by the electrolysis of heaNy water with a palladium cathode. Palladium is a metal which strongly absorbs hydrogen isotopes. The question they sought to answer was whether the internal pressure generated by this absorption would be sufficient to overcome the coulomb repulsion of deuterium nuclei. In 1989 they claimed success in fusing deuterium nuclei to form helium 2. Their main evidence for this claim was excess heat which was orders of magnitude higher than could be explained by any known chemical reaction

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJinteractio.pdf

ABSTRACT. Palladium was co-deposited with hydrogen isotopes on a Pd cathode. This resulted in enhanced production of excess thermal power. After electrolysis the Pd Lβ / Lα ratio was found to be increased in characteristic x-ray spectra from localized, microscopic areas on the surface of the Pd cathode. This suggests the possibility that appreciable amounts of silver are present in these areas.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJcodepositi.pdf

Tutorial presented at ICCF-12.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJiccftutori.pdf

ABSTRACT Hydrogen loading  of 99.98% pure natural uranium foils (0.18 mm thick) was performed by aqueous electrolysis in order to compare with glow discharge results. Alpha, beta, and gamma specific radioactivity were measured  after hydrogen loading and compared with the control. Some of the samples revealed an increase of the specific radioactivity of up to 20%. Gamma ray spectroscopy was also performed on the samples. Results reveal an increase of the specific counts for the peaks of Th234 and U235 and a decrease in the U Ka1 characteristic x-ray peak. The surface topography changed from granular before electrolysis to pitted afterward. The thorium concentration increased slightly after electrolysis compared with the original material. In summary, this work in progress reveals that loading hydrogen into uranium increases the uranium decay rate, in agreement with the glow discharge results.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJchangesint.pdf

PowerPoint slides describing cold fusion experiments conducted during Portland State University summer apprenticeship program in 2002.

http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DashJcoldfusion.pdf